{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/1r6n011c7f/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Shaffer, Nathan"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["12800"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["David J. 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Today's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=0.0,6.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"date is October 1, 2018, and we are in Atlanta, Georgia, at the Centers for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6.0,12.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Disease Control and Prevention [CDC]. I am interviewing Dr. Shaffer as part of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=12.0,17.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Oral History Project The Early Years of AIDS: CDC's Response to a Historic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=17.0,23.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Epidemic, the PEPFAR years. We are here to discuss your experience during the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=23.0,28.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"early years of CDC's work on PEPFAR, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=28.0,33.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[acquired immune deficiency syndrome] Relief. Dr. Shaffer, do I have your","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=33.0,38.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"permission to interview you and to record this interview?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=38.0,42.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: Yes, you do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=42.0,44.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Nathan, you've been a leader in the field of Prevention of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=44.0,49.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mother-to-Child HIV [human immunodeficiency virus] Transmission, PMTCT, since","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=49.0,52.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the early days. The landmark study of short-course AZT [azidothymidine] for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=52.0,57.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"PMTCT, which you led in collaboration with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=57.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThai researchers, was a watershed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=60.0,63.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"event and allowed for affordable and broad-based scale-up of this lifesaving","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=63.0,69.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intervention in developing countries. Throughout your career, you have been a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=69.0,75.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leader at CDC, at WHO [World Health Organization] and other UN [United Nations]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=75.0,82.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agencies in research, program implementation, evaluation, and guideline","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=82.0,86.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"development in the fields of PMTCT and Pediatric HIV in countries throughout","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=86.0,92.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Africa and Asia. You were the CDC lead for the mother-to-child transmission","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=92.0,98.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Initiative before PEPFAR, and then as a critical leader for PEPFAR at CDC, you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=98.0,105.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started and developed the CDC Global AIDS Program PMTCT Strategy and Team and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=105.0,112.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"embarked on early implementation in PEPFAR-supported countries. More recently,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=112.0,117.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you've played a lead role in the development of the EMTCT initiative ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=117.0,123.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n dedicated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=123.0,123.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the Elimination of Mother-to-Child HIV transmission. We have a lot to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=123.0,128.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"discuss. But first, let's begin with your background. Would you tell me about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=128.0,134.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where you grew up and your early family life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=134.0,138.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: Sure. Thank you. I grew up just outside of New York City and basically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=138.0,145.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spent my early years in the New York area and went to college at Yale College\n[University] in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=145.0,153.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Connecticut and studied, although I had a strong science background, I actually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=153.0,158.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"studied philosophy and the humanities and was not really geared towards medical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=158.0,163.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school when I finished college, and I took two years off doing a variety of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=163.0,170.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different jobs and then I actually had to go back to school to do my premed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=170.0,177.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"courses. I decided that I did want to go into medicine and potentially into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=177.0,183.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npublic health. I was very interested in that, so I was able to go to Columbia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=183.0,190.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"College School of Medicine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=190.0,192.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: What did interest you in going into medicine? How did that take place?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=192.0,199.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: As I thought about what I wanted to do as a professional career, I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=199.0,206.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really very interested in first having direct contact with other people working","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=206.0,212.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"broadly with other professionals but really making a difference and I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=212.0,217.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"appreciated the importance of health on an individual level and on a social","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=217.0,223.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"level and health as a right of people. So, I was very interested in some of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=223.0,231.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"social and justice issues in terms of access to health, and I was interested in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=231.0,238.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the science of it, but I think I was looking for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=238.0,243.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsomething in terms of a service profession.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=243.0,247.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So medical school would've been in the '80s?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=247.0,252.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: Yes. I finished medical school in 1982 and then--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=252.0,257.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: When you were in medical school and then internship and residency, did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=257.0,264.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you see much AIDS at that time, early AIDS [acquired immune deficiency","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=264.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"syndrome], and then more definitive AIDS?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=270.0,273.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: Yes. That was just at the cusp as you know very well the first","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=273.0,281.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"uncharacterized cases were beginning to be seen in the late '70s, early '80s,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=281.0,288.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and my recollection is that in retrospect, I saw a few cases as a medical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=288.0,296.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"student in New York City. I did a lot of work at Harlem Hospital in New York and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=296.0,305.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat subsequently became kind of an epicenter so in retrospect both some of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=305.0,311.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prodrome TB [tuberculosis] cases, some of the unclear pneumonia cases and just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=311.0,316.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the wasting diseases that I saw as a medical student clearly were AIDS. It was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=316.0,322.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more clear when I was a resident. I did my residency in internal medicine at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=322.0,328.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Boston City Hospital, a big city hospital, where it served a lot of immigrants,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=328.0,334.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lot of people with drug problems, and others. I remember very distinctly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=334.0,340.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seeing people that seemed to be characterized, seemed to have this unknown","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=340.0,345.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"illness that then we put together, and reading from the reports from CDC we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=345.0,351.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"realized was HIV or AIDS at the time. I also did a clinical clerkship, I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=351.0,358.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it must have been in 1981, out at San Francisco General Hospital on the GI","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=358.0,364.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[gastrointestinal] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=364.0,364.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nservice and, again, I didn't know it at the time, but I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=364.0,371.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost every single person I saw there had a complaint probably related to AIDS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=371.0,378.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=378.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: What were some of the illnesses that you saw during the residency? Were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=380.0,387.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you seeing a lot of pneumocystis [pneumocystis carinii pneumonia]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=387.0,392.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: We did see pneumocystis, we saw Kaposi's sarcoma, but what actually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=392.0,398.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"struck me, and I still reflect on this now and then, young men in primary care","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=398.0,406.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clinic who were presenting with lymphadenopathy and we couldn't really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=406.0,411.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"characterize what it was, and it was before it was well appreciated that this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=411.0,418.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a prodrome for HIV and AIDS. There actually were articles written at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=418.0,425.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntime of idiopathic lymphadenopathy of unknown consequence, but we kind of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=425.0,429.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dismissed it at the time. Just asked people to come for follow up and because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=429.0,435.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this was a big city hospital, we didn't necessarily have such good follow up of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=435.0,441.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of these episodic cases of young men, aside from the very fulminant, very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=441.0,446.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dramatic bad cases. I did see quite a number of people die in the hospital from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=446.0,452.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"end-stage AIDS, but what really stuck with me were that for young men, in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=452.0,457.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particular, we didn't really--we didn't appreciate all the social and behavioral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=457.0,461.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"risks, we didn't necessarily get into all of that, but just understanding their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=461.0,466.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(clinical) presentations. I wish we knew more at the time, and I wish we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=466.0,471.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could've helped them more than we did, and we didn't really understand what we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=471.0,476.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were seeing at those early times. But I think that in general, as a resident","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=476.0,482.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from '82 to '85 in internal ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=482.0,484.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmedicine at a big city hospital, there was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=484.0,488.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"significant amount of HIV disease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=488.0,490.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So then how did you get interested in public health?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=490.0,495.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: Well, I was in the primary care medicine track, and I was working when","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=495.0,502.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I had time available at a number of community health centers and actually my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=502.0,508.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"career path at the time, I thought I was going to work in primary care. There","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=508.0,515.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a big movement to support community health centers and to provide more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=515.0,521.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"access to people that were underserved, and I worked during my residency, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=521.0,527.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then after residency, I worked for a year at two primary healthcare centers in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=527.0,533.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Boston area serving primarily immigrant and inner-city communities. But at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=533.0,538.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the same time, even during my residency, I had some contact with CDC, and I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=538.0,545.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=545.0,545.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ninfluenced by two infectious disease--both infectious disease and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=545.0,548.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sexually transmitted disease -- doctors who had connections with CDC. One of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=548.0,553.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them had been at CDC, and the other was working closely with CDC, and they both","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=553.0,559.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talked about and encouraged me to think about it. I think it was still when I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=559.0,565.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a resident, there was a visit from CDC, and there were several people from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=565.0,571.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC that came up to Boston, and I attended it. I remember, [Dr. Arthur L.] Art","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=571.0,577.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reingold was one of the people who came up and was promoting the EIS [Epidemic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=577.0,583.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Intelligence Service], and I didn't really know too much about it and was really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=583.0,589.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very interested and followed up and looked into that and applied, and I really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=589.0,595.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had two pathways. Either I was going to continue in primary care medicine or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=595.0,601.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come down to the CDC. I decided to come ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=601.0,605.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto CDC thinking that I really needed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=605.0,608.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more experience-- up to that point, my training was really all clinical, and I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=608.0,614.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"needed to--while I was interested in public health, I needed to learn something","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=614.0,619.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about public health and epidemiology and I'm very grateful that CDC accepted me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=619.0,624.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into EIS. I know I had strong clinical credentials and strong interest but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=624.0,629.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"compared to the credentials that people have these days, I wonder whether I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=629.0,634.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would have gotten into EIS now. But be that as it may, I thought I would come to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=634.0,642.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC to EIS for two years and then continue with my primary care public health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=642.0,648.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work, but I also knew that I had an interest in global health and international","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=648.0,654.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"health and that certainly took off when I came to CDC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=654.0,659.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Tell us more about that. Had you done any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=659.0,663.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ninternational travel for other reasons?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=663.0,665.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: Only personal reasons. I had done a fair amount of travel on my own","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=665.0,671.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exploring things. That was a time a lot of people were traveling in the 1970s","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=671.0,677.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and '80s and in a more carefree way, I had traveled a bit in Mexico and South","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=677.0,684.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"America and I had not been to Africa but I was just very interested in world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=684.0,691.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"events and exploring new places and very aware of public health problems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=691.0,696.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly in Africa. So, I was interested, but I think it was more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=696.0,702.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"theoretical and untested.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=702.0,703.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So, then you got to CDC, and where were you assigned for your EIS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=703.0,709.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fellowship, and what did you do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=709.0,712.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: I was in what was called at the time the Enteric Diseases Branch or the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=712.0,719.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Diarrheal Diseases Bacterial Branch, and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=719.0,722.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwas assigned to surveillance systems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=722.0,725.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to look at diarrheal diseases like Salmonella and Shigella and botulism and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=725.0,731.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cholera, and I had opportunities to travel and investigate different chronic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=731.0,737.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diarrheal conditions both in the Indian Health Service in the southwest of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=737.0,744.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States, botulism outbreaks among Native Americans in Alaska and the first","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=744.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time I went to Africa I investigated a cholera outbreak in Guinea Bissau in West","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=750.0,758.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Africa, and that was my first introduction, quite a dramatic one, to a very poor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=758.0,766.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country in Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=766.0,768.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Did you choose bacterial diseases? Was it a very competitive slot? Do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=768.0,775.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you remember why you chose that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=775.0,778.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: It had the reputation--first of all, it was a very congenial ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=778.0,784.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ngroup, to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=784.0,785.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be sure, with good supervision but it had a reputation of having a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=785.0,791.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opportunities for outbreak investigations and very good clear methodologies for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=791.0,795.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the kind of EIS training that one looked for at CDC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=795.0,799.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So then, after EIS, you didn't leave, you ended up in the Malaria","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=799.0,804.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Branch. How did that happen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=804.0,806.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: I was looking to stay on at CDC. I was interested, among other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=806.0,811.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diseases, in malaria. I think at that point I already was beginning to be more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=811.0,817.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interested in HIV and AIDS as well, but I was able to take a one-year assignment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=817.0,823.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Malaria Branch for some additional training and that got me--I probably","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=823.0,828.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spent half of the year in Africa with the Malaria Branch, and that was very,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=828.0,834.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very formative both in terms of learning about malaria -- it's kind of one of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=834.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the things about CDC, you get put into ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=840.0,843.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\na position, everyone assumes you're an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=843.0,846.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expert. I really didn't know anything about malaria at the time, and at the home","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=846.0,853.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"base, I just spent a lot of time learning how to read malaria slides and doing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=853.0,861.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finger pricks and doing all of that and learning some of the laboratory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=861.0,867.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(methods). At that time, there was intense interest in the potential interaction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=867.0,873.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between malaria and HIV. There was even some concern, which didn't pan out at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=873.0,880.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all fortunately, that malaria or mosquitoes were transmitting HIV because of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=880.0,885.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where HIV seemed to be exploding in Africa. But there was also a concern for the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=885.0,893.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"question that people that were coinfected with malaria and HIV, did they have a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=893.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"risk of more severe malaria or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=900.0,903.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nvice versa would malaria tip to the fulminant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=903.0,907.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"progression of HIV. So, a lot of our field work was actually in Kinshasa, Zaire,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=907.0,914.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now the [Democratic Republic of the] Congo, and as you know, there was the first","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=914.0,921.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC international HIV field station in Kinshasa founded by [Dr.] Jonathan [M.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=921.0,927.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mann. At that time, [Dr. Robert W.] Robin Ryder was the head of that, and we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=927.0,935.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were very fortunate that they allowed us as a base to do some malaria HIV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=935.0,942.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"studies. So, I spent a lot of time at Projet SIDA in Kinshasa, met a lot of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=942.0,951.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"key early leaders actually in international HIV in Projet SIDA, and did a number","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=951.0,958.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of studies at the main hospital.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=958.0,961.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You were looking at pediatric ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=961.0,964.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nHIV if I recall in Zaire. Can you tell us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=964.0,969.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a little about what the scene was like? Were there dying babies, what was the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=969.0,977.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"scenario when you were there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=977.0,980.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: Yes. This was in 1988-89. What we were mostly looking at was the risk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=980.0,988.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of transmission of pregnant women who were HIV positive and the risk of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=988.0,995.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transmission of HIV to the baby and the interaction with malaria because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=995.0,1001.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pregnant women also were at risk of having clinical malaria and having more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1001.0,1008.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"severe malaria, and I was actually following up on some studies that one of my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1008.0,1016.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"predecessors, [Dr. Alan [E.] Greenberg, had started and I was basically doing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1016.0,1022.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"follow up. So, we did prevalence studies or ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1022.0,1026.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nseroprevalence because we had the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1026.0,1028.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"test now for HIV screening and so we could test pregnant women to see what was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1028.0,1035.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the proportion of pregnant women that were positive. Projet SIDA--this was not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1035.0,1040.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my work, but Projet SIDA was well known at the time of doing pioneering cohort","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1040.0,1046.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"studies to look at the risk of transmission from mother to baby. So, we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1046.0,1052.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentrated just cross-sectionally on the prevalence of the disease and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1052.0,1056.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"characterizing the severity of the disease, particularly malaria, in conjunction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1056.0,1060.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with HIV. But one of the striking things at that time, Kinshasa, was viewed as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1060.0,1066.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the real hotspots for HIV, and our studies of pregnant women showed the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1066.0,1072.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prevalence was about five percent, which, of course, in our understanding seems","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1072.0,1077.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be quite high compared to the U.S. situation. But one of our findings was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1077.0,1083.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the prevalence had really not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1083.0,1085.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nchanged, it had not increased, from the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1085.0,1088.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"earlier studies (we were following up on) and we used the same methodologies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1088.0,1093.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, one of the intriguing questions always that has been around is why HIV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1093.0,1099.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't actually get worse in Kinshasa and in the Congo after that time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1099.0,1104.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially given not only the beginnings of infection (the HIV epidemic) but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1104.0,1109.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also the relatively poor public health and medical infrastructure and the civil","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1109.0,1114.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disruptions that were constantly ongoing at the time. But Kinshasa and Zaire","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1114.0,1119.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prevalence stayed about the same, and then HIV began to take off in Eastern and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1119.0,1125.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Southern Africa in a much more serious (worse) way. One of the people that I met","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1125.0,1132.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Kinshasa was [Dr.] Margaret [L.] Oxtoby who was developing a pediatric and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1132.0,1137.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family focus for HIV under [Dr.] Martha [F.] Rogers back at CDC and Margaret,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1137.0,1143.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I worked a little bit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1143.0,1145.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntogether in Kinshasa and she invited me after my work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1145.0,1151.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to join the HIV group and start focusing on mother-to-child transmission and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1151.0,1158.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pediatric HIV, so I made a rapid transition there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1158.0,1163.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So just looking at what was known at that time about the vertical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1163.0,1171.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transmission of AIDS, there were data from the U.S., Zaire, and elsewhere. What","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1171.0,1179.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the understanding at that time? So, we're looking at '88.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1179.0,1186.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: Yes, '88-'89. My senior supervisor during those early years was Martha","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1186.0,1193.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rogers, and she was really one of the leaders in this field and I think if I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1193.0,1203.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember right, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1203.0,1205.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nunderstood by then that the transmission risk without any","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1205.0,1209.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interventions was about 30 or 35 percent, about 1 out of 3 pregnant women with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1209.0,1215.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HIV would transmit disease. We had a sense--I don't think it was clearly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1215.0,1220.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"characterized, that women that were more clinically symptomatic and, therefore,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1220.0,1224.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more advanced in their disease would be more likely to transmit (to their baby).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1224.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't think that we were doing--we didn't appreciate the correlations with CD4","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1230.0,1235.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[t-cell] counts and certainly not with viral load, that came much later. We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1235.0,1240.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't have it (easily available) at that time, but around that time, tests for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1240.0,1246.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diagnosis of infection in infants were being developed with PCR [polymerase","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1246.0,1250.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chain reaction]. But one of the dilemmas was it was difficult to diagnose HIV in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1250.0,1256.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the exposed infant, (that is) infants born to infected mothers because the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1256.0,1261.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antibody from mothers was persistent in the baby and would ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1261.0,1265.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ninterfere with the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1265.0,1266.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"assay and would persist for about 18 months. Another area of interest and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1266.0,1272.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concern, there were strong suspicions that there might be transmission via","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1272.0,1277.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"breastfeeding of mothers, but at that time, it was not well characterized, and I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1277.0,1283.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think that Martha was one of the lead people that studied that and defined that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1283.0,1289.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"route of transmission. So, we knew about the routes of transmission, but one of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1289.0,1295.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the things that went on for a number of years was that we didn't really have any","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1295.0,1302.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way of blocking or interrupting, preventing the transmission. (By then) We knew","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1302.0,1307.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in general that women that were more clinically advanced in their disease would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1307.0,1313.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a higher risk of transmission to their baby. We also knew, unfortunately,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1313.0,1319.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the infants that were infected, many of them would progress very rapidly in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1319.0,1325.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1325.0,1325.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndisease, and about 50% of them would not live beyond one year of age.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1325.0,1331.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Were you traveling quite a bit during this period?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1331.0,1336.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: That was a source of some creative tension in the family. I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1336.0,1342.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"traveling a lot, as I mentioned, about 50% of the time during my malaria time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1342.0,1349.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(work) in Africa where I really got quite an introduction both to African public","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1349.0,1355.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"health issues and to the HIV epidemic, but I had a young family and I decided in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1355.0,1363.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"part to take a position back at CDC with Margaret where I could focus on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1363.0,1370.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"domestic HIV and Martha had pioneered some studies and developed a cohort in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1370.0,1376.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York and New Jersey area looking at mother-to-child transmission of HIV with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1376.0,1382.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the New York City Health ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1382.0,1384.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nDepartment and [Dr. Pauline A.] Polly Thomas and others","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1384.0,1388.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were looking at this, and so I said, okay, I had a great experience doing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1388.0,1394.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"international work, but maybe I need to focus on domestic work while I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1394.0,1400.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"starting a family. And I did some work in Atlanta at Grady [Memorial] Hospital","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1400.0,1406.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with colleagues here at Emory [University Hospital] and Grady. So for two years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1406.0,1411.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was working in New York and Atlanta on domestic studies, I learned much more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1411.0,1417.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about how to manage, run and analyze data from cohort studies which involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1417.0,1422.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enrolling and following up HIV-positive pregnant women, looking at the risk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1422.0,1427.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"factors of why some women became positive while others remained negative, what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1427.0,1432.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could we learn about the incidence in terms of which age groups were being","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1432.0,1438.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"affected and what behavioral groups were being affected, (and risk factors for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1438.0,1443.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother-to-child transmission). By this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1443.0,1445.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntime there was a clear PCR test for HIV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1445.0,1449.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diagnosis, and we could also measure CD4 counts, and so I got very involved with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1449.0,1456.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the logistics of transporting overnight blood samples on ice from different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1456.0,1461.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"study sites to CDC which was the only reference lab at that point doing CD4","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1461.0,1468.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"testing and doing PCR testing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1468.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So, PCR testing for the infants.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1470.0,1473.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: PCR testing for the infants that had been developed by [Dr.] Chin-Yih","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1473.0,1479.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ou. One of the nice things at that time, as an epidemiologist, I was (very)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1479.0,1486.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved with the laboratory, so I really had an opportunity to work very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1486.0,1492.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"closely with laboratory colleagues at the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1492.0,1495.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Can you comment further on CDC's role in all of this? What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1495.0,1501.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nniche would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1501.0,1502.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you say CDC played and up to the point of PEPFAR in terms of its leadership for HIV/AIDS.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1502.0,1510.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: Certainly, from the early '90s, CDC was a leader in the mother-to-child","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1510.0,1516.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"area, with different studies set up by some of my supervisors and (especially)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1516.0,1522.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of the cohort studies that had been established in New York and Atlanta.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1522.0,1528.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC has a real leadership role. CDC continued its cohort studies looking at risk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1528.0,1534.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"factors and what we called natural history of mother-to-child transmission and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1534.0,1539.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"risk. Those were ongoing in Kinshasa, and then [Dr.] Kevin [M.] De Cock started","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1539.0,1545.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Projet RETRO-CI [Retrovirus Côte d'Ivoire] in Ivory Coast and was looking at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1545.0,1550.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the risk of mother-to-child transmission in HIV-1 and HIV-2. NIH [National","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1550.0,1555.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Institutes of Health] at the same time by the early ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1555.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n'90s had really begun to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1560.0,1562.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"focus also on mother-to-child transmission. They also began to establish cohort","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1562.0,1567.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"studies and put more funding into that, and they then sponsored a study, which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1567.0,1573.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we can talk about in a moment, that was really the landmark study in getting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1573.0,1580.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything started to look at how to interrupt transmission. But I think that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1580.0,1586.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC played a key role but (at the time) was looking at natural history studies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1586.0,1593.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(looking at risk factors for infection and transmission). I think there were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1593.0,1598.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guidelines that began to come out from the U.S. Public Health Service on testing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1598.0,1604.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pregnant women for HIV and women that tested positive were advised not to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1604.0,1610.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"breastfeed at the time because of the (risk of transmission via breastfeeding)--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1610.0,1615.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: How did CDC and NIH work together ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1615.0,1619.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nduring these relatively early years?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1619.0,1622.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: I wasn't directly part of that, and I was not on any committees or task","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1622.0,1630.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forces. I think that there was a friendly competition between the two groups,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1630.0,1637.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there was a lot of interaction, particularly on the guidelines. I think that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1637.0,1644.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"NIH began to focus much more on how to develop interventions and clinical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1644.0,1651.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"issues, and CDC continued to look more at the epidemiology. Now, that changed a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1651.0,1658.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little bit. I was in a unique position. Even though, if you recall, I said that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1658.0,1666.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wanted to work domestically, I had an opportunity in 1991, yet another","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1666.0,1673.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(international HIV) field station was being developed in Bangkok, Thailand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1673.0,1678.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n under","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1678.0,1678.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Dr.] Bruce [G.] Weniger, again, to look at what seemed to be an explosive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1678.0,1685.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"epidemic of HIV in Southeast Asia. In Thailand (HIV) prevalence was really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1685.0,1691.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rising very quickly. Bruce and Margaret encouraged me to think about developing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1691.0,1697.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cohort studies in Thailand and so actually for two years I went back and forth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1697.0,1704.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Thailand and developed an early natural history cohort study, again, looking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1704.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the risk of infection -- why mothers acquired infection and what was the risk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1710.0,1717.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of infection from mother to baby. These were some of the same questions, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1717.0,1724.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this was a different subtype of HIV, subtype E, and at that time, it was an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1724.0,1732.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important question as to whether different subtypes had the same (or different)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1732.0,1738.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"characteristics, in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1738.0,1739.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\naddition to different HIV strains like HIV-1 and HIV-2. So,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1739.0,1744.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was a different strain. Also, were the tests that we were using, were they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1744.0,1751.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as sensitive to pick up these other subtypes. But in the middle of my natural","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1751.0,1758.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"history studies NIH in 1994 issued the results of the very famous ACTG-076 [AIDS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1758.0,1765.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Clinical Trials Group] study which was really a very intensive study in the U.S.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1765.0,1772.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looking at how to interrupt mother-to-child transmission and they were very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1772.0,1777.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"successful at decreasing transmission to about 1/3 of the risk by giving AZT to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1777.0,1784.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the mother during pregnancy, intravenous AZT to the mother during labor and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1784.0,1790.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"delivery and then giving postpartum AZT for six weeks to the baby. This was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1790.0,1797.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(rightly) viewed as really a breakthrough ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1797.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntriumph. It was not only a proof of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1800.0,1804.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concept that HIV transmission could be interrupted by drugs, but it had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1804.0,1810.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"practical public health implications in the U.S. At the same time, we were very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1810.0,1817.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concerned that it was obvious that most of the burden of disease was in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1817.0,1824.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developing countries and this very elegant, very expensive, and very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1824.0,1829.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difficult-to-administer (multi-prong) ACTG-076 regimen would be difficult if not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1829.0,1833.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"impossible to provide in developing countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1833.0,1836.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So, in the middle of all this you make a 180 and decide to go to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1836.0,1844.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thailand with your family. How did that come about? How did you convince","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1844.0,1850.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everyone that was a good idea?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1850.0,1853.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: Well, there was exciting work to do there, and I was being welcomed to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1853.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have an opportunity there. Fortunately, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1860.0,1862.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmy wife who is also an epidemiologist at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1862.0,1866.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC had worked in Thailand in the refugee camps when she was a medical student","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1866.0,1874.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and really had a strong affinity for Asia and for Thailand and she was very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1874.0,1882.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"encouraging of my getting involved and game for picking up the family and having","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1882.0,1889.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a life experience of moving there, so we literally moved there with a one- and a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1889.0,1897.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"four-year-old for truly a family adventure and then my own public health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1897.0,1903.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"adventure in Thailand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1903.0,1905.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: What was that like getting there and setting up a life in Thailand?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1905.0,1912.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: It was exciting and challenging and very, very fast-paced. We didn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1912.0,1918.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have much time to prepare basically. We physically ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1918.0,1922.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmoved, and then I had to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1922.0,1925.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"start work immediately, and there was real pressure to keep the cohort studies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1925.0,1931.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going and soon to move into a clinical trial, which I want to mention. But on a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1931.0,1939.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"personal level in terms of the family, we had support. There was a very nice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1939.0,1946.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apartment, but life in Bangkok was complicated in terms of the tremendous or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1946.0,1952.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infamous traffic congestion and the time it took to get around--the smog and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1952.0,1958.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pollution. I remember very well it was before they had moved to unleaded","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1958.0,1964.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gasoline. The pollution in the air was bad. They were also tearing up the city","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1964.0,1971.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they were building a subway system which was not finished until 1999, so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1971.0,1978.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during the 1990s ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1978.0,1979.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntraffic was much worse because the city was being torn up to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1979.0,1985.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"build the subway system and the sky train. But what really stands out is the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1985.0,1993.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"congeniality and the support, the close relationships among my Thai colleagues,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1993.0,1999.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was just very exciting. We just had a wonderful working relationship and a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=1999.0,2006.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"personal and friendly relationship, so I think it was really a very, very nice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2006.0,2013.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experience. I made a lot of lifelong friends there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2013.0,2018.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So, what were the terms of reference for this assignment, and who was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2018.0,2025.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your boss?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2025.0,2026.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: Initially, before I went over to start some of the cohort studies, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2026.0,2033.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was working with Bruce Weniger, who was the first director of the Thailand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2033.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nproject, and then [Dr. Timothy D.] Tim Mastro took over as the director. I had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2040.0,2046.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been working with him a bit, and we were working long distance, and after he had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2046.0,2053.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been there about six months, he was able to secure a position for the head of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2053.0,2060.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the epidemiology research unit under him, and he was beginning to staff up the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2060.0,2066.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"office and hire a number of expatriates. So, my terms of reference was more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2066.0,2072.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"broad. It was not just in MTCT [maternal to child HIV transmission], it was to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2072.0,2078.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do epi studies on HIV but with the understanding that I would probably","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2078.0,2083.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentrate on mother-to-child transmission because that was my area and I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2083.0,2087.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already had a lot of ongoing work in that. So, Tim was my supervisor the whole","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2087.0,2094.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time I was in Thailand. When the ACTG study came out in 1994, we quickly changed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2094.0,2101.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gears, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2101.0,2101.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nlooked at that, and with a lot of input and brainstorming among key","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2101.0,2107.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people both in Atlanta and of course in Thailand (we focused on whether) we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2107.0,2114.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could do another study that actually would look at a simplified intervention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2114.0,2120.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would follow on with the ACTG-076 but would be a feasible intervention for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2120.0,2127.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developing country settings both in terms of the lower cost, and more limited","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2127.0,2133.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contact and intervention with the patients, something that could be applied in a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2133.0,2139.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"variety of different settings. So, we actually developed a common protocol","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2139.0,2144.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between Thailand and Côte d'Ivoire, the two CDC field sites, to look at what we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2144.0,2151.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called \"short-course AZT' to take the 076 study and to significantly shorten it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2151.0,2157.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and simplify it, so we worked in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2157.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n concert.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2160.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Can you tell us a little bit about doing this study, not the type of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2160.0,2166.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things that are in the methods sections of manuscripts but what did it take to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2166.0,2172.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do this study in Thailand where you were and then in Côte d'Ivoire. Were the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2172.0,2178.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thai colleagues very interested in this? Were the cohorts, the base that you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2178.0,2183.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started with, how did you do this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2183.0,2186.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: First, we had a big advantage because we had done a natural history","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2186.0,2191.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cohort study, and we were working out of two really big hospitals in Bangkok,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2191.0,2196.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one a university hospital (Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University) and one, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2196.0,2200.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"largest ministry hospital (for pregnant women, Rajvithi Hospital and, for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2200.0,2204.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children, Bangkok Children's Hospital), and these were both very impressive,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2204.0,2208.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very large, very well run institutions with good clinical and academic leaders","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2208.0,2213.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they both had a very large number of births a year, much bigger than the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2213.0,2219.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"average ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2219.0,2219.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhospital in the U.S.-- I think in the range of ten to 15 thousand or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2219.0,2227.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even more births per year. The Thai colleagues, the Thai co-investigators, were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2227.0,2233.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very, very engaged, and very motivated. They saw HIV as directly affecting their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2233.0,2240.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country and being an important threat, and they wanted to participate in both","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2240.0,2247.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"studying it and to come up with some practical solutions. They had already","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2247.0,2254.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made--building on their interventions for sexually transmitted diseases, they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2254.0,2259.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already had pioneered screening and testing of pregnant women for HIV and doing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2259.0,2266.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"counseling and particularly doing group counseling for women. So, there was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2266.0,2272.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"great interest. Personally, what was very exciting was that I wasn't just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2272.0,2278.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sitting in my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2278.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\noffice and certainly not just sitting behind a computer most of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2280.0,2285.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the time. I was back and forth to the hospitals a couple of times a week","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2285.0,2292.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interacting with people, going on the wards, going into the labor room, looking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2292.0,2298.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the logbooks, designing different forms and reviewing the progress of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2298.0,2304.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"study on a weekly basis and I put a lot of effort into building a team and a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2304.0,2312.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"team approach with the colleagues at the hospital and with my research","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2312.0,2318.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"assistants, and that was great.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2318.0,2320.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Can you tell us a little bit about maternal and child health services at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2320.0,2327.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that time in Bangkok? Did most women get antenatal care, were most births in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2327.0,2334.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital or more rural settings or at home? How did you access ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2334.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n patients?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2340.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: In the urban center, virtually all deliveries took place in hospitals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2340.0,2345.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There already was a large private sector in Bangkok, which has continued, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2345.0,2351.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the two hospitals we worked at were very prestigious, and many women sought","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2351.0,2357.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those out. So prenatal care was well organized. Women came relatively early to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2357.0,2363.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prenatal care and stayed in follow up and then came for a postpartum visit. As","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2363.0,2369.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in many developing countries, there is a phenomenon of after the delivery","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2369.0,2374.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly many of the younger women would go--it was called \"to go upcountry\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2374.0,2380.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go back to their home (or village) of origin, usually with their parents to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2380.0,2386.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"live for a couple of months, so in some cases it might be hard to follow up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2386.0,2393.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mothers or families.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2393.0,2394.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You chose to stay in the urban areas. Did you give consideration to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2394.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nlooking at the more complex rural settings for this study?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2400.0,2405.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: We didn't at the time. We basically wanted to--the logistics were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2405.0,2410.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somewhat challenging already, and we wanted to focus on well-controlled data in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2410.0,2415.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well-defined settings, and we felt that we could do that rapidly in the urban","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2415.0,2421.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"settings. We thought that since we were looking at a biological issue of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2421.0,2427.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transmission that the results really would be generalizable to rural areas. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2427.0,2432.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"question you raise, which is a good one, is that the behavior patterns, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2432.0,2438.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accessibility, and the level of healthcare might be very different in rural","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2438.0,2443.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"areas, and that would be something that was followed up on afterward. But in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2443.0,2449.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"general, Thailand, while it was still considered a developing country, really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2449.0,2454.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had very, very good systems in place and had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2454.0,2458.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ngood maternal-child health systems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2458.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the nice things was that the obstetricians, the pediatricians, and the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2460.0,2466.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infectious disease doctors were really all interested in working on HIV together","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2466.0,2472.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2472.0,2473.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: If I remember correctly, this was a placebo-controlled trial even after","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2473.0,2479.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ACTG had shown sort of proof of principle. Can you talk a little bit about that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2479.0,2487.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I know that there were concerns from an ethical standpoint of using a placebo at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2487.0,2494.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this stage in history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2494.0,2496.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: Yes. That certainly became a flashpoint. When we developed the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2496.0,2501.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"protocol, there were really very little concerns raised about using a placebo,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2501.0,2507.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the rationale was that we were really doing a very different intervention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2507.0,2513.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even though the ACTG study had shown (good) ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2513.0,2517.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nresults. That intervention (the ACTG","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2517.0,2519.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"076 regimen) was not being used anywhere in Thailand and certainly anywhere in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2519.0,2525.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developing countries, and there was no proposal to use that. It just simply was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2525.0,2532.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not feasible, and the rationale behind using a placebo in the clinical trial was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2532.0,2539.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we could look at the effect, the potential benefit of the short-course AZT","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2539.0,2546.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a very rapid, relatively small study and look to see whether it would have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2546.0,2553.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any benefit. And at that time, again going through the IRB [institutional review","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2553.0,2559.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"board], we really didn't know at all whether the short-course AZT that we were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2559.0,2566.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"using, which was four weeks of AZT to the mother and during labor, would have a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2566.0,2574.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"benefit. So, from the point of view of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2574.0,2578.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIRBs, there was felt to be equipoise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2578.0,2581.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about that. It was legitimately an open question. As the study continued, there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2581.0,2586.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were outside criticisms that were very heavy (difficult) leveled against us as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2586.0,2591.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"investigators and leveled against CDC for doing a placebo-controlled trial. But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2591.0,2596.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I must say we did have a lot of discussions internally at CDC about it, and I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2596.0,2603.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certainly received a lot of support from CDC for this. Our studies (in Thailand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2603.0,2609.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in Cote d'Ivoire) were designed to be finished relatively rapidly, and one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2609.0,2614.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the benefits was that not only was this looking at a short course of AZT but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2614.0,2621.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was a short study design, and again, because of the powerful diagnostic tools","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2621.0,2627.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we could get (clear) end results very quickly in the baby. So, we were literally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2627.0,2633.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"able to do the study from start to finish ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2633.0,2637.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin about two years, and fortunately,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2637.0,2639.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had very, very strong results showing that the short-course AZT was also","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2639.0,2644.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"effective in reducing the risk by about 50%. Once those results came out, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2644.0,2650.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concerns and the criticism about placebo died out, lessened, and the focus of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2650.0,2655.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attention very rightly shifted from what was the proper study design to how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2655.0,2660.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could we implement that (this new, simplified regimen). One of the strong points","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2660.0,2665.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the study, again, which we did in conjunction with the Ministry of Health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2665.0,2671.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Thailand, was that they said as part of the protocol that if the study were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2671.0,2678.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"successful, that they would then implement the results and use this as the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2678.0,2683.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"public health approach. So, it was not just an academic study on behalf of CDC,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2683.0,2689.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it was really a very meaningful study for the Thai investigators and for the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2689.0,2695.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thai ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2695.0,2695.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nMinistry and true to word, as soon as the results were published, then the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2695.0,2702.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thai Ministry of Health focused on implementing that as a public health program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2702.0,2708.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: How was CDC received in Thailand during those years? What were the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2708.0,2714.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feelings, good or bad about CDC's presence in Thailand?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2714.0,2718.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: I think CDC was very well received. We were literally on the Ministry","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2718.0,2725.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Health campus. We had a lot of interaction with the ministry people. There","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2725.0,2732.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were one or two people from the ministry that were seconded to our office, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2732.0,2739.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we collaborated on a lot of things. I think, as, in many countries, the Thai","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2739.0,2746.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ministry wanted to do things on their own. They didn't want to be overly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2746.0,2753.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n reliant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2753.0,2754.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at all, but there had already been a training program, the FETP [Field","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2754.0,2761.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Epidemiology Training Program], in Thailand, and there was a lot of comforts--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2761.0,2767.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not only comfort but familiarity and interest in what CDC could bring. There was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2767.0,2774.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also an appreciation, particularly our CDC office had a very, very strong","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2774.0,2780.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"laboratory, and the laboratory did a lot of training in HIV for laboratorians in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2780.0,2787.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thailand, so there was a real appreciation of the technological training and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2787.0,2793.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knowledge that that brought. So, I think CDC was very well respected within the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2793.0,2800.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ministry, and its role was appreciated, and I'm just reflecting that we worked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2800.0,2807.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"primarily with the Ministry. We didn't necessarily work with other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2807.0,2812.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n NGOs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2812.0,2812.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[non-governmental organizations] and UN organizations. I think that our primary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2812.0,2817.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"focus and the appreciation was really set up as a collaboration with the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2817.0,2823.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ministry of Health and that actually kind of anticipates an approach that the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2823.0,2829.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC took in terms of its later work with PEPFAR as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2829.0,2834.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So, CDC and the U.S. government overall had made fairly minimal efforts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2834.0,2840.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in addressing global AIDS prior to 1999 (apart from its international field","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2840.0,2845.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"station work). Then things began to change in late 1999. President Clinton","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2845.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"launched the so-called LIFE Initiative--Leadership and Investment in Fighting an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2850.0,2855.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Epidemic, a U.S. government HIV/AIDS initiative where approximately $100 million","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2855.0,2860.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was set aside for HIV, and then in 2002 President [George W.] Bush pledged a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2860.0,2867.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"$500 million interagency initiative to prevent mother-to-child HIV transmission","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2867.0,2871.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2871.0,2871.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAfrica and the Caribbean. By this time, you were the team leader of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2871.0,2878.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission team in the Global AIDS Program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2878.0,2884.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at CDC. Can you tell us a little bit about this initiative? This was the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2884.0,2892.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beginning of something very large that was coming to you and your colleagues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2892.0,2899.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: Yes. Thank you for the reminder of the sequence of those times because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2899.0,2906.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lot was happening quickly. The LIFE Initiative which really gave support to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2906.0,2913.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the CDC Global AIDS effort included support for mother-to-child transmission and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2913.0,2919.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that clearly was part of the opportunity because of the Thai short-course AZT","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2919.0,2926.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"study, similar results which were obtained in Ivory Coast and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2926.0,2931.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nelsewhere and the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2931.0,2932.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"single-dose Nevirapine trials that were done soon after in Uganda. There was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2932.0,2938.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tremendous effort and interest in implementing practical, inexpensive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2938.0,2942.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interventions to interrupt mother-to-child transmission so clearly that was one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2942.0,2947.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the opportunities for prophylaxis or treatment and intervention that could be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2947.0,2953.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"done. Out of the LIFE Initiative, as you mentioned, the MTCT Initiative came,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2953.0,2959.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if I remember right, that was a $500 million mandate specifically or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2959.0,2965.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opportunity to fund treatment interventions to interrupt transmission. And this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2965.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came out of Washington. It came out of the White House. I don't know all of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2970.0,2978.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"politics involved, but I had the privilege of being basically one of the point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2978.0,2985.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people at CDC for that, and while I was doing my technical ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2985.0,2991.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwork, I was actually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2991.0,2993.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going up to Washington about every two weeks to meet with the people developing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2993.0,2999.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the MTCT Initiative. One of the key leaders in that, one of my liaisons in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=2999.0,3005.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Washington, was [Dr.] Mark [R.] Dybul, who eventually became the head of PEPFAR","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3005.0,3010.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and now is head of the Global Fund and I worked very closely with him on that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3010.0,3017.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The concept was, and this was really a collaboration with the White House, NIH,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3017.0,3023.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other agencies in Washington and CDC to put together--I think there were several","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3023.0,3028.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different levels. One was to develop an organizational level-- I should also","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3028.0,3033.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mention USAID [United States Agency for International Development] was a very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3033.0,3038.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"key part of this, the organizational level of what this MTCT Initiative was, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3038.0,3044.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then how to implement it. And during this time very quickly, the idea was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3044.0,3050.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(developed) ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3050.0,3050.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmandated that there would be \"focus\" countries. I think about 13 or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3050.0,3056.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"15 focus countries in Africa, a few in the Caribbean that would be defined as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3056.0,3063.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the priority countries for the intervention, and we had to come up with how we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3063.0,3070.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would develop implementation plans and funding plans and partnerships to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3070.0,3075.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"implement the program. It was an extremely exciting but extremely pressured time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3075.0,3081.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to focus on this, and we developed--I'm not sure if I should take--if it's good","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3081.0,3088.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to take credit for this, but my colleagues and myself developed the infamous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3088.0,3094.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COP, the Country Operational Plan, for countries which has had many iterations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3094.0,3100.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since in the development of PEPFAR. But we basically developed the idea that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3100.0,3106.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there should be background statement for the country, in this case very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3106.0,3112.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nspecifically on mother-to-child transmission, what was the situation, what were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3112.0,3117.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the opportunities for interventions, what were the key interventions. Then what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3117.0,3122.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be the roles of the different agencies and the funding plans on a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3122.0,3129.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year-by-year basis and we developed a rapid accountability to develop","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3129.0,3134.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"implementation plans with funding and then to evaluate on a yearly basis how we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3134.0,3141.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were doing and to do this in partnership with the ministry (ministries of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3141.0,3147.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"health). This was done primarily very closely between CDC and USAID with a very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3147.0,3154.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small central office in Washington, and we got the program off the ground. There","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3154.0,3161.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a lot of support for it. It was very exciting, and then, after about a year","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3161.0,3169.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a half of doing this, the full PEPFAR was announced ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3169.0,3174.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat was really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3174.0,3176.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"comprehensive. It was no longer just MTCT, and MTCT would be a part of the much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3176.0,3185.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"larger PEPFAR initiative, and so my role and our role in the PMTCT group was to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3185.0,3194.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lead that section of now a much larger PEPFAR effort.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3194.0,3200.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Can you shed some light on what the situation was on the ground in say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3200.0,3209.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many of these African countries in terms of mother-to-child service delivery and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3209.0,3216.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how are you going to get an AZT intervention at the end of pregnancy to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3216.0,3224.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patients? What were some of the challenges in trying to make that happen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3224.0,3231.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: There were a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3231.0,3234.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nchallenges, but fortunately, there was a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3234.0,3238.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interest in all of the priority (countries for) MTCT in PEPFAR countries. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3238.0,3244.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"challenges really go to the heart of how do you deliver an intervention in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3244.0,3251.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MCH [Maternal Child Health] setting and add it on, so it really depends on the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3251.0,3258.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strength of the MCH setting. We talked before about how strong the MCH","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3258.0,3264.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infrastructure was in Thailand, so it was relatively easy not only to do a study","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3264.0,3271.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but relatively easy to roll out a very solid intervention on those structures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3271.0,3277.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the priority countries in Africa and in the Caribbean, but primarily in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3277.0,3283.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Africa, first of all, the prevalence was much, much higher. We're talking about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3283.0,3289.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pregnant women being infected at rates of anywhere from 4 or 5 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3289.0,3295.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npercent to as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3295.0,3297.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"high as 25 or 30 percent, so the numbers were just staggering in terms of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3297.0,3305.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"need. Many women came late to antenatal care. The structures in terms of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3305.0,3312.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organizing antenatal care were more limited, and one had to think through the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3312.0,3319.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whole sequence of how you implement an intervention. Starting from testing of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3319.0,3325.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mothers and having quality testing, having appropriate counseling, having the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3325.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"drugs on-site to give to the pregnant women, monitoring the women, and then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3330.0,3337.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"following up the babies. So, each country presented different challenges and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3337.0,3343.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were at different stages, but all the countries were interested. We did a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3343.0,3351.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our early work in Botswana which still is one of the most heavily ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3351.0,3358.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n affected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3358.0,3358.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries and my first EIS officer in the PEPFAR program, [Dr.] Tracy [L.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3358.0,3364.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Creek, really spent half of her time in Botswana and we worked to support her","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3364.0,3371.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there, and she did a fantastic job of helping to put in place programs to scale","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3371.0,3378.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up the PMTCT program. Botswana, while heavily infected (i.e., very high HIV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3378.0,3384.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"burden, including among pregnant women), was very committed as a government to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3384.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"implementing programs and so we had a lot of support from them to do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3390.0,3397.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: What is involved in scaling up services like that in terms of urban and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3397.0,3404.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rural infrastructure strengthening?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3404.0,3405.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: I think it starts first from, and still very much does, from the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3405.0,3412.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"central level in terms of commitment. There has to be political commitment and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3412.0,3418.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nclear policies, and in all of these countries, the actual written policies, you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3418.0,3424.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can't just come in as an outside government agency or an NGO and say hey this is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3424.0,3432.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the \"best practice.\" Countries rely on what are the policies of the Ministry of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3432.0,3439.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Health and the circulars and directives, so a lot of the background work was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3439.0,3446.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really working with the ministries of health to develop policies. And, again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3446.0,3452.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"starting from the building blocks of the program to implement routine testing of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3452.0,3458.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pregnant women, just as syphilis testing was recommended, just as hemoglobin","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3458.0,3463.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"testing was recommended, to implement HIV testing with appropriate counseling,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3463.0,3468.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with appropriate hopefully human rights safeguards and taking steps for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3468.0,3473.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"non-stigmatization. Also, we, even back then, began to encourage partner testing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3473.0,3478.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3478.0,3478.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nHIV. So, putting in place and putting the policies in place for testing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3478.0,3485.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"counseling, providing the drug, and follow up that was needed. I think, again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3485.0,3492.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from an outside group coming in, part of our role both at CDC and some of our","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3492.0,3501.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"partner organizations were really to work to understand each country. I said","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3501.0,3507.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the countries were different, appreciate the strengths and weaknesses of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3507.0,3513.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different countries and how best to do the implementation in those countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3513.0,3519.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, we spent a lot of time in hospitals and our partners that we were funding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3519.0,3527.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spent time working providing side by side technical assistance to understand how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3527.0,3533.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could the systems work, given the overall ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3533.0,3537.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ninfrastructures, how could we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3537.0,3539.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"integrate the HIV PMTCT interventions within existing infrastructures. Early on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3539.0,3545.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we sponsored, CDC sponsored and developed a training curriculum that we rolled","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3545.0,3552.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out too many, many countries, and held many training sessions and adapted those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3552.0,3559.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"training curriculums to local countries and into local languages. That was a big","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3559.0,3566.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"effort once we had the policies in place. Again, our lab colleagues worked on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3566.0,3574.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the quality control on the lab side.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3574.0,3578.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So, at this time, the countries had developed their own in-country CDC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3578.0,3585.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"offices, so Botswana had a CDC office. How was CDC perceived when PEPFAR started","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3585.0,3593.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moving into countries in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3593.0,3595.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAfrica setting up offices, taking a very on-the-ground","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3595.0,3599.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"role in implementing? How was CDC viewed as you were doing the beginning of this initiative?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3599.0,3606.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: I had the opportunity and the privilege of really working with many,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3606.0,3612.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many program managers, and many ministry of health officials in different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3612.0,3617.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries. I think in general our work was really very well appreciated and when","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3617.0,3623.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went to a country --the groundwork (was usually already very well) laid (out)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3623.0,3629.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the CDC country office and the people living in the country. So that was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3629.0,3636.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"key part of things to have people on the ground. I think that there was always","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3636.0,3643.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some issue which you always have in public health when people are flying in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3643.0,3649.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"internationally for one- or two-weeks making recommendations and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3649.0,3653.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nleaving that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3653.0,3654.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can be a bit problematic. But I think the fact that we had people in the CDC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3654.0,3661.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"office that were there, followed up, knew the situation, that was a great","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3661.0,3666.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strength. Our partners, particularly the Columbia MTCT Plus Program, the EGPAF","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3666.0,3670.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation] Program, and other implementing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3670.0,3674.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"partners that we funded, also developed very quickly in-country offices so that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3674.0,3679.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they had credibility on the ground (as well as their technical credibility). I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3679.0,3684.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think the unique role that I've often reflected on, and I think it was part of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3684.0,3690.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the mandate that CDC had in terms of the partnerships of different agencies, was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3690.0,3695.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC always funded with a cooperative agreement directly to the ministries of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3695.0,3700.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"health. So, part of that was capacity building and technical support to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3700.0,3705.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ministry -- part of CDC's role was to support the ministry. There are some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3705.0,3710.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dangers in public health projects where you have ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3710.0,3713.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nNGOs that have a lot of money","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3713.0,3717.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that develop beautiful demonstration projects that are not linked to the public","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3717.0,3724.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"health system, so I think in that regard CDC was well appreciated. There were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3724.0,3732.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concerns because --HIV had a lot of different overlays. I think that some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3732.0,3739.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries like South Africa and Zimbabwe early on were uncomfortable with some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3739.0,3746.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aspects of the CDC role and, more importantly, with the world focus on those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3746.0,3754.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries and expectations. There were early concerns that the HIV approaches","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3754.0,3760.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that were being developed by so-called Western countries were not appropriate to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3760.0,3767.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"South Africa, Zimbabwe, and that we were actually--and there were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3767.0,3773.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncrazy theories","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3773.0,3774.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we were involved with spreading HIV, but I think that was pretty quickly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3774.0,3783.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"overcome. So, I think in general, the PEPFAR program was very well accepted, CDC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3783.0,3792.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was recognized particularly (for) strengthening ministries of health and lab and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3792.0,3799.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC also was respected for its focus on data.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3799.0,3805.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Was cost a factor in getting AZT to the moms, or by this time was AZT","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3805.0,3816.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relatively inexpensive?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3816.0,3817.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: Both AZT or single-dose Nevirapine were used at the time, depending on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3817.0,3825.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different settings and what the capacity was. The cost had come down very, very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3825.0,3834.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quickly, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3834.0,3835.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nso the cost was less of a factor in terms of the drugs. Really the cost","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3835.0,3842.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the infrastructure involved, and actually, if you looked at it, it was the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3842.0,3848.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"testing and the follow-up-- those costs were more. So, the cost continued to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3848.0,3854.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come down in those early years and were less of a factor. Now, we focused on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3854.0,3861.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very short course interventions in the early days 2002 to 2003, but one of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3861.0,3868.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"big challenges in Africa, and we knew it then, was breastfeeding transmission,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3868.0,3873.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we were not offering anything to intervene in terms of breastfeeding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3873.0,3878.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transmission. We also knew that while our strategy focused on giving a drug to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3878.0,3884.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mothers very late in pregnancy, if we didn't access those mothers until","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3884.0,3889.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extremely late, that would be difficult, and there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3889.0,3893.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwas also a risk of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3893.0,3895.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transmission earlier in the pregnancy, so maybe we should have more expanded","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3895.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interventions. WHO at the time began to be convening expert guidelines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3900.0,3905.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"committees and reviews and there was a lot of research going on in those early","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3905.0,3912.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"2000 years looking at interventions that could still be cost-effective,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3912.0,3916.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(relatively) cheap to implement, but would cover more of the risk period for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3916.0,3922.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother-to-child transmission. So one of the challenges technically which was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3922.0,3926.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"incredibly exciting but also challenging to keep up with was that there was new","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3926.0,3932.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"information literally every six months on what to do, so what we adopted as a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3932.0,3939.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"simple standard of care was superseded by new guidelines coming out of WHO and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3939.0,3945.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more complex regimens, and literally every two years there was a new guideline","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3945.0,3951.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from WHO. So, while this was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3951.0,3954.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nexciting and very promising on paper, it required a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3954.0,3959.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot of ongoing work to do retraining, to work with countries to develop (and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3959.0,3966.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"update) their country guidelines, and to implement broader (and more effective) programs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3966.0,3972.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Some of the countries, I know 80% or more of the population is rural.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3972.0,3980.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What was the approach to rural moms who might deliver at home or ideally have a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3980.0,3988.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Traditional Birth Attendant [TBA]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3988.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: I remember with one of my colleagues from Côte d'Ivoire who had been a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3990.0,3998.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"co-investigator on the short course AZT study in Côte d'Ivoire, we went out for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=3998.0,4005.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a couple of days to a rural area in Ivory Coast. We met with Traditional ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4005.0,4013.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n Birth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4013.0,4014.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Attendants and tribal leaders in the community, and it was really an incredible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4014.0,4021.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experience just to talk, appreciate, what giving birth was like and what kind of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4021.0,4029.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"care was like (in rural areas). To use the example of single-dose Nevirapine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4029.0,4036.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is just a one-time pill at the time of labor and then another pill to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4036.0,4045.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother immediately postpartum and one dose to the baby, the idea was that, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4045.0,4053.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"proposal was that the Traditional Birth Attendants could carry this as part of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4053.0,4060.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their TBA kit and give this to the mother in a simplified form even if they were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4060.0,4069.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"delivering at home. This seemed relatively ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4069.0,4072.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsimple, but I'm not sure whether this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4072.0,4075.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ever really worked out for a number of reasons. First, if the mother was in a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4075.0,4082.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rural area, she still needed to be tested first. You still needed to know who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4082.0,4088.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was HIV positive and who was negative. One of the issues was disclosure in these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4088.0,4094.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small rural communities, and maybe the TBA might've been a relative or certainly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4094.0,4099.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"close to the chatter of the community-- how do you protect the confidentiality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4099.0,4104.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a mother who is HIV positive to give this targeted intervention? The other is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4104.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that in different communities, in different countries, the status of TBAs--there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4110.0,4114.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a broad range of officially credentialed to not very official. Countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4114.0,4119.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were also pushing towards having more facility deliveries, and there was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4119.0,4124.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"schism in terms of thinking about whether we should really endorse and promote","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4124.0,4129.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more interventions through TBAs versus ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4129.0,4131.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsupporting facility-based deliveries. We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4131.0,4133.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"put a lot of effort into that, and we provided guidance on a simple TBA pack,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4133.0,4141.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I'm not sure that that ever worked out. But your question really points out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4141.0,4149.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we really were--the situation in rural areas is very different than a large","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4149.0,4156.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"urban hospital. One of the underlying premises for the MTCT interventions was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4156.0,4162.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the simplified intervention really could be scaled up and provided in rural","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4162.0,4169.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"areas and down to the health center level. You usually have provincial","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4169.0,4175.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospitals, district hospitals, small health centers, and even at the small","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4175.0,4181.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"health centers, there you would have assisted deliveries within a health clinic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4181.0,4187.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"structure. Myself and my team and our colleagues ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4187.0,4191.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin-country spent a lot of time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4191.0,4194.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to different facilities at the health center level checking to see what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4194.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was feasible, were the SOPs, Standard Operating Procedures, were they on the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4200.0,4205.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wall, were all the supplies in place, was the recordkeeping in place and was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4205.0,4211.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this feasible to do. And we felt that it really was, and it really was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4211.0,4218.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"integrated clearly within the MCH structure and it was prioritized, and it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4218.0,4224.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"partly able to be prioritized because the prevalence was so high, again, between","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4224.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"5% and 25% of the women had HIV in Africa and so everyone recognized that this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4230.0,4237.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was one of the biggest health problems that had to be addressed for pregnant women.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4237.0,4244.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: I remember seeing some of those health centers and was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4244.0,4249.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"astounded--usually there were two staff there and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4249.0,4252.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwhat they could do in terms of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4252.0,4257.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doing HIV voluntary counseling and testing, and then treating. It was just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4257.0,4265.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"astounding. In terms of the healthcare personnel needed to implement this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4265.0,4272.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"initiative, was this a situation where you needed to scale down and do task","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4272.0,4282.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shifting? Were nurses doing screening and treating? How was this managed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4282.0,4289.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from--and we know in many countries there was a shortage of healthcare workers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4289.0,4298.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so how was that approached?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4298.0,4301.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: Training, training, training, and always a need for more staff. I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4301.0,4310.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in every ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4310.0,4311.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncountry that we worked in, that was the biggest complaint and concern","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4311.0,4317.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was voiced. There weren't enough healthcare workers, and they were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4317.0,4322.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"overburdened already. But I think, as I said, there was really a recognition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4322.0,4328.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that HIV had to be included and we tried to make things as simple as possible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4328.0,4336.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"--you mentioned task-shifting, which is a big buzzword at WHO now and is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4336.0,4342.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strongly recommended. Nurses at different levels from midwives to public health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4342.0,4347.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nurses, nurses really did the bulk of care at community health centers, and also","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4347.0,4354.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nurses did most of the attended deliveries even at many hospitals and the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4354.0,4360.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"obstetricians played less of a role partly because they only did emergency and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4360.0,4366.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"high-risk care and there weren't that many of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4366.0,4370.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthem. So, the backbone of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4370.0,4372.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"health system really was the nurses. The nurses already were familiar and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4372.0,4377.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"comfortable with drawing blood, so to introduce a rapid HIV test was not that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4377.0,4382.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"big an issue to do. And then I think that they were very glad that they actually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4382.0,4388.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had an intervention that they could offer -- that was really a strong motivating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4388.0,4393.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"factor and that they could begin to see the results. But one of the issues in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4393.0,4399.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"terms of healthcare or the healthcare staff was that there was a tremendous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4399.0,4404.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"drain on nurses and a constant turnover, and it was a very common situation to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4404.0,4410.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do training and then a year later to have entirely different staff at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4410.0,4415.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clinics, and that was challenging. One of the pushes of PEPFAR was to get not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4415.0,4421.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only for MTCT but for all of HIV to have that be part of the curriculum for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4421.0,4427.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"postgraduate training and in-service training but also ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4427.0,4430.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin pre-service training","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4430.0,4431.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have HIV a clear part of nursing in the medical curriculum. Nurses knew that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4431.0,4438.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whatever job they were going to be doing, eventually, they would also be dealing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4438.0,4445.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with HIV, and I think all healthcare workers knew that. There was a special","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4445.0,4452.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cadre that was developed early on of counselors, and there was a big push for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4452.0,4459.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. I remember one anecdote--not an anecdote, but it even became a best","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4459.0,4465.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"practice for a while--[Dr. Thomas] Tom Kenyon was the CDC Country Director in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4465.0,4471.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Botswana, and as he was supporting the scale-up of PMTCT, he basically purchased","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4471.0,4477.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"portable cabins, I think 300 of them, to physically (provide the needed space at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4477.0,4484.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clinics)--because space was an issue and confidential space and comfortable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4484.0,4489.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"space for a quick ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4489.0,4491.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nlaboratory. So he was able to put (portable) cabins out at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4491.0,4497.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost every health center in Botswana, which is a relatively small country, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4497.0,4504.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to add the comfortable physical space for people to work and do the HIV part of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4504.0,4512.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the program and also to hire counselors to do HIV counseling because in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4512.0,4519.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"early days before counseling was kind of deemphasized, counseling was really a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4519.0,4525.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"big part of the program, and there were high demands on it and that could","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4525.0,4533.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quickly become a bottleneck or a barrier to effective care.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4533.0,4538.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You mentioned that PEPFAR we know was the interagency, multiagency","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4538.0,4544.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"project and USAID played a big role in PMTCT as well. How did you and CDC people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4544.0,4553.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interact ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4553.0,4554.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwith USAID in-country? How did that go?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4554.0,4558.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: Well, that was part of my continuing education and learning to learn","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4558.0,4565.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more about our different U.S. agencies and I didn't have really that much of an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4565.0,4573.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"appreciation of USAID before and what their roles were, that were either similar","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4573.0,4580.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or different from CDC but USAID certainly was always very strong in terms of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4580.0,4588.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"funding support for maternal child health. They saw MTCT interventions as an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4588.0,4594.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important part of their portfolio, as well. We developed and were encouraged in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4594.0,4601.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the early days of PEPFAR to develop an interagency working group and I headed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4601.0,4609.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that for the PMTCT group and we had monthly calls ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4609.0,4614.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwith USAID and with HRSA","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4614.0,4617.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Health Resources and Services Administration] and NIH on the calls to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4617.0,4623.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coordinate from different headquarters leaders our strategy and to go over","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4623.0,4629.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country-by-country what we were doing in terms of support, and we tried to have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4629.0,4637.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"face-to-face meetings either once or twice a year. I think that was one of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4637.0,4645.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the--for me, it was really very nice in terms of meeting and getting outside of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4645.0,4653.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC and understanding and working with people coming from different agency","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4653.0,4659.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"backgrounds, different perspectives, and that was very helpful in understanding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4659.0,4664.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the strengths of different agencies. Then there was a mirror of that at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4664.0,4672.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country level, and ideally, there were interagency ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4672.0,4676.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nworking groups within key","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4676.0,4678.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program areas, and those worked probably to varying degrees in different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4678.0,4683.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries. I know that when I went to a country, I would always try to meet with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4683.0,4691.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both CDC and USAID even if they were doing different things and working in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4691.0,4697.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different parts of the country or having different partners, but it was very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4697.0,4703.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important to not just go as CDC working only with CDC. We began to work as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4703.0,4710.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"PEPFAR and tried to make it one program and one \"superagency\". There were a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4710.0,4717.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of holes in that, there were a lot of breakdowns in that, there were different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4717.0,4724.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conflicts and agency agendas, but it really was--I think everyone really tried","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4724.0,4729.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make that work and I think the biggest issue was control over different ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4729.0,4735.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbudgets and how much money CDC would get versus USAID would get in specific","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4735.0,4742.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries and who would have control and how to coordinate that. I think there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4742.0,4749.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were several iterations of strategies that were way beyond my level in terms of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4749.0,4756.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deciding how to do that. But to come back to the point, when we went to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4756.0,4765.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country, we felt like we had more partners and a more expansive view of things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4765.0,4773.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by working with USAID as well as CDC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4773.0,4777.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Before we move to your WHO phase, things changed in terms of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4777.0,4784.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"approach to treating mothers and PMTCT in terms of getting more antiretrovirals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4784.0,4790.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[ARV] for right after delivery. Can you comment a little bit ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4790.0,4796.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nabout that? As you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4796.0,4798.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were doing your initiative, there was a huge steamroller of getting ARVs to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4798.0,4804.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HIV-infected people all over Africa and then Asia, and sort of a big effort","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4804.0,4811.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first looking at the most critically ill and then changing the guidelines in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4811.0,4817.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"terms of at what CD4 count people would be eligible. How did that work in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4817.0,4825.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MCH situation over time, and is it still probably continuing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4825.0,4830.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: Yes. That really is the crux of the issue. I mentioned before that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4830.0,4837.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were rapid changes in the MTCT field in terms of interventions, and our","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4837.0,4844.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Achilles Heel at the time was not being able to provide effective interventions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4844.0,4850.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during breastfeeding. We just didn't know whether ARVs were safe, would be well ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4850.0,4856.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntolerated both for the mother and the baby. But at the same time, there (were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4856.0,4863.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rapid developments with) more research, more proof of the benefit of treatment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4863.0,4869.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and more capacity in terms of testing, particularly around the CD4 count. So,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4869.0,4875.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from around 2004 to 2010, the emphasis was on identifying the most critically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4875.0,4881.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ill people who were felt both to need it (ARVs) for their own health but also,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4881.0,4889.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they would be likely to be the highest risk of transmitting HIV either","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4889.0,4895.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heterosexually or in some other type of transmission or from mother to child.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4895.0,4901.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was, again, one of the challenges and a great barrier --the premise was you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4901.0,4908.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"needed to have a CD4 count. You either assessed the patient for signs of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4908.0,4915.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clinical ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4915.0,4915.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAIDS or the appreciation was we really needed to not just wait until","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4915.0,4921.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people had fulminant AIDS but to look at their immunological status and begin to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4921.0,4928.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"treat them earlier on, so to do a CD4 count. And the guidelines were raised","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4928.0,4935.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"progressively from a CD4 count under 200 to 350 to 500 and for adults in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4935.0,4942.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"general, and this applied also for women (including pregnant women). Now, at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4942.0,4948.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that time, the paradigm was in general that there would be special HIV treatment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4948.0,4955.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"centers either at the hospital or freestanding. As I was saying, during the time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4955.0,4962.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from 2004 to 2010, there was really a push in terms of evidence that people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4962.0,4969.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should be treated earlier, and this was both in terms of evidence and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4969.0,4975.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n capacity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4975.0,4975.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were concerns about the cost and how many people would-be put-on drugs and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4975.0,4981.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what the capacity was, but it was really an expectation that more and more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4981.0,4987.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people should be put on treatment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4987.0,4990.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So mothers, pregnant women with HIV were really a subset of this so we came to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4990.0,4997.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"appreciate more and more that rather than our approach which had been on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=4997.0,5003.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prophylaxis primarily for the benefit of trying to prevent an infection in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5003.0,5009.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"baby, that really maybe this could converge and mothers could and should have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5009.0,5015.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ART for their own health benefit and if they got their ART for their optimum","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5015.0,5021.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"health benefit, that in a sense would be the best prophylaxis as well and it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5021.0,5027.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be a double win for their own health to prevent potentially horizontal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5027.0,5033.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transmission to a partner, and also to prevent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5033.0,5036.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ninfection to the baby. So,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5036.0,5039.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through 2010 which is just after I left CDC and went to WHO, we still had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5039.0,5047.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guidelines globally that were I think recommending (treatment with) a CD4 count","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5047.0,5053.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under 500 and we still had separate guidelines for adults and special guidelines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5053.0,5060.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for pregnant women with HIV because of this tension or different approach","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5060.0,5066.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the optimal prophylaxis versus treatment. The underlying principal was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5066.0,5071.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that any mother that needed treatment for their own health should get it, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5071.0,5078.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would be their treatment and prophylaxis, otherwise to do an elegant and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5078.0,5085.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/904","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"long prophylaxis intervention for the mother.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5085.0,5088.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/905","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: I remember a lot of controversy over what I think was really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5088.0,5095.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cost-related, what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5095.0,5096.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npriority should be given to the pregnant mothers in terms of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5096.0,5101.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/908","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"full ART coverage. Can you tell us a little bit about that? I think that went on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5101.0,5109.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/909","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a couple of years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5109.0,5111.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/910","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: Yeah. I think it was really a concern rather than controversy. I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5111.0,5117.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/911","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that everyone, by this point, wanted to provide the best possible treatments,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5117.0,5122.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/912","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but there were two concerns. One was it really feasible in terms of the overall","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5122.0,5129.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/913","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cost, and then the logistical cost. Again, we talked about providing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5129.0,5134.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/914","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interventions to pregnant mothers (during pregnancy and) at point of delivery as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5134.0,5139.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/915","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opposed to a special ART center, so that was an additional logistical challenge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5139.0,5145.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/916","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to think about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5145.0,5147.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/917","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Did that materialize? Was treatment then given at point of care in many","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5147.0,5153.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/918","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"settings (that were) ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5153.0,5154.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/919","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsort of primitive MCH settings?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5154.0,5156.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/920","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: Yes. That was really recognized by 2008, 2010 as really the optimal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5156.0,5162.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/921","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"approach because pregnant women--it was just recognized over and over again, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5162.0,5168.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/922","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"understandably so, that pregnant women would in their late stages of pregnancy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5168.0,5174.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/923","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would not want to go to an ART clinic and then the internal medicine doctors or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5174.0,5182.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/924","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nurses dealing with HIV patients would not be comfortable with a pregnant woman","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5182.0,5188.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/925","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in her 8th month of pregnancy coming (to the ART clinic), and the people in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5188.0,5196.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/926","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"waiting room wouldn't be comfortable. So, the ideal approach was to provide the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5196.0,5202.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/927","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ART in decentralized settings. But this also fortunately dovetailed with the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5202.0,5207.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/928","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"idea that ART, as it became more available, would also be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5207.0,5212.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/929","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndecentralized and it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5212.0,5213.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/930","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wouldn't necessarily be in the maternity but in smaller facilities -- it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5213.0,5219.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/931","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unrealistic to expect them (pregnant mothers living with HIV) to be going back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5219.0,5225.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/932","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and forth to different clinics, sometimes over long distances. The other concern","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5225.0,5231.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/933","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the time, which was really still a significant concern and then continues to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5231.0,5237.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/934","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be with some of the drugs that we're using now as we change to newer drugs, is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5237.0,5245.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/935","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what is the safety of drugs? We could be fairly confident of their safety for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5245.0,5252.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/936","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"adults on treatment, but for a pregnant woman and her newborn what was the added","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5252.0,5259.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/937","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"safety assessment of the safety profile of those drugs for pregnancy and that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5259.0,5265.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/938","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was an ongoing concern both in terms of Nevirapine, in terms of Efavirenz and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5265.0,5271.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/939","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5271.0,5271.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/940","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n drugs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5271.0,5272.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/941","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You mentioned in passing, stigma. Was that a major challenge with regard","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5272.0,5279.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/942","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to getting pregnant women to agree to HIV testing, getting them on treatment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5279.0,5286.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/943","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"having to disclose their partners, and so on? So, we're covering a span here of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5286.0,5294.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/944","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"2003-2010 when things changed quite a bit, but can you mention that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5294.0,5300.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/945","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: Sure. We've always been very cognizant of that, but I think it's one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5300.0,5307.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/946","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing to be intellectually cognizant and another to really appreciate the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5307.0,5313.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/947","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dynamics at the local level or at the country level. There are a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5313.0,5321.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/948","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different issues, and I really can't pretend to be so familiar or characterize","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5321.0,5328.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/949","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them, but we really were very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5328.0,5331.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/950","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nconcerned about stigma on one simple level, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5331.0,5335.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/951","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"issue of what was the attitude of healthcare workers towards patients, in this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5335.0,5342.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/952","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"case, pregnant women who tested positive (for HIV). We might assume that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5342.0,5348.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/953","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"healthcare workers would be very supportive of their patients but that isn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5348.0,5354.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/954","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"necessarily always the case, and there isn't the same level of communication and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5354.0,5361.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/955","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"openness that we sometimes take for granted in our interaction with our","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5361.0,5367.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/956","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"healthcare providers in the U.S. So, one is what was the attitude of healthcare","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5367.0,5374.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/957","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"workers, and they did stigmatize their HIV-positive patients. There wouldn't be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5374.0,5380.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/958","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that kind of stigma in an ART clinic, which was dedicated to providing support,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5380.0,5387.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/959","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but in a more general setting where you had this special ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5387.0,5393.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/960","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nproblem, that was an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5393.0,5395.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/961","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"issue. Now, particularly, we were talking about this with small communities and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5395.0,5400.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/962","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"traditional birth attendants, what is known about how is the community going to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5400.0,5406.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/963","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"look at mothers that are HIV positive, and this, again, comes back to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5406.0,5412.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/964","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"breastfeeding issue. Breastfeeding is the norm-- it's very encouraged and is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5412.0,5417.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/965","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good for the health of the baby. (But) with our early guidance to avoid","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5417.0,5423.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/966","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"breastfeeding or to stop breastfeeding after a short period of time for HIV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5423.0,5429.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/967","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"positive women in Africa that was difficult to do and potentially invited stigma","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5429.0,5435.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/968","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it just was an open signal that women who weren't breastfeeding probably","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5435.0,5441.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/969","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had HIV and that was a concern.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5441.0,5444.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/970","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, at the same time, I think because HIV (programs were) not just testing for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5444.0,5451.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/971","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HIV, but there was more and more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5451.0,5454.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/972","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntreatment in general, and there wasn't just a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5454.0,5458.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/973","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program for pregnant women, but it was for coinfected patients with TB, it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5458.0,5465.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/974","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the general population. Over time I think HIV was becoming destigmatized or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5465.0,5471.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/975","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"normalized in a general way, and there was true excitement that some real","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5471.0,5477.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/976","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interventions and ART would be available, and I think more than anything that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5477.0,5483.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/977","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really helped destigmatize because there was something that could be done. One","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5483.0,5489.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/978","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the outstanding efforts in the MTCT field was the initiative that came out of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5489.0,5496.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/979","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"South Africa that was called the Mother To Mother Program which was started by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5496.0,5503.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/980","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an NGO to enlist mothers that had gone through the PMTCT Program to then hire on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5503.0,5511.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/981","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with some small ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5511.0,5512.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/982","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nstipend to be advocates for patients and to work alongside the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5512.0,5517.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/983","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"healthcare workers to basically buddy up with new HIV positive women coming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5517.0,5523.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/984","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through the PMTCT Program. The Mother to Mother Program was an adjunct to both","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5523.0,5530.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/985","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kind of empower, give recognition and support to positive mothers who had gone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5530.0,5536.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/986","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through the program, were dealing with their own difficult circumstances, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5536.0,5541.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/987","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recognize that they could then make a contribution to help others. That was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5541.0,5548.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/988","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very exciting program and is still being used in many countries and part of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5548.0,5555.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/989","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"model of enlisting adjuncts or additional community people as part of the whole","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5555.0,5561.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/990","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"healthcare effort to respond to HIV.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5561.0,5564.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/991","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: I want to leave a few minutes to talk about your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5564.0,5570.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/992","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwork after you left CDC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5570.0,5573.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/993","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and moved to WHO in 2009. Can you tell us a little bit about your position","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5573.0,5581.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/994","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there, and what were some of the key advances and changes in guidelines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5581.0,5588.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/995","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concerning PMTCT?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5588.0,5589.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/996","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: Sure. While I was very enthusiastic about my work and the continued","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5589.0,5596.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/997","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prospects at PEPFAR, I had an opportunity to go to WHO to be the PMTCT team","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5596.0,5604.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/998","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leader there in Geneva, and I moved there in the middle of 2009. I had already","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5604.0,5612.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/999","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been working closely with WHO on guidelines. I mentioned that there were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5612.0,5618.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1000","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guideline updates (nearly) every two years, and I appreciated the role that the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5618.0,5625.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1001","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guidelines played and the power of those guidelines ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5625.0,5629.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1002","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin-country. It was one thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5629.0,5631.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1003","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for CDC and PEPFAR to say here's our recommendation, but ultimately country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5631.0,5636.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1004","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ministries of health looked to the WHO guidelines to make their decisions and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5636.0,5642.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1005","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanted to keep up with that. So, I saw there was an opportunity to have an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5642.0,5649.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1006","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"impact in terms of guidelines, and there was excitement with that, so very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5649.0,5655.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1007","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"briefly, there were two sets of guidelines that I was very involved with, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5655.0,5661.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1008","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"2010 PMTCT guidelines and 2013-15 (comprehensive ART) guidelines. The 2010","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5661.0,5666.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1009","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guidelines were, in retrospect, the last guidelines that had separate mother","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5666.0,5671.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1010","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guidelines and treatment guidelines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5671.0,5673.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1011","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(In 2010) We were still in the interplay between the two, and the guidelines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5673.0,5679.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1012","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were an advance forward in terms of expecting a higher level of intervention but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5679.0,5685.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1013","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were ultimately I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5685.0,5687.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1014","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nconfusing and also disappointing to people that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5687.0,5690.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1015","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really began to see that the only way that we could have better protocols for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5690.0,5697.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1016","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"treatment would be to treat all people (with HIV, regardless of CD4 count or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5697.0,5704.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1017","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clinical condition). Again, this came back to the cost, the feasibility, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5704.0,5710.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1018","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"safety. We weren't really there yet with the evidence and all the support for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5710.0,5717.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1019","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, but everyone began to anticipate that this is really where we were going and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5717.0,5724.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1020","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if we could really get to treating all people, including pregnant women, that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5724.0,5730.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1021","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would simplify the whole approach and also (include) pregnant mothers as just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5730.0,5736.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1022","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one subset of adults and all people living with HIV. So soon after our","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5736.0,5743.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1023","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guidelines (for pregnant mothers) came out in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5743.0,5746.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1024","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n2010, we really began working on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5746.0,5749.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1025","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looking towards treating all, and again, avoiding the barriers of having to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5749.0,5754.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1026","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"require a CD4 test or a viral load test before starting treatment because that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5754.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1027","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was just a real limitation, and countries like Malawi took the initiative on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5760.0,5766.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1028","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their own. They really rejected the WHO 2010 guidelines and said, no, we're","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5766.0,5772.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1029","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to do something different, this is just not feasible for us, you have a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5772.0,5778.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1030","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nice guideline on paper but we are a very poor, resource-limited country, we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5778.0,5784.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1031","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cannot implement these guidelines as our standard of care, and they (Malawi)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5784.0,5789.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1032","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pioneered what came to be called the \"B Plus\" regimen for mother-to-child","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5789.0,5794.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1033","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transmission where all pregnant mothers living with HIV would get lifelong","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5794.0,5799.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1034","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"treatment, and they would start that as early as possible in the pregnancy and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5799.0,5805.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1035","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they would continue during breastfeeding and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5805.0,5808.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1036","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncontinue breastfeeding and then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5808.0,5810.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1037","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transition to lifelong treatment. So, I worked very much with Malawi. We had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5810.0,5816.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1038","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interim guidelines in 2013 and then with a lot of support from PEPFAR, which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5816.0,5823.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1039","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also was very, very interested obviously in what the WHO guidelines were, and it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5823.0,5830.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1040","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was kind of a two-way--PEPFAR really was enthusiastic in pushing for treating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5830.0,5836.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1041","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all and on the other hand WHO needed to have assurance that the Global Fund and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5836.0,5844.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1042","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"PEPFAR and other groups would really support the funding for treating all, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5844.0,5850.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1043","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was that feasible, and PEPFAR also needed to make sure that if these guidelines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5850.0,5857.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1044","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came out, that the world did not expect that PEPFAR would support all of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5857.0,5864.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1045","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"treatment funding. But the most important thing was that the guidance ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5864.0,5869.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1046","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nitself be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5869.0,5870.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1047","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"based on the evidence and the logistical feasibility. In 2015 the guideline at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5870.0,5876.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1048","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WHO came out that all adults should be treated with lifelong treatment as early","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5876.0,5882.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1049","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as possible, including pregnant women, and this was part of what WHO called a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5882.0,5888.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1050","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Consolidated Guideline to bring everything together. I think that was a big step","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5888.0,5894.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1051","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forward. So, it was an exciting time to be part of those guidelines. I was very,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5894.0,5901.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1052","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very glad to be there (and to be part of that process).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5901.0,5907.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1053","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At the same time, just to add one more note, we began to think about a new","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5907.0,5915.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1054","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concept of \"EMTCT\" or Elimination of mother-to-child transmission and so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5915.0,5920.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1055","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thinking back, we went from the very early years, many investigators and myself,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5920.0,5926.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1056","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"simply looking at risk factors for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5926.0,5929.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1057","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nMTCT [Mother-To-Child Transmission] and then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5929.0,5932.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1058","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we put the \"P\" in front of it PMTCT when we had some increasing opportunities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5932.0,5940.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1059","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for Prevention of Mother-To-Child Transmission. In some countries, they called","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5940.0,5945.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1060","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that parent-to-child transmission rather than focusing only on the mother. But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5945.0,5951.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1061","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then we realized by around 2012, 2013 that some countries, even in high burden","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5951.0,5958.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1062","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries, already had very successful programs and were lowering the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5958.0,5963.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1063","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transmission rate down from a background rate of about 30, 35 percent down to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5963.0,5970.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1064","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around 5 percent or less and really had extremely successful programs, and were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5970.0,5977.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1065","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"testing more than 95 percent of their pregnant women for HIV, were providing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5977.0,5984.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1066","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interventions and it was very exciting and actually ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5984.0,5988.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1067","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nCDC--I was no longer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5988.0,5990.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1068","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there--but CDC as part of PEPFAR was doing some early impact studies to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5990.0,5996.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1069","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"demonstrate the actual measurable effect of this in terms of transmission and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=5996.0,6001.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1070","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infections, not just relying on models but actually seeing infections prevented","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6001.0,6006.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1071","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and infants who were clearly uninfected. So, we developed the concept of a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6006.0,6012.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1072","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"framework for EMTCT that WHO is continuing to lead in countries. Currently, this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6012.0,6018.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1073","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"applies mostly to countries that have lower prevalence, but as part of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6018.0,6024.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1074","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"framework for this, there's something called a \"Path to Elimination\" for the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6024.0,6029.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1075","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"High Burden African Countries. It's not just waiting until you have a super","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6029.0,6035.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1076","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"successful program to get certified for that but that you have benchmarks along","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6035.0,6041.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1077","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the way so that very high burden countries can be recognized for achieving","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6041.0,6047.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1078","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certain milestones along the way on the path to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6047.0,6051.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1079","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nelimination and it's both a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6051.0,6054.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1080","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"galvanizing advocacy tool but really a recognition tool. One of my very proud","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6054.0,6061.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1081","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moments as part of EMTCT, as part of this framework, and I'm still on the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6061.0,6069.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1082","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"advisory committee for WHO for EMTCT, is that Thailand was the first country in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6069.0,6076.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1083","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Asia to be certified for EMTCT, so really rather remarkable from our (early)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6076.0,6083.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1084","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"natural history studies and placebo-controlled (simplified intervention) studies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6083.0,6087.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1085","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the middle of the 1990's and by 2016 or 2017 Thailand was fully certified as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6087.0,6095.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1086","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"having eliminated mother-to-child transmission. Now, this is not eradication,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6095.0,6100.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1087","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but this is eliminating it (new infant infections) down to a very low-level","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6100.0,6107.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1088","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"public health program. And now Thailand, as true to their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6107.0,6112.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1089","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nform, while they've","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6112.0,6115.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1090","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clearly achieved the (WHO) benchmarks for EMTCT, they want to go further, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6115.0,6127.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1091","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're pushing the bar, and they expect in the next two years to show even more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6127.0,6142.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1092","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"progress with this. So, this is something I'm continuing to work on (and to follow).","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6142.0,6156.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1093","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: What a great way to end. Thank you so much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6156.0,6166.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/transcript/69529/annotation/1094","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SHAFFER: Thank you very much. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=6166.0,6171.0"}]},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/index/85094","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["content172427605420240821-522984-p8gu1d.xml [English] [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/index/85094/annotation/1095","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Background/Early Career","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050#t=129.0,491.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134262/file/249050/index/85094/annotation/1096","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Shaffer talks about his early life, education and residency years. 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