{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/3775t3hk5m/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Cochi, Steve - 2016"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["12468"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["David J. 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I am Karen Torghele, and I'm at the Centers for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1.0,7.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Disease Control and Prevention today with Dr. Stephen Cochi, who is the senior","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=7.0,12.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"advisor to the director in the Global Immunization Division at the Centers for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=12.0,17.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Disease Control in Atlanta. Welcome, Dr. Cochi.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=17.0,20.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: Thank you, Karen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=20.0,22.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Thank you for agreeing to be interviewed for the Global Health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=22.0,27.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chronicles Polio Project. To begin with, would you talk a little bit about your","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=27.0,33.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"background before you came to CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=33.0,38.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and how you came to work here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=38.0,41.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: Yes. I trained as a pediatrician and spent two years after my pediatric","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=41.0,47.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"training working in the Indian Health Service, as a pediatrician in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=47.0,52.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Southwest, in New Mexico, on the Navajo reservation, and that's when I learned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=52.0,57.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about CDC. I had some friends and colleagues who had, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=57.0,61.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nafter their training, gone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=61.0,63.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to CDC, so I had some inside look into the world of public health. And in my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=63.0,71.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pediatrician role on the Navajo reservation, I really started to think more and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=71.0,77.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more in terms of the importance of public health to the work that I was doing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=77.0,85.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I got the opportunity in 1982 to come to CDC to do the two-year Epidemic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=85.0,93.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Intelligence Service, or EIS, training program, and that was my way into a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=93.0,99.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"career at CDC working in preventive medicine and public health.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=99.0,104.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: What was your assignment?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=104.0,106.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: Well, I was assigned to the Division of Bacterial Diseases, and we worked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=106.0,113.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on a lot of vaccine-preventable diseases like pertussis and diphtheria and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=113.0,118.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pneumococcal pneumonia. And so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=118.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat gave me a chance to whet my whistle on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=120.0,125.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine-related matters. I was already very interested in vaccines and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=125.0,130.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunizations, because that's one of the bread-and-butter areas of work and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=130.0,135.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interest that pediatricians are involved in. So on that basis I spent three","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=135.0,141.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years working in the division of bacterial diseases, and then I had the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=141.0,147.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opportunity to do a preventive medicine residency program at CDC, assigned to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=147.0,153.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the immunization program at CDC, and that's where I've been working ever since then.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=153.0,160.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Did you know, when you started at CDC, that it would become your career?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=160.0,167.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: That's a very good question, Karen. No. As a matter of fact, my plan was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=167.0,175.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do two years of epidemiology training and service at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=175.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nCDC, and then I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=180.0,182.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interested in going back to do a fellowship in infectious diseases, pediatric","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=182.0,187.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infectious diseases. Well, that never happened, because I grew to love the work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=187.0,193.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at CDC, and I came to terms with the fact that a career at CDC and in public","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=193.0,201.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"health would still allow me to be a doctor, as it were, even if I weren't a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=201.0,208.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doctor seeing patients. So I was able to learn to love public health, and not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=208.0,214.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feel like my role as a doctor was going to be confined to clinical medicine and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=214.0,221.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seeing patients.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=221.0,222.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So you got to see the role, as an epidemic intelligence service","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=222.0,228.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"officer, of prevention, and you learned how to do surveillance in your EIS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=228.0,234.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"course. And how did you use that and some of the other things you used in your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=234.0,241.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nEIS course during your two years? Was it two or three years as an EIS officer?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=241.0,250.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: Two years as an EIS officer, and then I stayed on for an additional year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=250.0,259.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, the training and experience that I received in EIS and shortly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=259.0,266.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thereafter on disease surveillance has been just fundamental to the work that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=266.0,272.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has carried me forward, first working in the domestic immunization program at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=272.0,278.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC and then, since 1993, in the global immunization program. Disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=278.0,284.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surveillance for vaccine-preventable diseases is just a bedrock fundamental","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=284.0,289.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"activity that is the basis for the work that we do in measuring the impact of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=289.0,298.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccines. And vaccine-preventable diseases are actually ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=298.0,301.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nvery ideal diseases to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=301.0,303.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do surveillance, because it's easy to diagnose these diseases and follow the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=303.0,310.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"temporal trends of the disease and see whether your vaccine intervention is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=310.0,317.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working or not. And if there are problems in certain areas, trying to diagnose","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=317.0,325.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what the problem is, is it failure to vaccinate, or are we dealing with vaccine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=325.0,334.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"failure? So you can adjust your program accordingly. I guess the bottom line is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=334.0,342.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that disease surveillance for vaccine-preventable diseases is really the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=342.0,347.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hallmark of, and one of the fundamental cornerstones, of global immunization.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=347.0,353.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: That's a very good summary of how surveillance helps in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=353.0,359.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine-preventable diseases. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=359.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nTalking about the history of polio, a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=360.0,365.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people want to know when polio started affecting human populations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=365.0,371.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: Historically, we don't know too much about the ancient history of polio,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=371.0,379.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we do know that it was a disease, a virus, that existed in ancient times. We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=379.0,389.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have, for example, Egyptian hieroglyphics that show the long-term effects of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=389.0,396.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio in the sketches of people. So we know that it existed back in ancient","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=396.0,405.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"times. Fast-forwarding to the late nineteenth century, that was really the first","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=405.0,412.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time in history that there were recognizable polio epidemics, and those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=412.0,419.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"epidemics ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=419.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncontinued into the twentieth century. And it's not entirely clear why","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=420.0,426.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio became an epidemic disease in the late nineteenth century, although the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=426.0,433.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"general view is that sanitation began to improve substantially toward the end of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=433.0,440.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the nineteenth century, making it possible for infants and young children to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=440.0,447.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"live more and more years without having their first exposure to the poliovirus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=447.0,454.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So instead of, historically, every young infant either developing paralytic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=454.0,460.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio or becoming immune to the polio after the exposure to the poliovirus,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=460.0,467.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immune for life, more and more children were living several years into their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=467.0,474.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lives before they had their first exposure. So the accumulation of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=474.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n children","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=480.0,481.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"susceptible to polio until they were two, three, four years old led to explosive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=481.0,488.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outbreaks of polio. So that's what we started seeing in the late 19th century","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=488.0,495.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and on into the twentieth century.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=495.0,498.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In fact, in 1916 there was a gigantic polio outbreak in New York City, several","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=498.0,506.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thousand cases of polio. And that was, at that point in time, the largest polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=506.0,514.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"epidemic ever in the United States. And that really captured a lot of attention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=514.0,521.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and concern, which, later on, not too much later, led to very substantial","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=521.0,528.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"efforts to develop polio vaccines through the support of the Foundation for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=528.0,534.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Infantile Paralysis, which President Franklin D. Roosevelt began in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=534.0,539.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n 1930s,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=539.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"having been affected himself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=540.0,542.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So when you say that sanitation was a factor, how is polio transmitted?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=542.0,550.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: Yes, polio is a disease that is primarily transmitted person-to-person.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=550.0,556.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Either through coughing and sneezing in close contact of that nature, or through","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=556.0,563.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contaminated feces. So a parent changing the diapers of a young infant who is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=563.0,571.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infected with poliovirus can then transmit the virus to other children in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=571.0,578.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"household. And so there can be a spread through the fecal-oral content, or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=578.0,585.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through coughing and sneezing, from person to person within households, as well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=585.0,592.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as in communities and schools and so on. It is also possible to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=592.0,599.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncontract polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=599.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through contaminated water, sewage, through other means, even food, but the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=600.0,606.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"primary means is person-to-person spread.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=606.0,609.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: That explains a lot about how sanitation made a difference. So they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=609.0,616.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had natural immunities if they were exposed through the fecal-oral route before","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=616.0,622.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good sanitation was brought in?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=622.0,625.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: That's right. And one of the interesting things about poliovirus, first","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=625.0,631.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of all, there are three different types of virus. So we're trying to eradicate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=631.0,638.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in essence, three diseases, three in one, and the vaccine is called a trivalent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=638.0,645.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine. It's three separate vaccines that are combined together, and each","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=645.0,651.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"person needs to become immune to all three types in order to be fully protected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=651.0,659.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against polio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=659.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=660.0,661.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIn talking before, you were talking about how the Centers for Disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=661.0,667.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Control changed when polio became a public health issue and CDC became actively","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=667.0,673.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved. Can you talk a little bit about that? Even though you were too young","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=673.0,680.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be here then, but you were mentioning some of the history of CDC and how it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=680.0,688.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"changed CDC and how CDC impacted polio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=688.0,691.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: Yes. If we go back several decades in time, as I had mentioned a few","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=691.0,699.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"minutes ago, the Foundation for Infantile Paralysis supported the development of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=699.0,704.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio vaccines, and there were two lines of scientific research. There was work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=704.0,710.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being done on the killed, or inactivated, polio vaccine, and that was Dr. Jonas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=710.0,717.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Salk working out of Pittsburgh. And then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=717.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nDr. Albert Sabin was working on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=720.0,723.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weakened live attenuated polio virus strains that would go into an oral vaccine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=723.0,730.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than an injectable vaccine. So these were the two pioneers in scientific","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=730.0,737.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"research to develop polio vaccines. Well, there was a footrace during the 1940s","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=737.0,744.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the early '50s to develop and test these two different vaccines. And the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=744.0,752.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Salk vaccine, which was the killed injectable vaccine, won the footrace and was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=752.0,759.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"licensed in the United States in 1955. And as part of that licensure, I think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=759.0,767.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were six vaccine manufacturers who were licensed by the predecessor to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=767.0,774.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Food and Drug Administration to sell and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=774.0,778.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndeliver the vaccine to the population","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=778.0,781.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the United States. And as it turned out, one of those six manufacturers had a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=781.0,790.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problem in the production of their vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=790.0,794.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The basic idea in producing this vaccine is you take live poliovirus and you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=794.0,802.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kill it or inactivate it using formalin. So you put it in the formalin until the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=802.0,811.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"viruses all die, and then that killed virus vaccine is injected into each","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=811.0,818.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"person. But one of the manufacturers had a process that didn't completely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=818.0,824.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inactivate the live poliovirus. And so within about six weeks after the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=824.0,830.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"licensure of the vaccine, cases began springing up, in various parts of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=830.0,837.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country, of paralytic ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=837.0,839.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npolio following the administration of the killed polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=839.0,844.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine. And the killed contaminated vaccine, with not properly killed virus,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=844.0,850.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was found to be the origin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=850.0,853.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the epidemiological work that was done to identify this single manufacturer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=853.0,860.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of the group of six manufacturers was done by CDC, and that's when CDC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=860.0,869.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developed a polio surveillance unit to track polio cases, both the naturally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=869.0,876.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"occurring polio cases as well as investigations of the rare instances of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=876.0,883.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine-associated polio. So this was a tremendous epidemiological feat that was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=883.0,889.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conducted over a very short period of time by CDC investigators way back in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=889.0,897.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1955. And ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=897.0,898.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\none of the enduring results of this was that at that point, at that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=898.0,905.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moment in time, the public health service in Washington was responsible for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=905.0,911.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tracking all of the infectious disease surveillance in the country. Within a few","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=911.0,918.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years that responsibility was delegated to the CDC. And so CDC, by the late","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=918.0,925.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1950s, became the central location for infectious disease surveillance in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=925.0,931.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States, because of the success and the reputation that CDC developed in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=931.0,938.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dealing with this crisis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=938.0,940.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So there's Centers for Disease Control, and there was also the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=940.0,946.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"National Institutes of Health [NIH]. Why was CDC chosen over NIH to do that work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=946.0,954.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with identifying what was causing the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=954.0,957.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nparalytic polio?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=957.0,958.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: Well, because CDC is the lead organization, the lead public health agency","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=958.0,966.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the U.S. government, the lead prevention agency, the lead agency that was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=966.0,974.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"closely connected to the state and local health departments. CDC was the disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=974.0,982.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"detective. CDC has the expertise for detecting, investigating, and responding to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=982.0,989.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outbreaks of infectious diseases. NIH has a very important role, but their role","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=989.0,997.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is limited to basic scientific research and vaccine development. So the roles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=997.0,1005.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are very clearly demarcated, and the Food and Drug Administration [FDA] is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1005.0,1013.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"responsible for testing and licensing vaccines, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1013.0,1017.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nregulating vaccine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1017.0,1018.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"manufacturers to make sure that those vaccines continue to be safe and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1018.0,1025.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"effective. So, very well-demarcated roles, but CDC's role clearly was the lead","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1025.0,1032.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"role in dealing with this crisis and in tracking infectious diseases throughout","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1032.0,1039.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the country. And that role has continued right up to the present day, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1039.0,1047.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"including on the global scene. CDC plays a fundamental role in supporting the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1047.0,1054.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World Health Organization [WHO] and its member states in strengthening disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1054.0,1060.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surveillance, and especially surveillance for vaccine-preventable diseases like polio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1060.0,1065.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: During the '50s, was there an impact that the media had on the way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1065.0,1073.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things were handled related to polio and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1073.0,1077.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nvaccinations, how the vaccine was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1077.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"received and all of that, at that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1080.0,1084.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: Very good question, Karen. It was almost a different era. It was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1084.0,1092.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different era. Jonas Salk, when his vaccine was licensed, was a tremendous hero.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1092.0,1099.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was almost God-like in the minds of the American public. He had developed a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1099.0,1107.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"miracle tool that would protect and save their children from the scourge of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1107.0,1114.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio. And there was so much fear. There was so much fear of polio, because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1114.0,1122.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every year there were epidemics, in the summertime, of ten thousand to fifteen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1122.0,1129.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thousand paralytic polio cases in the United States. So fear was rampant, and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1129.0,1137.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthink the vaccine demonstrated the power of vaccines, the value of vaccines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1137.0,1145.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that era, in the mid- to late '50s, was followed during the 1960s by the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1145.0,1155.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"development and introduction of vaccines against measles and rubella. We already","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1155.0,1162.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine, in the early '70s mumps vaccine, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1162.0,1168.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then fast-forwarding to the last twenty years, we have had quite a few","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1168.0,1176.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"additional vaccines against meningitis, against human papillomavirus, which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1176.0,1181.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"causes cervical cancer, and varicella, or chickenpox, vaccine. So we now have an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1181.0,1189.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"armamentarium of vaccines to provide an umbrella of protection for children and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1189.0,1197.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"adults ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1197.0,1198.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat numbers more than twenty vaccines. And it's one of the biggest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1198.0,1204.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"achievements in public health in history, the impact that vaccines have had in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1204.0,1211.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"terms of preventing disease, disability, and death, to the point where they're","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1211.0,1217.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"often taken for granted by a public that has had so much benefit from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1217.0,1224.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccination that they don't see these diseases any longer. So we have to always","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1224.0,1231.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"keep that in mind, be mindful of the importance of sustaining our immunization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1231.0,1238.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program to make sure that every child has the benefit of these vaccines and is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1238.0,1246.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"protected from these completely preventable diseases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1246.0,1249.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: That's a good point, because when you don't see those diseases, it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1249.0,1256.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hard to realize that you still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1256.0,1259.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nneed to get vaccinated against them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1259.0,1262.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: And that's one of the motivations for those of us who work in global","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1262.0,1270.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"health and global immunization. Those diseases still exist, and we see them, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1270.0,1277.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they still are inflicting devastating consequences. For example, measles, until","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1277.0,1282.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the turn of the century, was still killing nearly a million children, and this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1282.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a vaccine that through UNICEF [United Nations Children's Fund]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1290.0,1295.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cost about twenty-five cents a dose and is highly effective. So there are still","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1295.0,1303.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inequities in the world that are in need of addressing. So the work of CDC and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1303.0,1312.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"global immunization is designed in a twofold fashion: first, to protect the U.S.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1312.0,1319.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"population ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1319.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nagainst the importation of these diseases that we no longer see, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1320.0,1327.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"represent threats to Americans, and the threat of importation and outbreaks that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1327.0,1334.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"result from that, but also the humanitarian goal of reducing the morbidity and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1334.0,1342.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mortality that these diseases cause worldwide. And that, in turn, is going to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1342.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"protect the American people better because there aren't reservoirs around the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1350.0,1356.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world that are reservoirs for importation into the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1356.0,1362.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's how we got into the polio eradication business, because it both","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1362.0,1370.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"protects the U.S. as well as for humanitarian reasons, eradicating a virus that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1370.0,1378.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has been a scourge of mankind ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1378.0,1381.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsince the beginning of time. So it's great to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1381.0,1387.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sitting here and talking with you here. It's July 12, 2016, and there are less","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1387.0,1396.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than twenty polio cases detected in the world this year, and in only two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1396.0,1404.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries, Pakistan and Afghanistan, in only parts of those two countries. So we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1404.0,1411.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are on the verge of completing the eradication of polio, but it's been a very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1411.0,1420.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"long journey.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1420.0,1421.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: How long has polio been absent from the United States?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1421.0,1427.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: We documented the last outbreak of what we call indigenous polio, that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1427.0,1434.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arising from the U.S. population, rather than solely being imported, in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1434.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n 1979,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1440.0,1441.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it was among an Amish population. But even that virus had been originally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1441.0,1448.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"imported from religious groups in the Netherlands. So we probably stopped polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1448.0,1454.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transmission in the United States sometime during the 1970s, but we've been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1454.0,1460.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"totally free of polio in the United States since 1979. Only the exception of a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1460.0,1468.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very small number of importations of poliovirus from the developing world that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1468.0,1474.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have not resulted in polio outbreaks. So we've had the benefits for, what is it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1474.0,1482.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three and a half decades now that the vaccine has provided the umbrella of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1482.0,1489.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"protection. And now we're just trying to ensure that that umbrella of protection","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1489.0,1496.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the polio vaccines provide is enjoyed by every ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1496.0,1501.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nchild in the world. And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1501.0,1504.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're very close to reaching that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1504.0,1507.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Exciting news. Now, as far as the budget allocated by Congress, can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1507.0,1514.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you talk a little bit about that and how that works?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1514.0,1520.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: Yes. This has a lot to do with, this really helps me to describe the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1520.0,1529.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"evolving role that CDC has played in global polio eradication. We were involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1529.0,1536.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very heavily in polio eradication in the Americas, which was the first region of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1536.0,1544.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the world to create a target of eradicating polio from the Western Hemisphere by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1544.0,1552.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1990. And particularly on the laboratory side we were quite involved in that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1552.0,1559.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"achievement, which took place in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1559.0,1562.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n1991. We had very limited resources at CDC to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1562.0,1567.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do so, because we did not have a separate budget to deal with polio or any other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1567.0,1576.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"global health issue in the CDC budget at that time. But fortunately there was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1576.0,1584.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recognition by the U.S. Congress of the need for investing in global health, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1584.0,1592.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so in 1991 CDC got its first earmarked budget for global health, and it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1592.0,1600.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"specifically for polio eradication. It was $3.1 million in 1991. Our current","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1600.0,1607.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"budget for polio is $159 million. So you can see how much things have changed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1607.0,1615.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from 1991 to the present time, but it was very much welcomed in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1615.0,1622.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n 1991.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1622.0,1623.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had about a three-million-dollar budget and about six people, epidemiologists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1623.0,1629.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and program officers together with the polio laboratory. So we started very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1629.0,1636.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small, but the role of CDC has increased tremendously since that time. In fact,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1636.0,1644.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC is one of the, what are called the four spearheading partners that lead the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1644.0,1652.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio eradication initiative. They consist of WHO, UNICEF, Rotary International,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1652.0,1658.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is by far the largest private sector partner involved in the polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1658.0,1665.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eradication initiative, and CDC. And in recent years they've been joined by the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1665.0,1672.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bill \u0026 Melinda Gates Foundation. Bill Gates has, in the last several years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1672.0,1679.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"provided lots of advocacy and resources to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1679.0,1683.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhelp us get across the finish line.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1683.0,1688.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the CDC role has evolved to the point where we are involved deeply in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1688.0,1698.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supporting WHO, in polio-infected countries, in stopping polio. We have a global","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1698.0,1706.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"special reference laboratory for poliovirus that is the number-one poliovirus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1706.0,1713.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reference laboratory in the world, and the polio surveillance and laboratory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1713.0,1720.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"network globally relies heavily on the work that they do. So we've come a long","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1720.0,1730.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way, and our role has increased over time, and we have also increased our role","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1730.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in other global immunization and vaccine ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1740.0,1744.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nareas accordingly. So CDC has stepped","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1744.0,1747.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into a tremendous need for technical, program, and laboratory support, for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1747.0,1753.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"global health issues in general, and particularly global vaccines and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1753.0,1758.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunization issues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1758.0,1759.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: You mentioned the organizations that are working together to end","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1759.0,1765.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio. Can you talk a little bit more about how you collaborate and how you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1765.0,1773.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agreed which role each organization is going to have?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1773.0,1778.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: Yes, that's a very interesting part of the initiative, Karen, and a very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1778.0,1786.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important part. Focusing on the four spearheading partners, I think there is a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1786.0,1793.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good symphony of effort, because the roles that each of these partners plays are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1793.0,1801.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"largely complementary. WHO is the lead ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1801.0,1804.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\norganization in the polio eradication","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1804.0,1807.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"initiative, because they are the world's health department, and they also answer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1807.0,1813.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to all of the 194 member states of the World Health Organization. And they have,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1813.0,1821.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through their regional committees and their global world health assembly, which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1821.0,1827.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meets every year in Geneva, they have a mechanism for responding to the needs of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1827.0,1835.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the member countries. They're also the lead organization for the disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1835.0,1841.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surveillance. And so CDC plays a fundamental role in supporting WHO's work in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1841.0,1848.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio surveillance and the surveillance of other diseases, other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1848.0,1853.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine-preventable diseases like measles, for example. (By the way, WHO has","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1853.0,1859.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country offices in virtually every one of its member states). ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1859.0,1864.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe same is true for UNICEF, which is a child advocacy-focused organization, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1864.0,1872.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which historically has played a very important, a very critical role in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1872.0,1880.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"implementation of immunization programs at the country level, supporting the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1880.0,1886.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country ministries of health. They have a big forte in terms of procuring and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1886.0,1895.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"distributing vaccines at inexpensive prices through their procurement mechanisms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1895.0,1901.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in negotiating with manufacturers. They are very involved in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1901.0,1908.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"communications side, the messaging, why it's important for children to receive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1908.0,1915.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccines, and in social mobilization, the preparation for mass campaigns and the like.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1915.0,1923.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And finally, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1923.0,1924.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nRotary is sort of the heart and soul of the polio eradication","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1924.0,1931.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"initiative. It's a service organization of 1.2 million members throughout the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1931.0,1937.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world. They have played a tremendous role in advocacy and fundraising, and have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1937.0,1945.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"provided nearly two billion dollars over time from their membership to support","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1945.0,1952.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio eradication. So it is their single largest global priority and activity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1952.0,1959.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So with those four organizations and their complementary roles, I think we've","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1959.0,1966.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been very successful in moving ahead and making progress, and in taking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1966.0,1973.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"advantage of each organization's institutional strengths.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1973.0,1977.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Within each of those organizations, there have been a number of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1977.0,1984.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1984.0,1985.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who have lost their lives in the polio eradication effort. Can you talk a little","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1985.0,1996.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bit about that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1996.0,1998.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: Yes. And this is primarily frontline workers who are out there doing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=1998.0,2008.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio mass campaigns who can be in the wrong place at the wrong time, whether","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2008.0,2019.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's in Pakistan or Afghanistan stepping on a landmine, or driving a vehicle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2019.0,2029.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over a mine, or even being kidnapped and killed by the Taliban. This has","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2029.0,2039.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened, unfortunately, and it's a real tragedy, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2039.0,2044.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand it's really an irrational","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2044.0,2048.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"situation that occurs in our world. These are largely volunteers or frontline","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2048.0,2057.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"workers, many of them women, who are serving their communities, working for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2057.0,2066.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"virtually nothing, but committed to protecting the children of their communities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2066.0,2074.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against polio. Then we have other instances where frontline workers have died","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2074.0,2083.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of auto accidents, drownings, and eaten by a crocodile trying to cross a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2083.0,2094.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"river in South Sudan. I mean, these things happen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2094.0,2101.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To try to celebrate ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2101.0,2104.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe tremendous role that they've played, CDC and its core","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2104.0,2110.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"partners, especially Rotary, established a Polio Heroes Fund at the CDC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2110.0,2117.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Foundation, which tries to recognize those frontline workers who have either","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2117.0,2124.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been killed or severely injured in the course of their work. And where these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2124.0,2133.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recognitions have taken place in each country, the ministry of health and the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2133.0,2141.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"partners in country have brought the family together to honor the worker and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2141.0,2149.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"provide at least a small remuneration to try to help the family to deal with the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2149.0,2159.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aftereffects of, you know, a caretaker ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2159.0,2163.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwho's lost their life or has been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2163.0,2167.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"severely injured. So this is one of the main ways that we have tried to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2167.0,2175.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recognize the tremendous role that the upwards of twenty million frontline polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2175.0,2181.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"workers and vaccinators have played in the course of this global initiative.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2181.0,2187.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: An incredible number of people that are involved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2187.0,2192.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: It's a social movement. This has become a social movement, and I believe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2192.0,2199.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's the largest global public health movement initiative ever. And I think it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2199.0,2206.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an illustration in the twenty-first century: the way we have success in public","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2206.0,2213.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"health, and perhaps in any other sphere, is by coming together in partnerships","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2213.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get the job done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2220.0,2223.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2223.0,2224.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWe have talked a little bit about how surveillance methods have been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2224.0,2231.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used. Are there specific surveillance methods that you need to use to adapt to a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2231.0,2239.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difficult setting or set of circumstances when you've done your polio surveillance?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2239.0,2246.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: The hallmark of polio surveillance is that we search for the children,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2246.0,2253.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's almost always children, but occasionally, rarely, adults can develop the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2253.0,2259.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"syndrome, children who develop an acute floppy paralysis. We call it acute","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2259.0,2266.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"flaccid paralysis or AFP, and that is sort of a signal that that person, that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2266.0,2274.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"child, may have just contracted polio. But we don't know for sure, because there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2274.0,2282.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are other conditions that can ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2282.0,2285.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncause a similar floppy or flaccid paralysis. So we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2285.0,2290.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have to confirm that by taking a stool specimen, actually two stool specimens,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2290.0,2297.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and testing in the laboratory to see if the poliovirus is present. And that is a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2297.0,2305.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way that we confirm that that acute flaccid paralysis is due to polio rather","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2305.0,2312.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than some other condition. So this form of surveillance has been used","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2312.0,2318.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"widespread, all over the world, as the way that we detect and track polio in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2318.0,2326.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world. And more recently we have supplemented this surveillance with sewage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2326.0,2332.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sampling in high-risk countries, either in countries that either have, like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2332.0,2338.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pakistan or Afghanistan, still circulating poliovirus, or in the recent past ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2338.0,2344.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwhere polio is endemic in countries. So we take a sewage sample every month from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2344.0,2351.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"several sites in urban areas, in particular looking for the poliovirus as a sign","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2351.0,2358.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of silent spread of the poliovirus, even in the absence of the acute flaccid","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2358.0,2365.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paralysis cases. So these are the two main ways in which we detect and track","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2365.0,2372.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio in the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2372.0,2374.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: What are some of the more difficult countries that you all have had to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2374.0,2381.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work with?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2381.0,2382.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: Difficult countries, yes. This gives me a chance to say that the polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2382.0,2389.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eradication initiative started in 1988 through a World Health Assembly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2389.0,2394.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resolution. This is the annual meeting of all of the ministers of health of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2394.0,2401.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every one of the 194-member ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2401.0,2403.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncountries in Geneva at WHO headquarters. And there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2403.0,2407.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a resolution resolving to eradicate polio by the year 2000, but it got a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2407.0,2414.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"slow start. There were very, very few resources, and although there was an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2414.0,2420.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"active regional eradication effort going on in the Americas led by the Pan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2420.0,2426.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Health Organization, almost nowhere else in the world did anything else","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2426.0,2432.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really get started until about the mid-1990s, with the exception of the western","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2432.0,2438.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pacific region of WHO, one of the six WHO regions. So there were very few","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2438.0,2445.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resources, but the program started to take hold and accelerate toward the late","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2445.0,2451.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1990s. And we started with 125 countries that were endemic for polio in 1988,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2451.0,2458.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and about three hundred fifty thousand cases of polio. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2458.0,2462.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBy 2001 we were down to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2462.0,2465.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ten endemic countries, and we were down to a couple of thousand polio cases in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2465.0,2473.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the world. So there was a tremendous acceleration but then we got down to a very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2473.0,2481.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small number, just a handful of countries in the first decade of this century","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2481.0,2488.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that had weak immunization and health systems, low vaccination coverage, poor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2488.0,2494.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"management, not very good quality polio mass campaigns. And so we were kind of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2494.0,2501.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stuck, and things stagnated for the first decade of this century.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2501.0,2507.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And to answer your question, there were four countries that were particular","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2507.0,2513.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"challenges. They were Pakistan, Afghanistan, India and Nigeria. And somebody","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2513.0,2518.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coined, you take those four letters: P-A-I-N, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2518.0,2522.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npain. Those are the PAIN","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2522.0,2525.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries, and we had endemic polio in those countries throughout the first","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2525.0,2531.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decade of this century. But a major way forward, a major milestone, was that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2531.0,2538.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"India in 2011 had its last polio case. The second-largest country in the world,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2538.0,2545.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the country that historically had by far the most polio cases, a country where","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2545.0,2552.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many experts, at least some experts, felt that it was impossible to eradicate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2552.0,2559.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio. So once we did it in India, I think we were assured that this is possible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2559.0,2568.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do everywhere. Also we had, obviously, problems with the situations in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2568.0,2574.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Afghanistan and Pakistan with insecurity and civil conflict. And in Nigeria we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2574.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had major difficulties ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2580.0,2582.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin 2003 with suspicion by a few political and religious","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2582.0,2587.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leaders, Muslim religious leaders, claiming that the vaccine was tainted with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2587.0,2593.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HIV virus or was tainted with hormones, that we're trying to sterilize their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2593.0,2600.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children, and so there was a suspension, in several states of northern Nigeria","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2600.0,2607.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for one year beginning in 2003, of the use of the oral polio vaccine, which led","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2607.0,2616.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to tremendous resurgence of polio in Nigeria and spread of the Nigerian polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2616.0,2623.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"virus to about twenty-five countries throughout sub-Saharan Africa and in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2623.0,2629.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Middle East and even as far as Indonesia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2629.0,2633.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that was a big setback, but with all of these setbacks and with all of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2633.0,2642.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npain of the first decade of this century, we turned it around and are now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2642.0,2651.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working with an endgame strategic plan through the end of this decade to finish","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2651.0,2659.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"off the last vestiges of poliovirus by, hopefully, the next year, and then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2659.0,2666.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certification process to take place within three years after that to globally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2666.0,2673.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certify the world as polio-free, in the same way smallpox was certified as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2673.0,2680.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"having been eradicated back in 1980.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2680.0,2683.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I wonder if you could describe being in those areas that still had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2683.0,2691.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio, and what's that like. And what you can see happening as far as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2691.0,2699.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eliminating polio from those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2699.0,2701.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nlast remaining countries?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2701.0,2703.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: Being in these areas, you can see what a challenge it is. I've gone to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2703.0,2714.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"northern Nigeria, and northern Nigeria suffered tremendously under a series of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2714.0,2721.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"military dictatorships until the year 1999, when a democratic government was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2721.0,2728.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"restored. There was pilfering of government resources in every way, shape, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2728.0,2736.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"form. There was destruction of the primary care clinics throughout the north,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2736.0,2744.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leading to pretty much a nonfunctioning public health system. Added to that the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2744.0,2753.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"challenges of poverty and poor sanitation and low educational attainment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2753.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tremendous ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2760.0,2761.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nchallenges to overcome. We have finally, working with the government","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2761.0,2766.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and partners together, overcome those challenges. And the last case of polio in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2766.0,2773.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nigeria occurred nearly two years ago now, in July of 2014 [NOTE: since this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2773.0,2780.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interview, three polio cases have occurred in Nigeria in July-August 2016].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2780.0,2786.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another challenge that was brought home to me in Pakistan, this was in the early","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2786.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"2000s. I got an opportunity to go to the border between Pakistan and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2794.0,2801.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Afghanistan, right at a major border crossing point. It's a town called Torkham,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2801.0,2808.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's right on the Khyber Pass, which is a pass that's steeped in history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2808.0,2816.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The situation that you probably are aware of is such that there's a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2816.0,2824.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmovement of people, mostly Afghans, across the border between Pakistan and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2824.0,2830.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Afghanistan, seasonal movement, and I got a chance to witness just hordes of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2830.0,2837.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people crossing the border from Afghanistan into Pakistan. And even as early as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2837.0,2844.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then, the Pakistan government had set up a vaccination station on the Pakistan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2844.0,2851.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"side of the border. So every family that had children that looked like they were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2851.0,2859.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under five years of age was diverted to the vaccination station so that they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2859.0,2866.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could receive a supplementary dose of polio vaccine. That brought home to me how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2866.0,2873.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difficult it is to stop polio, because there's so much silent spread of polio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2873.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the virus moves with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2880.0,2883.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npeople, and when there is so much mass movement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2883.0,2887.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"across borders, the virus does not respect borders, and it just shows what a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2887.0,2893.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"challenge we have had to overcome. But we've been able to do that in virtually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2893.0,2899.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every country in the world, save Afghanistan and Pakistan. But we're close.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2899.0,2904.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Sounds like one of the things you all decided to do was to go where","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2904.0,2911.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the virus was, not have the people with the virus come to you, but to go to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2911.0,2918.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. So you put up your vaccination stations where they were, for instance,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2918.0,2924.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where they were migrating.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2924.0,2926.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: That's exactly right. And not only vaccination stations at key points of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2926.0,2932.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"movement of migration at border crossings, but we had the advantage that this is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2932.0,2938.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an oral vaccine. So we could take the vaccine house-to-house, and volunteers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2938.0,2943.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2943.0,2944.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\neasily trained to drip two drops of this oral vaccine into the mouths","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2944.0,2951.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of every child less than five years of age, so we could reach inaccessible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2951.0,2959.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"populations much more easily than if we had to use an injectable vaccine like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2959.0,2967.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"measles vaccine, because you have to have well-trained and skilled health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2967.0,2973.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"workers, who were limited in numbers. So this is another aspect of how polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2973.0,2981.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eradication became a social movement, because every polio mass campaign involves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2981.0,2987.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mobilization of communities. The community leaders get involved, the teachers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2987.0,2993.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get involved, and then the house-to-house distribution and delivery of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2993.0,2999.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine to children in need of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=2999.0,3003.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: An amazing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3003.0,3005.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfeat. So, Dr. Cochi, we're sort of winding down. I wondered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3005.0,3010.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if there are people who stand out in your mind as having played a significant,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3010.0,3017.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or maybe sort of a not-so-significant, role that was important in the work that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3017.0,3024.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you all are doing to eradicate polio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3024.0,3027.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: Yes, Karen. There are several people that really stick out in my mind in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3027.0,3034.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"answering that question. First of all, if we look outside of the CDC family, a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3034.0,3041.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"person by the name of Ciro de Quadros, a Brazilian who worked in smallpox","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3041.0,3048.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eradication and then in 1978 became the director of the Pan American Health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3048.0,3054.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Organization's immunization program, and really was the force behind the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3054.0,3059.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"creation of a regional polio eradication initiative in the Americas, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3059.0,3064.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwhich was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3064.0,3065.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"achieved in 1991. He was a tremendous force in every way in polio eradication,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3065.0,3073.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and after the achievement in the Americas he continued to play a strong role globally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3073.0,3082.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now if we look at people within the CDC community, I think of Bill Foege, former","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3082.0,3091.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC director in the late '70s until 1983, and then went over to the Carter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3091.0,3100.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Center to start the Task Force for Child Survival, which was a partnership among","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3100.0,3108.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a small number of global organizations, including WHO, UNICEF, United Nations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3108.0,3114.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Development Program, and the World Bank to improve childhood immunization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3114.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through an initiative in the late ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3120.0,3123.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n1980s. But on the side, he was a big advocate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3123.0,3128.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for polio eradication and was a major force behind the successful resolution by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3128.0,3134.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the World Health Assembly that occurred in 1988. And he has continued to play a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3134.0,3141.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"role, more recently, as a senior advisor to Bill Gates himself in the creation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3141.0,3148.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Bill \u0026 Melinda Gates Foundation and its central priority on global","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3148.0,3154.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunizations. And, of course, Bill has been and continues to be an advocate for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3154.0,3161.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio eradication, which I think infected Bill Gates himself. I think of Walt","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3161.0,3167.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dowdle, former deputy director of CDC, who retired in the early 1990s and went","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3167.0,3174.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over to the Task Force for Global Health at Emory, and he has been a tremendous ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3174.0,3182.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbehind-the-scenes player, particularly in developing and strengthening the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3182.0,3186.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"global polio laboratory network.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3186.0,3188.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then in my closer circle, the polio eradication activity was created at CDC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3188.0,3196.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 1993. We had a very small budget, three million dollars, which rapidly grew","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3196.0,3204.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as I indicated earlier. But we started with six people, and I was the director,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3204.0,3212.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and my deputy was Bob Keegan, a senior public health advisor. And Bob, until","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3212.0,3220.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"several years ago, when he unfortunately passed away due to cancer, was a force","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3220.0,3228.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of nature in moving forward and advocating for polio eradication, and he helped","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3228.0,3235.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me tremendously in managing and leading our growing activities at CDC, both in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3235.0,3242.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"numbers ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3242.0,3243.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand in budget. In those early years, in the 1990s until 1996, CDC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3243.0,3250.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually hosted the annual global polio eradication meetings here in Atlanta,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3250.0,3256.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because WHO had almost no budget, had only a handful of people worldwide that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3256.0,3264.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were even working on polio eradication, and did not have the capacity to host","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3264.0,3272.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and organize a global annual meeting. Finally, largely through CDC's support, as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3272.0,3278.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well as other partners like Rotary, by 1996 WHO was able to take over that role","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3278.0,3287.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and responsibility to host annual meetings beginning in 1996. But I think of Bob","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3287.0,3295.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Keegan as my friend and colleague who played such an important behind-the-scenes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3295.0,3301.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"role in those early days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3301.0,3304.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3304.0,3305.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWasn't there a bike ride that Bob Keegan did to raise awareness of polio?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3305.0,3314.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: Yes. Bob retired from CDC in 2007, I think it is, and he was a person","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3314.0,3325.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with many hobbies, many interests, beyond work. And bicycling was one of his","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3325.0,3334.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tremendous loves. So he decided to combine his interest in bicycling with his","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3334.0,3343.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interest in advocating for polio eradication by organizing a coast-to-coast bike","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3343.0,3350.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ride from the Pacific all the way to the Atlantic Ocean, and enlisted many","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3350.0,3359.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people along with way, but raised funds for polio ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3359.0,3365.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand got a lot of matching","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3365.0,3368.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"funds and had a close collaboration with Rotary International. So he raised more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3368.0,3375.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than fifty thousand dollars with this bike trip he organized. And this is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3375.0,3382.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remembered now for many years since, and his surviving spouse, Gloria, is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3382.0,3388.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"planning to organize the tenth anniversary coast-to-coast bicycling trip next year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3388.0,3394.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Oh, wonderful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3394.0,3396.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3396.0,3397.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So to finish up, why don't we talk about the [polio] endgame plan, if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3397.0,3405.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you could, and just tell us more about what you think is going to happen over","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3405.0,3413.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the next couple of years, and how it can be documented that there is no more polio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3413.0,3422.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: Yes. We're very close to the finish line, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3422.0,3427.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntantalizingly close. As I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3427.0,3429.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"indicated earlier, we've less than twenty cases of polio, and we're in the high","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3429.0,3436.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"season for polio this year. We have just a few last vestiges of the virus in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3436.0,3444.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pakistan and Afghanistan, mostly along the border. Because we're in the high","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3444.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"season, we're not sure whether we're going to see the last case of polio this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3450.0,3458.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year. You know, this virus is very tricky, and it finds ways to survive that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3458.0,3466.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really challenge us greatly. But we are still hopeful that we'll see the last","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3466.0,3473.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"case this year. But we may have to go into another low season, which is in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3473.0,3482.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wintertime, when it's easier to knock out the last ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3482.0,3487.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nchains of transmission of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3487.0,3490.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"virus from person-to-person.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3490.0,3492.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After that, we're in the endgame phase. We're already beginning to get into the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3492.0,3500.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"endgame phase, where we need to go a three-year period after the last case","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3500.0,3508.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before global certification takes place. So that's likely to be in 2019. And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3508.0,3515.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then the ultimate end of poliovirus is the withdrawal of the use of the oral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3515.0,3523.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio vaccine, which in very rare instances can cause vaccine-associated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3523.0,3529.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paralytic polio. So we have to stop using the oral poliovirus vaccine and rely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3529.0,3537.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only on the killed or the inactivated injectable vaccine after certification of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3537.0,3544.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eradication of polio, so that there's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3544.0,3547.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nno polio anywhere in the world, due either","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3547.0,3551.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the naturally occurring virus or the vaccine, the rare instances caused by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3551.0,3558.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the vaccine. So we are beginning now to plan the transition from polio eradication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3558.0,3565.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's so many polio assets. The human assets, the surveillance system, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3565.0,3571.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other systems that have been put in place that have been very helpful to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3571.0,3578.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developing countries that have worked hard to eradicate polio and have enjoyed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3578.0,3584.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the side benefits of these polio assets for other health programs, particularly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3584.0,3590.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other activities in the immunization program. And so we're entering a transition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3590.0,3596.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"period where each country, each organization, and at the global level, we need","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3596.0,3603.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3603.0,3605.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncareful thinking about how we preserve those assets that are so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3605.0,3611.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"valuable that they need to continue and need to be sustained, so that there's a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3611.0,3619.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soft landing after the certification of polio eradication. So we have a few more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3619.0,3627.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years of endgame work to go, but by the end of this decade we are all looking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3627.0,3636.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forward to having a celebration and a very large party to celebrate the death of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3636.0,3644.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"poliovirus and the enduring fact that for all future generations to come, no","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3644.0,3651.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"child, no parent will have to live with the fear of polio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3651.0,3657.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Wonderful day to anticipate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3657.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: Looking forward to it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3660.0,3663.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I want to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3663.0,3665.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthank you so much for all of the additional information you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3665.0,3679.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gave us and the description and stories. It's a good addition to what we're","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3679.0,3697.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doing with the Global Health Chronicles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3697.0,3705.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COCHI: Delighted to be able to participate, Karen. Thanks for inviting me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3705.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/transcript/69299/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Thanks very much. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=3720.0,3725.0"}]},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/index/84945","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["content172424364620240821-522984-66lftb.xml [English] [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/index/84945/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Background","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753#t=26.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133968/file/248753/index/84945/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Cochi discusses his work as a pediatrician on the Navajo reservation, and his experience with disease surveillance as an Epidemic Intelligence Officer.  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