{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/513tt4h43g/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Gray, Herman"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2012-05-18"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Dr. Herman Gray talks about his background in medicine and epidemiology, including his experience as a member of CDC's first EIS Class in 1951. Interviewed by Karen Torghele"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["oral history"]}}],"summary":{"en":["Dr. Herman Gray talks about his background in medicine and epidemiology, including his experience as a member of CDC's first EIS Class in 1951. Interviewed by Karen Torghele"]},"provider":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/247/442/small/GrayHerman.jpg?1727919215","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - 20120518_Gray_Herman.mp3"]},"duration":3732.64208,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/247/442/small/GrayHerman.jpg?1727919215","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-globalhealthchronicles.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/247/442/original/20120518_Gray_Herman.mp3?1722773405","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":3732.64208,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["[AssemblyAI Transcript] 20120518 Gray, Herman [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Huh? So now I'm going to try something else because this is not recording very well, I'm sorry to say. Let me try putting you on speakerphone and see if that will work. Hold on just a second. Okay. Now can you hear me?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=32.24,217.62"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e You want my name again?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=217.62,219.46"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah. What I'll do is introduce you. And then, because it's picking up the sound from the speakerphone and that's working and I'm putting that volume on high. So what I'll do is I'll introduce you and myself and tell what the date is. And then we'll start from the beginning. And I may have to have you repeat that story about the leprosy. So this is Karen Torgaili. It's May 18, 2012, and I am talking to Doctor Herman Gray, who is in Chico, California. And we are doing a telephone interview. And Doctor Gray was in the first EIS class of 1951. So we are going to be talking about his experiences during his EIS years and also other experiences and memories that he has of people and events of CDC in the early days. So, Doctor Gray, I will let you talk about your background a little bit about your background and how you came to go into medicine and how you came to be at CDC in the first class of EIS officers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=219.46,298.05"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Very good. All right. My name is Herman Gray. However, my father and mother and sister and I immigrated to America in 1937 from Germany. And the original german name was Guinebaum Green Tree. Father was in business, so he changed his name to an english name and we were stuck with that. I went to high school in Klamath Falls, Oregon, had two years of college, one at Washington State in Pullman, Washington, the second at University of California, Berkeley. And the government at that time, it was then 1940, let's see, 44 government was, and I was admitted to Tulane University School of Medicine to begin the class of 1944. And government wanted doctors in the army, so I was drafted into the army, was in the army specialized training program, and we did medical school in three years with only two weeks vacation per year. And then when I finished in 1947, the war had ended. So I was then an intern at Los Angeles county hospital. And I owed the government two years of service because I had been trained through the army training program. And I signed up with the US Public Health Service and asked for an assignment at the leprosy hospital in Carville, Louisiana. I had written my senior paper at medical school on Le Brecia and had visited the hospital in Carver, Louisiana several times. Now. Then I was sent to Carver, Louisiana and worked there from 1948 to 1949. And then I was told that actually I was assigned to the center for Disease Control and that doctor Badger would be seeing me from time to time and giving me different assignments. So Doctor Badger sent me to Florida, state of Florida, in the middle of 1949, when I finished the year and a half at the leprosy settlement in Louisiana. In Florida, I lived in Key west at the, on the us naval base, and worked in the county health department there, and found. I did a survey of skin diseases in children is what we called it. Actually, it was an idea to see if there were children with leprosy in the town. And we did find 110 year old girl who had an early leprosy lesion on her skin. And she then started treatment. There were a couple of elderly people with leprosy in the town. Also. The people in Key west with leprosy were large, mostly people from the Bahama islands, and they had brought the leprosy with them from the Bahama islands. These were people of english descent, not of african descent. Also, the Florida state health department had me go to Tampa to visit the cuban cigar makers who had come to Tampa. Some of them had leprosy, not many. I don't remember. It was just two or three, probably. And the state health department had me do other things. One of the was to go to Homo Sassa Springs on the west side of Florida. They wanted health to marmotic cultures taken from the anus of dogs and cats to see whether they had salmonella infections. Well, I did some of that and then also cultured some of the pet tortoises, lad tortoises that children had there. And lo and behold, a couple of tortoises had salmonella. This was the first time that people had discovered that you could get salmonella infections from these pet tortoises. Later on, CDC investigated pet turtle infections with salmonella in households in America.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=298.05,641.66"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Was that the first time that that was known to be a problem?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=641.66,646.34"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, that was the first time that they had cultured the salmonella bacteria from tortoises.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=646.34,656.19"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e And let me ask you too, just going back for a second, how did you develop your interest in leprosy? Where did that come from?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=656.19,664.902"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e It was through the time at medical school, and there was a retired doctor in the public health service who visited Carville from time to time. And I can't remember this person's name. And he took me under his wing and brought me up there. And so then I did a literature review of the treatment of leprosy and the effective treatment with the cell phone drugs was quite new at that time. Starting in 1944, actually. Doctor Faget, who was in charge of the leprosy settlement at that time, had worked with the cell phone drugs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=664.902,723.2"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e And how do you spell that doctor's name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=723.2,727.6"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Faget? F a g e t. This is a french name from Louisiana.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=727.6,733.256"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Uh huh. Okay, that will help our transcriptionist. So this gets us up to about 1949 and then 1950. And was it doctor Badger who was the one who recruited you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=733.256,752.676"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Doctor Badger was then at the CDC and he. He was. Well, he'd been in the public health service many years and he had the rank of medical director, you know, forced driver. He told me that he was the man who, in the 1930s, had discovered psittacosis in a couple of old women in glass Valley, California, who had a pet parrot and got the disease from them from this parent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=752.676,787.454"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Huh.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=787.454,789.15"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e And he had also been in Hawaii, I believe that the leprosy settlement there for a time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=789.15,799.39"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e So was it a surprise that you were going to be going to CDC? Did you know anything about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=799.39,804.006"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e It was a surprise. They didn't tell me that when I was first working at the Carville Leprosy hospital.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=804.006,813.95"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Had you ever heard of CDC before?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=813.95,817.07"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=817.07,818.51"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e It was new.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=818.51,820.07"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e It was all new. Yes. And so then after being in Florida for that year, then doctor Badger said, well, we want you to do a master of public health. So they sent me to Harvard School of Public Health in Boston, and I had a year of training mostly in epidemiology. And it was very helpful. And then when I finished that, then I was sent back to Atlanta to take this summer course on that. Alex Langmuir was starting then on disease. Poor disease. Detectives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=820.07,877.89"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember very much of your class?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=877.89,880.69"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e No, not really, except that some few memories I do have. One is that somehow. Well, William Clark was a very interesting man. He had been. He was in California later worked in the state House Department there. And he had been in Iran and was telling me about the. I'm not sure what agency he worked for, some us government agency, or whether the United nations. But anyway, introduction of new and improved varieties of wheat for the farmers in Iran, and it took five years before they would accept this new type of wheat, which produced larger harvests. And he was pointing out that it takes time to change people. I do want to mention also that I am a Christian and wanted to go into medical missions, and that was one reason that I was interested in tropical medicine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=880.69,961.43"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e So this fit with your plans?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=961.43,966.03"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Say that again, please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=966.03,967.39"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e So it sounds like going to CDC was a good fit with your plan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=967.39,971.598"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, it was. And so then after finishing the summer training, then I was sent to California to work with the state health department here in California. At that time, the state health department was in Berkeley, and I lived in Berkeley. And Henry Scheinfield and I lived together for a time until I married in the summer of 1952. Now, the state health department not only had me looking for people with leprosy, but also other projects that they had. And I worked with two of the people in the acute infectious disease section on the diarrhea diseases in the San Joaquin Valley. And so we did rectal swabs of children in the migrant farm workers camps in the San Joaquin Valley. Also, I was sent up to the Hupa Indian reservation in northwest California, in Hubble county, to look for Trucoma. Not that our family folk with Trucoma there, but they thought that there were still people with this eye disease, eye infection.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=971.598,1069.8"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e But you didn't find any.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1069.8,1074.08"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Continued here in California until November of 1953. And at that time, my wife Bea and I went to Nigeria to begin working with leprosy patients in Nigeria. Now, when we were there, one of the things in connection with CDC in the 1966, it was Bill Feige was there as a newcomer. Luther was the lutheran mission, and he was in Yaheg, in the Ogoga area, just south of where we lived in the Teev division of Benaway State. And Bill came, and Bill and his wife Paula came and spent a weekend with us, and we talked about things that were important in healthcare in the area. And one of the things that he noted in his, he's written a book called House on the Eradication of Smallpox, published last year, I believe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1074.08,1154.546"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I have that big book. I have that book, too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1154.546,1158.778"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah. Well, he mentioned in there that I showed him snake skins because we had people bitten by poisonous snakes. And so we kept these snakeskins to identify the particular snakes that had bitten the person. Then after, well, we stayed on in Nigeria until 1972. Then we were home in northern California, in the mountains for nine and a half years in a small community called Chester. And I was in a small medical practice there. And then after that, we went back to Nigeria for another five years. So that was in the 1980s. There we did again, health work with church sponsored health programs, health clinics in the countryside mainly, which was a very popular program because people wanted to have help available in their home areas and not send their sick children off to a distant hospital. So we were there until 87, and then in July of 87, we returned home to California and have been here since then. And at that time I was 64 years old and began to work with Del Norte Clinics, which is a healthcare system in five northern California counties supported by us public health Service, providing health care to low income people, especially mexican farm workers. So that's what I did then until retiring from there in 1997. And I was the medical director for the organization. So did some of the medical administration also.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1158.778,1296.85"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e And did you and your wife work together this whole time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1296.85,1301.57"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, my wife is a public health nurse. And so in Nigeria she did all sorts of organization of, for instance, the pharmacy work in the health clinics. Incidentally, it's interesting that the Christian Health association of Nigeria and actually people from our particular mission branch organized the basic Health, Basic drug, a list of basic drugs. And these were then purchased from an organization in Amsterdam which contracted with some of the drug manufacturers so that we had generic cheap drugs available for people in the hospitals done by different church groups and also the health clinics. Now this list eventually became the list that the who has developed for basic health care. So then I retired from the health system here in northern California in 1997. And since 1999 I've been working part time for California department of Rehabilitation. But I don't actually see the clients, the disabled people whom the vocational counselors are trying to get to help find work. So what I do is review medical charts and give advice to the vocational counselors as to how much work they can do and what kind of work and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1301.57,1422.2"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Mm hmm. Sounds like very valuable work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1422.2,1425.484"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e No, but it's just a small part time work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1425.484,1428.924"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Mm hmm. And are you able to do some fun things too?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1428.924,1438.1"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Somewhat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1438.1,1438.86"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Some things for fun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1438.86,1440.78"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, yes. I do bird watching and lead some bird tours at one of the local bird refuges. I've also volunteered with the Plumas National Forest to work on the herbarium, but that was several years ago. And I've lead some tours on wildflowers in the winter or in the spring rather. So bird tours in winter and the wildflower tour in the spring.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1440.78,1479.05"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Sounds very interesting and fun.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1479.05,1481.81"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1481.81,1485.05"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Now if you don't mind, I think we'll go back to see if we can go back a little bit in time and see if we can address some of the questions that we had there. And if there are things that you don't know about, don't feel that you have to say anything about them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1485.05,1502.722"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, I have. By the way, your letter arrived yesterday. So I have it here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1502.722,1510.5"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e That took a long time to get there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1510.5,1512.46"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, well, that's how it is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1512.46,1516.06"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah. One of the things about CDC and about the EIS particularly was the role that bioterrorism may or may not have played in it and the role that politics played in the communicable disease center being formed in the first place. Do you have any thoughts or information about that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1516.06,1541.48"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Not really, because actually what? My connection with CDC was mostly with the leprosy program. I will say, though, that in Nigeria, Miss Pineo, you've heard about her?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1541.48,1563.052"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. I talked to Lyle Conrad, and I'll be talking to Don Millar was actually my nurse.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1563.052,1572.108"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e I had tuberculosis in Nigeria after we were there a year and a half, probably from people who coughed at me in the outpatient clinics. But anyway, Penny Pineal developed Lassa fever, and this came from Miss Wine. And Miss Wine was an elderly retired american nurse who lived in the little village of Lhasa. She became ill and was treated in the hospital for missionaries in Joss, Nigeria. And Miss Pinyo was her nurse. Miss Pinyo and Misses Flora Shaw. Flora Shaw died, and Miss Pino was very ill. This was during the civil war in Nigeria. And we were in Lagos, B and I to work on a relief team to be sent to Port Harcourt from Lagos. And while we were there, we were asked to meet Miss Pinio at the airport, which we did, and brought her to the university hospital in Lagos. But they said no, they had no private room available. And because she had a fever, she had to have a private room. So then they wanted to send her to the quarantine hospital in Yaba, which is a suburb of Lagos. So we brought her there. But those were very limited facilities. They had no intravenous, no nurses. They had just assistant nurses and measles children. So it was stan Foster who really saved her life, because he brought in the intravenous drips and arranged then for her to be transported to New York, where she was cared for. Now, beef nursed Miss Pineal several nights, and she never got ill from this last fever. And I didn't get it either. But this was the first, the disease that thus was discovered at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1572.108,1718.7"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e So did you have any idea how deadly it was at that time when you were taking care of her?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1718.7,1724.868"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e No. No, we had no idea what she had, what kind of illness. It was just a high fever and she was vomiting and so on. The next year, the. There was a small epidemic of lust fever in the town of Joss. And Doctor Traub became ill after doing an autopsy on a patient and died. She was one of the missionary doctors there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1724.868,1764.27"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e That must have been hard for all of you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1764.27,1766.822"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, yes. And later on, CDC discovered it was these large rats that were in the houses and huts of people. And the urine from the rats as they urinated on food apparently contaminated the food, and that's what spread the virus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1766.822,1794.23"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Hmm. So then was your objective to get rid of the rats?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1794.23,1803.79"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Was what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1803.79,1805.47"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e How did you control the disease after that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1805.47,1809.03"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, there wasn't really. There wasn't really much control. It was found that later investigations in Sierra Leone in following years, showed that many people have been, had immune bodies to this virus in the rural areas of West Africa. So apparently it was a widespread disease and some people became very ill and died.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1809.03,1852.19"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e And those that recovered had the antibodies?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1852.19,1855.126"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1855.126,1859.19"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e And did you also came in contact with Marburg disease or. No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1859.19,1867.59"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e No. One other thing I want to mention, too, is that when we were there again in the 1980s, we were asked by the lutheran church to look at two hospitals that they had developed, one at Yahe and one in Eckett in southeastern Nigeria. And during that time, this was in October of 86. The raids were heavy, and suddenly there were large numbers of deaths of people just north of Yahi, where we were. And it was found later that yellow fever had broken out there. Spread from the well came from the monkeys in the forest into the aedes aegypti mosquitoes, which were multiplying because of the heavy rains. And something like 1000 people died. And Nigerian National Health department didn't know about this until some blood was drawn from some of the sick people by a group of dutch doctors who were in this mission hospital at the time. And so then they set people up to work on limiting the outbreak.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1867.59,1961.75"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you ever feel that your life was in danger? You must have more than one time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1961.75,1969.83"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e More than what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1969.83,1971.87"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e You must have, must have felt in danger more than once, either from disease or from the civil wars.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1971.87,1977.838"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Civil war. All of us had malaria, various other illnesses, but it was not as severe as it was in the olden days. The olden days, the story was that the british administrators, when they received a new recruit from England, would take the young man out into the, away from the town and said, tell me where you want to be buried when you die. Because so many of the young people who were ministers in the late 18 hundreds, early 19 hundreds, died of malaria or of diarrhea. And these, of course, things were not understood very well then.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=1977.838,2033.74"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Must have been pretty frightening for those young men.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2033.74,2037.092"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e No, not really. We accepted things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2037.092,2051.38"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you feel that your Eis course prepared you well for the work that you later did?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2051.38,2057.34"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, certainly. First the epidemiology training at Harvard, and then the Eis course was very good. One other thing I want to mention is that in 1963, B and I were in Holland for four months and I took the tropical medicine course at University of Amsterdam with Professor Zeidema. Peter Zeugomer. Pete Zoydema visited us the year before in Nigeria. He himself had been a medical missionary in Indonesia, in Jakarta, Carta, for many years. He was imprisoned by the Japanese in world War two. Survived. He and his family all survived and then taught tropical medicine there at University of Amsterdam. Excellent course. And I learned lots of things. And actually, that training was very good because I'd had experience in Nigeria and knew what questions to ask. When you're young and you haven't had much experience, you don't know where to start to look for the important things that you need to learn.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2057.34,2137.36"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e So having been in Nigeria already, it gave you some context for the course and you learned more than you might have. Now, would you spell the doctor's name that you were mentioning?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2137.36,2155.04"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Say that again, please.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2155.04,2156.36"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Would you spell the doctor's name that you mentioned? Zordima Zardima.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2156.36,2160.704"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Z. His first name is Peter. Z u I d e M a. We also had other interesting teachers there. Professor Oman, W m E n, was teaching nutrition. And one of the things he mentioned was that he had been in Papua New guinea, well, the Dutch New guinea, actually, and had seen grandmothers breastfeeding babies. When a mother died in childbirth, he wasn't aware of this being possible. And I had seen this in Nigeria. And then actually in Nigeria, I've also had one woman who had never had a child of her own, was able to breastfeed, feed a child whose mother had died. So the idea is that breastfeeding can be started just by the sucking of the baby. The amount of breast milk the grandmothers produced was smaller than the younger mothers, but it was enough to keep the baby alive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2160.704,2243.63"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e That's VerY interesting. Was that a new finding as well? Was that a new finding to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2243.63,2252.946"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e No, actUally. Well, Professor Oman said he had talked with one of his colleagues who was teaching medicine in eastern Holland, and he said, oh, well, we've known about that for a long time. In the olden days when there were more paternal deaths in Europe, then indeed, grandmothers would take the baby to breast and would feed the baby.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2252.946,2282.29"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e That's very interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2282.29,2284.25"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e This was known in euroPe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2284.25,2287.41"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Very interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2287.41,2289.25"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, it's LIKE, you know, today I was talking with one of the docs here in town about. He said, well, nowadays physicians don't even Know what measles looks like because they haven't seen any.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2289.25,2305.36"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, yeah. Or they don't know. They don't know what smallpox is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2305.36,2312.592"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Right, right. But, you know, interestingly, too, in the years in Nigeria, I only saw one person with smallpox. And that is because in the rural areas where we were, the number of cases was fairly small.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2312.592,2334.45"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e And it sounds like maybe by the time you were there, its smallpox had been eradicated in a lot of other places.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2334.45,2342.546"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Not yet. This was just before eradication. And also the other things that we were concerned about, there was african sleeping sickness, and that decreased markedly during the time we were there, in part because of growing of rice along stream beds. And that meant that they cut down the bushes, the bushy plants that were next to the streams, and that's where the tsetse flies would rest underneath the leaves of these bushes and then go and bite a person who was coming to the water to fetch water.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2342.546,2400.83"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e And so how was that taken care of? How did they figure out to decrease that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2400.83,2407.324"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, because the tetsuflies needed the shade of these bushes to survive in the hot sun. They don't want to be out in the open sun. And by removing the bushes and leaving the banks of the streams bare, then they were listening.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2407.324,2434.12"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2434.12,2436.64"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Now, that probably didn't get into the literature. I've never seen this published, but these are the kinds of things that you sort of observed locally.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2436.64,2449.28"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e So how did you learn these things, and how then did you work with people to take care of the problems?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2449.28,2458.33"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, at that time, of course, we were just basically, I think the most important feature to the work were these health clinics in the countryside that improved health considerably because people were able to get help nearby. And also the health assistance in the health clinics did a lot of teaching. They would teach mothers about the importance of proper nutrition of children. And we promoted building of latrines, but that was not done very much when we lived in the southern part of tv division, where we were developing healthcare. I once did a survey of a number of hookworms that people harbored. And the champion, I think, was a young woman who had 397 hookworms in her stool when we dewormed her. And one of the people working with us in the clinic counted all of these worms as they came out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2458.33,2543.88"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, that's. That's a dubious honor, isn't it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2543.88,2547.96"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah. Yeah. But you see, the reason that the people developed is because they would pass stool next to the village, and they would always go back to that particular area to cast stool. And so the baby worms were right there on the moist soil.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2547.96,2573.61"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e And what did you use to deworm them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2573.61,2576.73"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, at that time? Well, first of all, we had tetrachloroethylene, and later on the. Later on we got bendazole, which is one of the more modern drugs and really works much better nowadays. This is something else. As you know, things have been really changed a lot in the last few years so that you can deworm children once a year and keep them much healthier that way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2576.73,2613.77"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, I know that. It's one of the main programs that the task force for global health is working on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2613.77,2622.83"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, well, it's bed nets and deworming children and clean water supplies and children immunizations. Those four are cheap and very effective.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2622.83,2644.84"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Now, you continue to work with CDC, if not directly with CDC, during your years in Africa, did you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2644.84,2655.336"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Not really, except that, well, we had this during the civil war in Nigeria. Bea and I were assigned to the Christian Council of Nigeria health team to do some. First of all, we worked in southeast Nigeria during the war, and then right after the war again, and then in 19, 71, 72, we were there to reconstruct some health programs that had sort of fallen away during the war years. And so that was, however, for the organization in Nigeria, not directly with CDC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2655.336,2713.79"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Let me ask you a question. If you could reflect on it a little bit, and if you. If you don't know, then just tell me. But I wanted to know from your observations of people that you did see working for CDC and had worked with, and you saw the way they worked with other countries and state health departments, for instance, what would you say about the methodology that they used in their working relationship and how that affected the relationship of the people that they were helping?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2713.79,2748.48"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, I have very little experience with that. Stan Foster visited us in Bukhari, Nigeria in 19, in the eighties. And he's very kind. And he was the one who got Penny Pineo onto the play to New York in 69. It was, yeah, I. Anyway, I got to know him working there a little bit. And other than that, I really don't have experience with CDC staff, people working overseas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2748.48,2792.07"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, I won't ask you to speculate about that then.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2792.07,2796.502"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, well, I'm sure these folks, I remember something about the importance. Well, of course, having worked in missions for many years, we worked in intercultural situations constantly. And so we had to know local culture and local language and customs and be very careful in being sensitive to local people. One opposite example was a funny thing. The Peace Corps was sent away from Nigeria and this happened to, I don't remember the year this was told to me by Doctor Harry Bohr, who was a longtime principal of the theological college in northern Nigeria. What happened was that a new girl from the states was at University of Ybabadden in southwest Nigeria. She'd written a postcard to her boyfriend in the states, explaining that she'd arrived there and what strange sights she saw, people urinating in the streets and such, and she was going to post this at the post office, accidentally dropped it, and a nigerian student behind her picked up the postcard, was going to be politely give it back to her, but he started reading it and he was quite incensed when he read this comment that she made about people urinating in public. So he riled up the students at the university and the result was that peace Corps people had to be withdraw.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2796.502,2919.89"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Wow, that's pretty drastic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2919.89,2923.73"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, but that's the kind of thing that, that this happened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2923.73,2931.42"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Now, you were there during various times of war, I assume. How did you handle that type of situation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2931.42,2940.34"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, it was very sad and very difficult. We lived in the southern part of Tee division, which was quite close to the border of eastern Nigeria, and the Iwu people of eastern Nigeria were the ones who led the Biafra group. So we heard the first artillery shells being lobbed into eastern Nigeria. And then the mission had all of the wives and children of missionaries moved up to Jos further north. And I stayed on there in Kunal in southeast, in southern Teev for some time. But then in 69, let's see, that was the time that we, we worked on a relief team in Port Harcourt, which had been captured by the Federal nigerian troops. We were there doing work in a hospital in Bori. Then in 1970, we were in Asaba and Yakubu Gowan, who was the head of state, he was an army general, came to Asaba and we were there at the reception for Mister Gowon. At that point also, the anglican bishop of Benin asked me to preached the sermon at their first synod after the war, because half of his clergy were Igbo and half were beanie, so they'd been on opposite sides of the war, and he thought a foreigner would be more neutral, and the talk was to be about reconciliation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=2940.34,3074.32"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e That put you in a difficult position, didn't it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3074.32,3077.544"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e No, no, not really, because they all wanted to come together again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3077.544,3087.38"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e That's good then. Now I'm thinking about malaria, and you must have run into a lot of malaria, and I wondered if you knew anything about the malaria program in the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3087.38,3104.612"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Not now, no. By the way, in 2001, B and I were in the gambia for three weeks. This was in March of March and April. And then again, I was there in September and October and saw the difference between the dry season, when there was very little malaria, and rainy season, when there was a great deal of malaria, and they were doing transfusions of little, of infants and small children. If the hemoglobin was below 4 grams, about 4 grams, they just gave them iron.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3104.612,3152.048"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Wow, that worked. That's pretty low.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3152.048,3156.896"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3156.896,3159.82"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember learning anything about malaria control in war areas, in the forties, in the United States?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3159.82,3167.74"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Not in the United States, but at the Harvard School of Public Health. We have Doctor Booth Schwartz in our class, and he has. He worked with United nations, actually in Nigeria part of the time. Or malaria control.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3167.74,3193.08"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e In your class, when you took your eis class at CDC, were there teachers or leaders that stood out in your mind?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3193.08,3201.96"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, Alex Langmuir, of course, was always the dominant person there, and I can't. There was the engineering gentleman. Mister. Schlesman, was it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3201.96,3221.986"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, Schlesman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3221.986,3223.642"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, he was in the group as well. And he had various experiences with. And I don't know what the hell they were.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3223.642,3237.58"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e But you remember the names. Tell me about Alexander Langmuir's style of teaching.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3237.58,3248.22"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e I can't remember the way he talked, but he was always pushing people. And it was okay. We were young and we were supposed to learn from older, experienced folk, and I didn't mind that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3248.22,3275.47"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you stay in touch with any of your CDC Eis classmates?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3275.47,3281.902"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Not really, because we moved to Nigeria in 53, and thus everything in the US was a bit removed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3281.902,3299.3"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e It must have been culture shock to move back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3299.3,3304.62"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, yes, certainly the. Well, the material culture here is so large, much larger than, of course, that in the developing world. And when we lived in Nigeria, there were two kinds of cereal, cold cereal. You could get rice krispies and cornflakes. And here, if you go to a grocery shop, there are 100 varieties.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3304.62,3339.356"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, yeah. It's very different, isn't it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3339.356,3345.678"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, yes. And what the nigerian phrase was makey do. And our older son still talks about nigerian technology where you use painting wire and this and that to fix things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3345.678,3366.72"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Now, did any of your children go into the same kind of work?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3366.72,3371.36"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e No, they did not. Except our older son was driving school bus here in Chico for a number of years. He worked for an architect firm for a time, and then he did school bus driving and teaching school bus driving. And now he's working for Bloodsource, which is in a company that gets blood donors to donate blood. And so now he is driving vans for them and also drawing blood for the people who are donating.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3371.36,3414.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e And do they live in California?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3414.0,3416.952"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, company headquarters in Sacramento, but he works in the Chico office here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3416.952,3423.308"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, that's nice for you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3423.308,3425.46"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3425.46,3428.02"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Now, as we wind up here, can you think of things that I might have asked you that you would like to address before we stop?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3428.02,3439.644"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I would say that certainly, having Readdez and I continue reading JamA, for example. And the last issue was on global health. And certainly CDC has done a wonderful work in so many different places with so many serious health conditions. Not everything succeeded, of course, but majority of work seems to have be very fruitful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3439.644,3474.8"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah. And do you ever tell people that you were in the very first EIS class?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3474.8,3483.84"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I haven't really mentioned that. But I've told people that I did work with four CDC. Yes, I guess I mentioned this to you before. In 2001, Doctor Senza asked me to come to Atlanta for the video that they were making on the EIS at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3483.84,3515.29"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah. And I did try to find out where that is.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3515.29,3518.994"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Myers and I were together for. I can't remember where this was. We were traveling together and spend an overnight together, and we talked for a while. He was a very kind person. I noted, however, to my surprise, in this history of the CDC, it mentions that he resisted CDC doing some investigation in Alabama of an industrial work. And the workers were getting. Was that the one where they were getting the dust from the cotton fibers into their lungs injected to CDC, recommending changes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3518.994,3578.03"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't know about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3578.03,3579.902"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, it's mentioned in this book, which I got last week, actually, through a local bookshop, and I'm not sure where we'll find it. But anyway. State health officer there, something like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3579.902,3615.56"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Mm hmm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3615.56,3625.68"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, no, it was about the Tuskegee study. So page 122. EIS was not involved, though Alabama public health officials and EIs alum Ara Myers had advised against halting the program in 1969. This was a simpler study in Tuskegee.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3625.68,3650.754"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Uh huh. Do you think that the grass got this information?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3650.754,3660.41"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e I just want to also mention that I appreciate reading this book of Bill Feige, and in it, he mentions the enormous amount of work that was done in Asia on smallpox and the way people worked very, very hard and were willing to do all, all this of both the Americans and the local health people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3660.41,3692.46"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, can you think of anything else that we didn't talk about that we.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3692.46,3697.276"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Should at this point? I appreciate your talking with me all this time, and I hope this is helpful to you. I continue to have great respect for.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3697.276,3716.15"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e What is being done by CDC, and I want to thank you for your time and all of your stories. It's been really interesting, and I am glad that we got to meet over the phone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3716.15,3730.574"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442#t=3730.574,3732.074"}]},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132663/file/247442/transcript/68949/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/068/949/original/transcript_1765560894.vtt20251212-2593616-8q57wn.vtt20251212-2593616-8q57wn?1765560894","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/068/949/original/transcript_1765560894.vtt20251212-2593616-8q57wn.vtt20251212-2593616-8q57wn?1765560894"}]}]}]}