{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/6688g8h35m/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Guinea Worm Eradication Program, 2008"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eDoctor Donald [R.] Hopkins, introduced by Doctor Stanley Foster, discusses the status of the Guinea Worm Eradication Program as of July 2008 as it relates to the Smallpox Eradication Program. Filmed during the 2008 Smallpox Eradication Program Reunion of Southeast Asia and East Africa Workers at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] Tom Harkin Global Communication Center in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights to the interviews, including but not restricted to legal title, copyrights and literary property rights, have been transferred to the David J. Sencer CDC Museum. Interviews may only be reproduced with permission from the David J. Sencer CDC Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2008-07-12"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["Media"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Donald \"Don\" Hopkins (Speaker)","Stanley \"Stan\" Foster (Presenter)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English"]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"]},"value":{"en":["CDC Museum Collection: Guinea Worm (is part of)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eDoctor Donald [R.] Hopkins, introduced by Doctor Stanley Foster, discusses the status of the Guinea Worm Eradication Program as of July 2008 as it relates to the Smallpox Eradication Program. Filmed during the 2008 Smallpox Eradication Program Reunion of Southeast Asia and East Africa Workers at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] Tom Harkin Global Communication Center in Atlanta, Georgia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights to the interviews, including but not restricted to legal title, copyrights and literary property rights, have been transferred to the David J. Sencer CDC Museum. Interviews may only be reproduced with permission from the David J. Sencer CDC Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/247/481/small/thumbnail_247481_1735246875.jpg?1735246875","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - Don_Hopkins_2008_Guinea_Worm_Status.mp4"]},"duration":938.772,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/247/481/small/thumbnail_247481_1735246875.jpg?1735246875","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-globalhealthchronicles.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/247/481/original/Don_Hopkins_2008_Guinea_Worm_Status.mp4?1734470968","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":938.772,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481/transcript/69011","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["[Deepgram Transcript] 20060715 Hopkins Guinea Worm [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481/transcript/69011/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFOSTER:\u003c/strong\u003e Of two of the programs that sort of learned from Smallpox [Eradication Program] and have gone on and are now doing tremendous things around the world. So, first, I'd like to introduce Don [Donald R.] Hopkins. Don was in the original group in West Africa; his work on——in Sierra Leone, where he had enough resources to do mass vaccination in one and surveillance and containment in the other, showed that surveillance and containment was far more effective. And then he went on to work in India; I guess you were in Calcutta [Kolkata] Don? And then over the last few years he's been battling the serpent. So, let's give a hand to welcome Don Hopkins.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481#t=10.23774,66.67218"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481/transcript/69011/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHOPKINS:\u003c/strong\u003e Good morning, it's great to be here and a wonderful occasion. And especially for me to be able to share a bit of the story of the great worm, to do so would really require another symposium——to do so fully. But I've only got nine slides, and I want to run through them quickly. Stan [Stanley Foster] asked me whether I might need more time, and I said no, fortunately the story of Guinea worm eradication, at least part of it, is told very simply these days, thank God.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481#t=66.67218,99.22702"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481/transcript/69011/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHOPKINS:\u003c/strong\u003e Here you see this worm that grows up to two to three feet long, emerges directly through the skin on any part of the body, people are infected by drinking contaminated water containing immature forms of the parasite. The parasite gets in the water when people with worms coming out of the body go into the water and the female worm spews these immature forms into the water where they are taken up by water fleas. And people drink water containing those infected fleas and a year later the infection emerges——someone had said this is the ultimate in an emerging infectious disease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481#t=99.22702,140.81314"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481/transcript/69011/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHOPKINS:\u003c/strong\u003e I have nine slides, but this is really the one that tells the full story, or much of it to date. This initially began right here at CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention], or right here at what used to be CDC in a different part of the place, with an estimated 3.5 million cases. We began here at CDC in 1980. The Carter Center and President [James \"Jimmy\"] Carter took this up in 1986. In 1986 we had an estimated 3.5 million cases as you see, as of last year——and these are not provision data, these are final data for 2007——we are down, for the first time, to under 10,000 cases. Two years ago, when I presented this, we were still at over 25,000 cases. We've gone from almost 24,000 villages in 1993, to just over 2,000 villages now infected. And, as you see, from twenty countries infected when the program began, now to five. Next slide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481#t=140.81314,207.44306"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481/transcript/69011/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHOPKINS:\u003c/strong\u003e This shows on top there, the less than 10,000 cases, indigenous cases, reported in 2007. And you can see here the years in which the last cases occurred. And two years ago, when I made this presentation to the West Africa group, we still had a number of other countries, including these, these four, which broke——had their last case in 2006, which was still then considered endemic. We're now down to, as of the end of last year, to five countries: Sudan, Ghana, Mali, Nigeria, and Niger. And, for a little bit of perspective, let me just note that when——in the early nineteen eighties, Ghana and Nigeria were each reporting on the order of three or four thousand cases to the World Health Organization [WHO]. When Ghana did its first case search in 1989, they found just under 180,000 cases. They are down last year to under 4,000 cases. When Nigeria made their count the first time, that year as well, Nigeria then counted over 653,000 cases. So, you can imagine how far around this room that bar would go, if these data were for 1989 for Nigeria. On the bottom here you see the last five countries——and we've listed Ethiopia here, even though Ethiopia recorded its last official case in 2006. Early this year, they became aware of thirty-seven cases that, reportedly, were imported from Southern Sudan; where there is a lot more Guinea worm known. But we include Ethiopia here to keep Ethiopia, again to keep Ethiopia, on its toes, and not let them feel too comfortable. But here you see, through June of 2008, the number of cases reported so far this year and that, in essence, is where we are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481#t=207.44306,328.40751"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481/transcript/69011/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHOPKINS:\u003c/strong\u003e Here you see that presented in the form of a map; in yellow the countries that have already broken transmission, including all three in Asia: India, Pakistan, and Yemen. And then in Africa, Nigeria and Niger there in what appears pink to you, countries that reported under one hundred cases in 2007. And we think that both of them may well have broken transmission already; with Niger having reported its last case in November of last year and Nigeria having had no cases in April, May, and June this year. And then you have Mali, Ghana, and Sudan there in red, each having had more than one hundred cases last year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481#t=328.40751,378.38224"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481/transcript/69011/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHOPKINS:\u003c/strong\u003e Here you see, cumulatively, the global campaign as of the number of cases 2006-2007, first seven months of 2008.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481#t=378.38224,395.3891"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481/transcript/69011/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHOPKINS:\u003c/strong\u003e Now with just the top three countries remaining. This is Sudan, which has reduced its cases, so far this year compared to last year, by fifty-four percent. The civil war having ended, officially, at the beginning of 2005. We have a very energetic group of people there, and things are proceeding very well, except for the political insecurity that still remains. Ghana, surprisingly for all of us, was an enormous headache for much longer than it should have been, but they have gotten now back on the straight and narrow. And you can see here, Ghana having——this is a record. Jeff [James] Zingeser is here——they beat even Niger some years back. But Ghana has reported eighty-one——eighty-five percent fewer cases so far this year, as compared to last year——this is not a calendar year, this is the epidemiological year, beginning in July. And someone mentioned earlier the importance, I think it was you Stan, in Bangladesh of social will and involvement of the media, and that has certainly been true in Ghana. After over a decade of stagnation in cases, last year, 2007, Ghana had an explosion of cases in the first of the year, January and February, up in the north of the country. A very neglected part of Ghana, from even colonial times. The epidemic happened to coincide with——just before March 6, 2007, when Ghana was to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of its political independence from Britian. The month before that celebration, in February, President Carter came and we used that occasion which unfortunately, fortunately for us, coincided with that terrible outbreak. And there were, represented on Ghanian television, just these, there was just a——one reporter than was with us from Chicago Tribune said: \"This was the scene from hell.\" Of lots of preschool-aged children crying, it was just awful. But all of that was on Ghanian television and there were reporters already, international reporters, beginning to come into the country for the fiftieth anniversary celebration and that helped to generate the political will, social will in Ghana.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481#t=395.3891,555.49694"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481/transcript/69011/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHOPKINS:\u003c/strong\u003e Mali is having a problem, political problem, with Tuaregs [nomadic ethnic group] in the north. But Mali was well on its way to getting rid of this disease, when, year before last, unbeknownst to anybody else, a Koranic student walked from an endemic area several hundred kilometers up to the north, near the border with Algeria, in the area of——region of Kidal [Mali]. And a year later we, and those people there, became aware of this outbreak. The only good thing about it was that these people, in that area of the country, were not used to have Guinea worm disease and they were immediately hell-bent on getting rid of it. So, we had very good——are having very good cooperation from that population. But we are still having some problems up in that area, which we think we are getting on top of. The president of the country has promised to pay more attention to this now, and he has been a very strong supporter of this eradication effort. In fact, now President [Amadou Toumani] Touré has been proselytizing for Guinea worm eradication in all the other endemic Francophone countries of Africa and now, to my great sadness, his own country, Mali, is going to be the last Francophone country to have Guinea worm disease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481#t=555.49694,635.76506"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481/transcript/69011/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHOPKINS:\u003c/strong\u003e This is my last slide, showing that——the countries in green that have been certified already by WHO as having eradicated——eliminated Guinea worm disease. You see there that Cambodia in Asia is the only other country outside of Africa remaining to be certified. One of the spillovers from the Smallpox Eradication Program to the Guinea Worm Eradication Program is Joel Breman, who is on the international commission for the certification of dracunculiasis eradication. There have been many other spillovers: in the form of the surveillance-containment——we call it case-containment strategy as applied in the Guinea worm program; the use of data and indicators to motivate people and to make senior people uncomfortable. In Sierra Leone we had a little newsletter, run off by mimeograph [machine], called \"The Eradicator\" we now have \"Guinea Worm Wrap-Up\" put out through CDC. Use of hand-drawn maps with dots from Sierra Leone to West Bengal, India. In my experience, lots and lots of local heroes——some of whom you have heard about. One thing, unfortunately, we do not share with the Smallpox Eradication Program was a two-week incubation period. Oh, what I wouldn't give for a two-week incubation period of Guinea worm disease. Let me just ask, all the people in the audience who are veterans of the Smallpox Eradication Program who have also now worked in the Guinea Worm [Eradication] Program to stand. Bill Foege, that should have included you. The——just to end with one smallpox story——we are hoping to, aiming to get rid of Guinea worm disease by the end of next year; Sudan is going to be the final battle. We are getting very close, but we are not, not there yet. I didn't tell a smallpox story last night, but I just want to note that I spent three months, [unintelligible] and I, in West Bengal, India in the fall of 1973, as part of the first autumn campaign. And I went there very full of enthusiasm and enjoyed it much more even than I expected to, but by the time I left, I——you have to understand that I, as much as I loved India, I did not like Indian food. And the thing that saved me was that we found a Chinese restaurant in Calcutta [Kolkata] when we came back, before I left. That, plus walking into the villages, caused me to lose——and at that time, when I went into India, I weighed a little less than what I weigh now——but I lost seventeen pounds going there. And I also came hell-bent on getting a replica of this Sheetala Mata [Shitala], goddess of smallpox. I had a copy from the program in Lagos [Nigeria], last big reunion I attended in Lagos of the Smallpox Program, of the smallpox goddess of West Africa. And I wanted to get one of India. And the whole three months in West Bengal: asking, asking, asking——I never found one. Debriefed in [New] Delhi [India] and took a last quick trip down to Agra [India] to see the Taj Mahal. Was leaving the city, in the vehicle going back to New Delhi, my last full day in India, and I see——because I am doing constant surveillance for my smallpox goddess——I saw, in a little shop along the way, this thing, I told stop to the driver. Got out and bought——these were two, marble I think, small replicas of this goddess. I bought two them and put them in my pocket. And because I was my last day there, leaving the country I was overweight. I put them in my trench coat pocket; didn't have room for them. And I actually won a discussion with the airline people, who wanted to charge me overweight baggage, but I explained that I weighed seventeen pounds less than when I came here and so I got away with it. That is how Dave [David J.] Sencer came to acquire a copy of the smallpox goddess, which he donated——you see in the [Global Health] Odessey downstairs there. They were not presented to me, I bought them. Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481#t=635.76506,946.55"}]},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481/transcript/69011","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132702/file/247481/transcript/69011/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/069/011/original/transcript_1735242107.vtt20241226-550-dgilnr.vtt20241226-550-dgilnr?1735242107","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/069/011/original/transcript_1735242107.vtt20241226-550-dgilnr.vtt20241226-550-dgilnr?1735242107"}]}]}]}