{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/6q1sf2p04n/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Guinea Worm Eradication Program, 2006"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eDoctor Donald [R.] Hopkins, introduced by Doctor Stanley Foster, discusses the status of the Guinea Worm Eradication Program as of July 2006 as it relates to the Smallpox Eradication Program. Filmed at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] Tom Harkin Global Communication Center in Atlanta, Georgia. \u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights to the interviews, including but not restricted to legal title, copyrights and literary property rights, have been transferred to the David J. Sencer CDC Museum. Interviews may only be reproduced with permission from the David J. Sencer CDC Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2006-07-15 (Created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["Media"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Donald \"Don\" Hopkins (Speaker)","Stanley \"Stan\" Foster (Presenter)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Source"]},"value":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English"]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"]},"value":{"en":["CDC Museum Collection: Guinea Worm (is part of)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eDoctor Donald [R.] Hopkins, introduced by Doctor Stanley Foster, discusses the status of the Guinea Worm Eradication Program as of July 2006 as it relates to the Smallpox Eradication Program. Filmed at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] Tom Harkin Global Communication Center in Atlanta, Georgia.\u0026nbsp;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights to the interviews, including but not restricted to legal title, copyrights and literary property rights, have been transferred to the David J. Sencer CDC Museum. Interviews may only be reproduced with permission from the David J. Sencer CDC Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/247/782/small/thumbnail_247782_1735247011.jpg?1735247011","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - 20080712_Hopkins_Status_faststart.mp4"]},"duration":948.515,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/247/782/small/thumbnail_247782_1735247011.jpg?1735247011","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-globalhealthchronicles.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/247/782/original/20080712_Hopkins_Status_faststart.mp4?1722984973","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":948.515,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782/transcript/69014","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["[Deepgram Transcript] 20080712 Hopkins Status [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782/transcript/69014/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFOSTER:\u003c/strong\u003e Our next speaker is Don [Donald R.] Hopkins, and Don is now the associated executive director at The Carter Center. Some of the papers that evolved out of West Africa appear under Don's authorship and probably the most important was that Don had two areas of Sierra Leone. He didn't have enough resources to do mass vaccination in all [area's of Sierra Leone]; he did mass vaccination in half, and surveillance and containment in the other half, and was able to stop smallpox quicker. And then——that really proved the surveillance-containment thing. Don also is the author of several books and, for those of you interested in the smallpox history, what's the correct title of your——of the small?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782#t=3.86836,61.10446"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782/transcript/69014/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHOPKINS:\u003c/strong\u003e The current edition is Smallpox Greatest Killer——The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in History.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782#t=61.10446,65.36473"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782/transcript/69014/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eFOSTER:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay. But my favorite story is, when Don Hopkins wrote his book on the history of smallpox, he got a cake which was decorated with the cover of his book, and he got it up in Chicago [Illinois] and he brought it down, he put it in a, a classroom here at CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention], And nobody was to eat this cake; it was going to be there for, for that. Well, Don left the room, and as he came back in the room, here is Bill [William] Foege, coming out, chewing a piece of cake, and saying that cake was great. So, we welcome Don to talk about his passion for Guinea worm and its eradication. Don Hopkins.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782#t=65.36473,122.02931"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782/transcript/69014/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHOPKINS:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you, Stan. In fact, if that had played out that way, I would——I might not be here, but Bill Foege pulled that practical joke on Bill [William C,] Watson, and caused Bill to almost pass out. The, the——I want to begin here by also acknowledging that we've had several of the smallpox warriors who worked in the Guinea Worm Eradication Program. Foremost among them being, Andy [Andrew N.] Agle, who's not, with us now, unfortunately, but Andy came over and worked for six years, more than six years, at the, at The Carter Center. Last night, there were some stories told. In my experience, Andy liked to tell two stories: the one was the story of George [I.] Lythcott at the booth with his non-existent visa, coming into what was then Dahomey [Benin]. The other story, Andy like to tell was of his arrival in Togo with Bernie [Bernard] Challenor, Bernie Challenor was the medical officer, and Bernie was very proud of the French he had just learned here at CDC. I don't speak French, but as the story was told, as Andy told the story, he said that they came into this hotel with their luggage and Bernie marched up to the guy behind the front desk and announced very loudly in French: \"Bonsoir monsieur, I am a room.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782#t=122.02931,220.97898"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782/transcript/69014/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHOPKINS:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, Guinea worm disease, this program against it, is a direct heir of the Smallpox Eradication Program. Instead of the surveillance containment strategy, we have the case containment strategy for Guinea worm eradication. But this disease has been around since at least Ancient Egypt, manifest by these worms coming out of people's bodies a year after they've drunk contaminated water. No vaccine, no curative treatment, but it can be prevented by teaching people to was boil their water, which it's generally too expensive, filter their water through a cloth, there's a chemical you can put in the water to kill the parasite there. And, of course, providing people with clean drinking water in the, in the first place. And teaching them, when they have worms coming out, not to go back into the water and allow the parasite to continue its cycle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782#t=220.97898,273.48931"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782/transcript/69014/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHOPKINS:\u003c/strong\u003e To cut to the chase, this is, where we are: with cases now having been reduced from an estimated 3.5 million in 1986, to just over 10,000 last year. We're going to have more cases in that this year because of Sudan. Villages from over 23,000, to about 2,000 and endemic countries, three of these were in Asia: Yemen, India, and Pakistan, to nine countries as of 2005.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782#t=273.48931,306.88879"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782/transcript/69014/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHOPKINS:\u003c/strong\u003e Here's another representation of where we are geographically, with the yellow countries having eliminated the disease already. Those in red still being endemic, having reported more than one hundred cases each last year and those in the cross-hatched, appears to you as pink, had more than——had less than one hundred cases reported last year. And this year, almost certainly, Nigeria is also going to report less than one hundred cases. Niger Republic may report less than one hundred cases. So far this year, Ethiopia and Côte d'Ivoire have reported only one case each the first six months of this year. Togo and Burkina [Faso] also very close, as you'll see in a minute.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782#t=306.88879,357.02224"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782/transcript/69014/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHOPKINS:\u003c/strong\u003e As of 2005, this is what was left reported. And I should point out that Ghana began, more than fifteen years ago, with over a hundred——about 180,000 cases of disease, Nigeria began with over 653,000 cases of the disease, Uganda began in 1991, having counted then more than 126,000 cases of the disease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782#t=357.02224,390.11827"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782/transcript/69014/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHOPKINS:\u003c/strong\u003e First six months of this year——except for Sudan, for which we only have five months of data, you know that the peace agreement was signed in Sudan early last year, and now we're getting into areas, particularly in the extreme southeast of Sudan, to which the program did not have access. Sudan's program actually got on the way in 1995 when President [James \"Jimmy\"] Carter negotiated a ceasefire and workers began working on, on both sides. And you see, again here that we were hoping to pick up two or three more countries this year to report zero cases all year, but Burkina [Faso] so far, is the only country that is still eligible. Last year Burkina [Faso]——most of their cases were in June, July, and August so, we still have July and August to go——to see if we will pick up one more country to break——to have no cases reported for all of this calendar year. But whatever happens this year, we expect that several of these countries are going to drop out by next year. And indeed, Nigeria may have had its last case already.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782#t=390.11827,458.09888"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782/transcript/69014/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHOPKINS:\u003c/strong\u003e But just look at three of these countries in a little more detail. So far, Uganda is the one among four highest endemic countries, the others being Sudan, Ghana and Nigeria, that has gotten to zero cases. And that, despite a lot of insecurity up in the northeast part of the——in the northeast part of the country. But they were blessed by a——very strong backing by the Ministry of Health and other levels of government and, in the latter years, by very creative, very tenacious national coordinator. And so that Uganda now has reported zero cases in 2004, 2005, so far in 2006, indigenous cases, and that despite sitting next door to Sudan and receiving imported cases from Sudan regularly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782#t=458.09888,519.18445"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782/transcript/69014/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHOPKINS:\u003c/strong\u003e Nigeria, the big man on campus in the Smallpox Eradication Program in West Africa, and certainly the biggest repository of Guinea worm disease at the beginning of this program. Don't have time to go into a lot of detail here, but I will just say that both Nigeria and Sudan, which together were——Nigeria and Ghana, which were the two highest endemic countries in the beginning, both stagnated for a while for similar reasons in the mid-nineteen nineties. But then, former head of state that's been mentioned here before, General [Yakubu] Gowon, who's now a former head of state there, joined the Guinea Worm Eradication Program in 1998 and has been very, very strong in supporting the program there and, as I said earlier, that case in Nigeria in May this year, may well have been Nigeria's last case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782#t=519.18445,583.90919"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782/transcript/69014/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHOPKINS:\u003c/strong\u003e Ghana, which began there in 1989 with a lot of disease and got off to a very fast start——Dave Newberry was our first person there——has suffered in 1994 from an outbreak, and 1995 again, an outbreak of ethnic fighting during the peak transmission season in the highest endemic area of the country and is still trying to recover from that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782#t=583.90919,614.61459"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782/transcript/69014/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHOPKINS:\u003c/strong\u003e This just is one way of representing the data reported in the first six months of this year; the black squares indicate no indigenous cases and, as you can see, Burkina Faso has had none so far this year. Côte d'Ivoire and Ethiopia reported one in indigenous case, each in June. One way of tracking our progress is to have above this the comparable period last year, and you can just easily see, visually, the increase in the black squares.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782#t=614.61459,649.7197"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782/transcript/69014/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHOPKINS:\u003c/strong\u003e Another way here, just showing the percentage change from year to year——from month to month rather, over the regular periods, different periods, of the number of cases reported; for everybody except Sudan, which has only five months of data, this is six months' worth of data. And you see Niger, the numbers are still small, but slight increase so far this year. The tri-border area, Burkina Farso, Niger, and Mali has been plagued by these, so-called Tuaregs, the nomads in that area that have been carrying smallpox——sorry, Guinea worm back and forth. But Burkina [Faso] has cleaned up their part of that, Mali has been——suffered from insecurity the longest among those areas, has been the one that's had the most trouble, but we think that we'll get on top of that this year. In Mali and Niger their peak transmission season is late: September, October, November.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782#t=649.7197,716.03981"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782/transcript/69014/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHOPKINS:\u003c/strong\u003e This slides from WHO [World Health Organization] showing in blue countries of the world that have been certified as not having Guinea worm being transmitted. And as you see, there are several more countries in Africa to be certified, including the ones most recently endemic, but all of Asia now has been certified as free of disease and the countries that actually had transmission during this program were Yemen, India, and Pakistan. Senegal, so far, is the only one of the African countries that were endemic when this program began that has been officially certified. Part of the problem being endemic countries remaining on the borders of some countries that are broken transmission.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782#t=716.03981,760.34359"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782/transcript/69014/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHOPKINS:\u003c/strong\u003e This is the final schedule. As some of you know, we started out with a target date of 1995. Which, partly thanks to a one-year long incubation period, we didn't make, but for many other reasons as well, but we're looking to stop transmission in these seven countries this year or next: Ghana in this period and Sudan at the end 2009. Part of the strategy very early on was leave Sudan alone until they stop fighting but thank God, we changed that strategy. President Carter negotiated a ceasefire in 1995, and Sudan has gotten a big head start; despite the increase in cases this year, they are far ahead of where they were before. And indeed, all of the northern states of Sudan are now, and have been, Guinea worm free for the last two or three years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782#t=760.34359,809.94771"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782/transcript/69014/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eHOPKINS:\u003c/strong\u003e One last slide, just to compare these two diseases. To note that neither has an animal reservoir, both are easily diagnosed, neither has a treatment or a cure, both are preventable——Guinea worm, with more difficulty. And one of the things we love do with the new EIS [Epidemic Intelligence Service] officers, from the beginning, was the idea that, what do you mean you're going to eradicate this disease? You don't have a vaccine. Well, we're close to it without a vaccine, and the lesson here is that you don't have a vaccine——don't have to have a vaccine in order to eradicate a disease. And, yes, indeed, you can get people to change their behavior if you approach them with respect and recognize that it's their problem, it's not your problem; your job is to help them to understand how to protect themselves. Another important lesson from this program has been while we tend to get fixated on the technology: the jet injectors, the vaccine, the nylon cloth filters, it's the sociology that's very, very important and that has been a key aspect of it. Not just the——in addition to the cross-cultural thing that Gene Lythcott spoke of, just the idea of understanding people and where they are. In each of the instances where this disease still remains and has not yet been eliminated it's there for reason and usually that reason involves sociology. It's a particular ethnic group that's been marginalized, or some other reason involving sociology; including inadequate understanding on the part of the would-be eradicators. But the biggest difference between these two diseases is in the intubation period. And I just want to note here, since we get the question very often——how soon, that the Smallpox [Eradication] Program succeeded about twenty-two intubation periods after the December 1976 informal target date and we've still got eleven more years to go before we would, before we meet that. Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782#t=809.94771,946.55"}]},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782/transcript/69014","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2845/collection_resources/132823/file/247782/transcript/69014/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/069/014/original/transcript_1735240869.vtt20241226-550-ge1y8v.vtt20241226-550-ge1y8v?1735240869","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/069/014/original/transcript_1735240869.vtt20241226-550-ge1y8v.vtt20241226-550-ge1y8v?1735240869"}]}]}]}