{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/833mw2b22r/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Kaplan, Jonathan"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["12801"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["David J. 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Today's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=0.0,6.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"date is October 17th, 2018, and we are in Atlanta, Georgia, at the Centers for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=6.0,12.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Disease Control and Prevention. I'm interviewing Dr. Kaplan as part of the Oral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=12.0,17.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"History Project, the Early Years of AIDS: CDC's Response to a Historic Epidemic,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=17.0,22.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the PEPFAR Years. We are here to discuss your experience during the early years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=22.0,28.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of CDC's work on PEPFAR, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. Dr.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=28.0,33.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaplan, do I have your permission to interview you and to record this interview?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=33.0,39.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: Yes, you do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=39.0,41.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Jon, I've worked with you and for you throughout our 30 plus year","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=41.0,47.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"careers at CDC, and it's a pleasure to be able to reflect on this with you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=47.0,54.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"During your career at CDC, you have had a leadership role from many different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=54.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aspects ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=60.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nof HIV/AIDS [human immunodeficiency virus, acquired immunodeficiency","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=60.0,63.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"syndrome] care and treatment first domestically and then internationally in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=63.0,67.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"establishing and implementing PEPFAR programs. We have a lot to talk about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=67.0,72.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let's begin with your background. Would you tell me about where you grew up and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=72.0,78.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your early family life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=78.0,80.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: Sure. First, thank you Bess, for including me. We have known each other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=80.0,85.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and worked together for a long time, so this is a pleasure. I was born in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=85.0,91.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Massachusetts and moved to Ohio at the age of five, so I grew up in Columbus,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=91.0,97.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ohio, and lived there through high school. Went away to college in upstate New","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=97.0,102.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"York and then New York City, both at Cornell University undergrad and medical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=102.0,107.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school. Then sometimes I joke, with all due respect to people who live in New","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=107.0,113.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"York City or in California, I was never a big city person, so I told people at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=113.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nCornell I'm going to go as far away from New York City as possible without going","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=120.0,127.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to California, and went to New Mexico for six years, internal medicine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=127.0,132.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"residency, infectious diseases fellowship and then I spent an extra year there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=132.0,137.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Indian Health. That was an important year in two ways. I met my wife, Linda,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=137.0,144.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that year, and also that was the year working at what was then called the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=144.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Albuquerque Indian Hospital. I met a person from CDC who was out there working","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=150.0,156.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on chronic diseases in the Native American populations. She told me about CDC,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=156.0,161.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the Epidemic Intelligence Service, EIS, and one thing led to another, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=161.0,166.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"within a few months, I found myself here as a first-year EIS officer in 1980.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=166.0,172.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Stepping back a bit, what got you interested in medicine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=172.0,176.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: Well, that's a great question. I was always interested ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=176.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin science, and I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=180.0,182.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a chemistry major in college, and I suppose I had some peripheral interest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=182.0,188.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in medicine at the time, but I don't think any of us in our generation can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=188.0,195.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"discount the importance of the Vietnam War and the importance of student","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=195.0,200.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deferments at the time. So, I knew that I needed to go straight out of college","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=200.0,207.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into something, and as I was in college, I developed an interest in not only","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=207.0,213.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chemistry but also biology, and I found myself applying to medical school. But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=213.0,219.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually, I can do more with that one. So, I went to medical school, and I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=219.0,226.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an okay student. Being in New York City was a challenge for me. The way medicine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=226.0,233.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was taught in those years was also a challenge. We're basically in a classroom","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=233.0,239.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looking at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=239.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwalls for two years before we ever saw a patient. My motivation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=240.0,245.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually during those years was not the greatest, but then a very important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=245.0,250.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing happened to me, thanks to one of the most important mentors and colleagues","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=250.0,255.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in my life at Cornell. I had the opportunity to go halfway around the world and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=255.0,261.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spend a year in Papua New Guinea at a research institute, so I took an extra","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=261.0,267.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year in medical school and did that between the 3rd and 4th years. That was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=267.0,273.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life-transforming year. Not only was it fun, but it basically invigorated my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=273.0,278.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interest in medicine, and in research and in the odd kinds of diseases you see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=278.0,284.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"halfway around the world that we never would've seen in New York City. And I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=284.0,290.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came back from that year a totally different person, and from there on, I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=290.0,296.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just totally into what I was doing. From there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=296.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthen I had a number of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=300.0,302.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting experiences in my 4th year of medical school, and I went into","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=302.0,307.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"internal medicine, went out to New Mexico, and did that training at that time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=307.0,312.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but that was a very important year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=312.0,315.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You had an interest in international travel. How did you take up this opportunity?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=315.0,321.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: So, I suppose I had some interest in travel, but I had never done much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=321.0,327.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"internationally except for the year after I graduated from college, I went to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=327.0,332.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe just for the summer, and I remember that being a wonderful summer. I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=332.0,338.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a young guy and hitchhiked around Europe and went to a dozen countries, so I had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=338.0,344.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a bit of the travel bug but I think that was pretty much the extent of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=344.0,350.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"international travel until this opportunity came along, and this was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=350.0,354.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fabulous--I can tell just a little bit more because this is really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=354.0,359.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfun. My","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=359.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"advisor colleague was a neurologist, and he had trained in London with a New","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=360.0,365.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zealand neurologist. His name was Dr. Richard [ W.] Hornabrook, and he became","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=365.0,370.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Director of this research institute in Papua New Guinea [Institute of Medical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=370.0,375.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Research], so my advisor had maintained connections with this person and created","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=375.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an opportunity for some medical students to take off and spend a year over","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=380.0,385.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. So, I took advantage of that. I remember when Dr. Hornabrook came to New","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=385.0,391.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"York, and it was almost like an interview in a way. My advisor, his name was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=391.0,397.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Dr.] Fletcher [H.] McDowell, a famous neurologist, invited me to his house. Dr.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=397.0,402.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hornabrook was there, and Dr. Hornabrook basically gave me a million reasons why","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=402.0,407.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a kid from New York would never want to go halfway around the world. And I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=407.0,413.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recognized not only is this a test, but I really want to do this. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=413.0,418.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSo, one thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=418.0,419.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"led to another, and I had an around-the-world airplane ticket and spent eight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=419.0,425.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"months in Papua New Guinea, and to this day, it was just a fabulous experience","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=425.0,432.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in lots of ways, and as I mentioned, I just came back a very different person.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=432.0,439.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So, then you get to CDC. What was your assignment for your EIS two years?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=439.0,446.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: I matched in what was then the Division of Viral Diseases, and I had a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=446.0,453.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wonderful supervisor who's still here at CDC, that's [Dr. Lawrence B.] Larry","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=453.0,458.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Schonberger, who I credit as one of the great mentors I think of my career. He","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=458.0,465.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taught me epidemiology. Wonderful guy. And so, I worked on a variety of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=465.0,471.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different diseases. It was really a great opportunity there. So, for example, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=471.0,476.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nviral gastroenteritis, dengue disease, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever. We also","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=476.0,481.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked on the epidemiology of Guillain-Barré syndrome which is not a viral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=481.0,487.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease but it was very important in 1980 because the swine flu just 2-3 years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=487.0,494.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before, I recall, about 2,000 people around the country got Guillain-Barré","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=494.0,499.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"syndrome from the vaccine, so there was still a lot of interest in how that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=499.0,506.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened and what the epidemiology of that disease was. So, I worked on a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=506.0,514.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different things and also had some great outbreak investigation experience.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=514.0,519.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nothing about HIV or retroviruses yet, that came a little bit later, but the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=519.0,526.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"training was great, and Larry Schonberger was just a fabulous mentor and colleague.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=526.0,532.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So, this was 1980 to '82. By the end of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=532.0,537.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n1981, 159 cases of AIDS was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=537.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reported. It wasn't termed AIDS yet. About half were Kaposi's sarcoma and half","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=540.0,546.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pneumocystis pneumonia. But additional illnesses seen as possible manifestations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=546.0,550.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of this unexplained disease were being reported in the same populations in New","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=550.0,556.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"York City and California, and one of these was the so-called generalized or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=556.0,562.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Unexplained Lymphadenopathy Syndrome, and I remember you did your first work on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=562.0,568.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HIV exploring the natural history of the Lymphadenopathy Syndrome. Can you tell","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=568.0,574.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us about this work, what is Lymphadenopathy Syndrome and how you got involved in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=574.0,581.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"studying it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=581.0,582.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: Sure. Thanks, Bess, and as you're well aware, we actually worked on this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=582.0,589.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a little bit together during that time period. What happened was, so turn the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=589.0,596.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clock back to 1982. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=596.0,598.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSo, I'd now been at CDC for two years finishing EIS, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=598.0,603.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stayed in the same division, but the opportunity to work on some new things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=603.0,609.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What we now know as AIDS had first been described in June of '81 so I'd only","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=609.0,616.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been at CDC one year when that very famous MMWR [Morbidity and Mortality Weekly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=616.0,622.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Report] June 1981, the first cases of pneumocystis and Kaposi's were described","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=622.0,627.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in gay men in New York and Los Angeles. So here we are in 1982, and we had a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=627.0,635.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"number of men in Atlanta who were actually referred to us from a physician who's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=635.0,641.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still around in Atlanta-- gay men with enlarged lymph nodes in their neck and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=641.0,647.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other places around the body and developed this name Lymphadenopathy Syndrome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=647.0,652.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At this point, somehow, and I don't remember how the connection happened, I met","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=652.0,658.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Thomas [J.] Spira, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=658.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwho I think has been interviewed as part of this project.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=660.0,664.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tom is a remarkable guy. Still works at CDC, still a friend. Tom is an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=664.0,670.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunologist and a clinician by training and I think he ran the immunology lab","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=670.0,675.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at CDC and he developed a connection with this practitioner in Atlanta and now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=675.0,680.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had access to all these young gay men who had enlarged lymph nodes, but we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=680.0,686.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also knew that they had--some of them had a history of these other diseases that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=686.0,692.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were becoming known as AIDS so we knew there was a connection here. We didn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=692.0,698.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know exactly what it was yet, the virus wasn't discovered until a couple of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=698.0,703.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years later, but we developed with Tom--he invited me to join him--we developed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=703.0,708.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a group of 78 men, all of whom were men who had sex with men, from Atlanta who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=708.0,715.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had enlarged lymph nodes. We were epidemiologists. We developed a case","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=715.0,719.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"definition for this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=719.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsyndrome. A couple of years later when HIV was discovered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=720.0,724.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a test developed, 75 of the 78 men were found to be HIV positive and we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=724.0,732.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"followed these men for years and--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=732.0,735.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Can I ask, now as CDC epidemiologists, medical officers, we don't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=735.0,740.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"usually see patients clinically. Where did you see these patients? In offices?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=740.0,745.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How did that work?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=745.0,747.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: The men came to us. They came to CDC. They came into the building, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=747.0,754.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they met us up in one of the rooms in the immunology branch where Tom worked.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=754.0,761.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, we'd meet them there, and there were a number of things that we did with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=761.0,768.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. We obtained their histories. What was happening with their illnesses, we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=768.0,773.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took careful measurements of all their lymph nodes in the neck and other places.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=773.0,779.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tom's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=779.0,779.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmain interest being immunology, took a lot of blood samples from these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=779.0,784.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"men. Over the years, we learned a remarkable number of things about what became","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=784.0,789.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"known as HIV later, and I can't remember exactly how many years we continued to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=789.0,795.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do this, but unfortunately, these men came around in the wrong time of history","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=795.0,800.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because this is the early '80s. So, we discovered the virus, it was discovered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=800.0,805.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in '84, we now knew what they had, but we didn't have the HIV drugs yet. So,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=805.0,812.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these men one by one coming down with these pretty awful opportunistic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=812.0,817.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infections. Which I know we'll be talking a little bit more about here in due","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=817.0,823.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"course. But we had no HIV-specific drugs. The first one came around was AZT,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=823.0,828.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was 1987, and then a couple more came around, but we didn't have what we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=828.0,834.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now know is the combination of powerful antiretroviral drug combinations ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=834.0,838.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n until","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=838.0,838.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1996, so most of these men died. When I think back, and I'm glad to have the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=838.0,845.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opportunity to say this now because I don't know that I've ever said this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=845.0,850.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"publicly. I think these men were heroes. You think of what they did. They came","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=850.0,856.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to us. They drove their cars, parked here, came into our offices, endured our","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=856.0,861.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"questions about their histories, we felt their lymph nodes, took a lot of blood","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=861.0,866.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"samples. The only thing that they ever got or were ever promised was the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=866.0,871.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knowledge that they were contributing to something that would hopefully help","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=871.0,875.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people in the future. And I think they were real public health heroes for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=875.0,880.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"helping us and as I mentioned before, because of the time of history they came","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=880.0,886.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around, essentially all of them have passed away. Not all of them. Actually,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=886.0,891.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's another story I can get into if you permit me here. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=891.0,896.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut we learned a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=896.0,898.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tremendous amount from these men. In fact, the 75 HIV-infected men--Tom Spira","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=898.0,903.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would probably answer this better than I, but I would bet that we ended up with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=903.0,909.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one scientific, maybe a scientific manuscript for every two of those. At least","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=909.0,914.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"30 to 40 papers came out of this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=914.0,917.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So, this is unusual for CDC. Did you need special permission to see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=917.0,923.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patients, to draw blood? I'm not familiar with something like this before or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=923.0,928.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since. How did it work?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=928.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: So, Tom Spira would be the one to really best answer that question. He","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=930.0,936.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the primary investigator. So, there was a protocol, and it went through","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=936.0,941.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whatever approvals it had to go through in those days, so it was all accepted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=941.0,947.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People knew what we were doing, and it was under research. I'm sure in some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=947.0,953.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"form. So, we had a protocol, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=953.0,955.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand the various questions we're trying to answer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=955.0,958.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were articulated in the protocol. But in terms of clinical care, again, the men","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=958.0,964.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came here, we drew blood, but we were not providing for their care. That was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=964.0,970.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"understood. We were not their doctors. Their primary doctor was, as I mentioned,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=970.0,975.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the one person who was in Atlanta. His name was Dr. [James S.] Jim Braude, who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=975.0,982.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took care of all these men, so their care was not here. So yes, it was an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=982.0,989.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unusual situation because, in a way it was clinical research which we don't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=989.0,994.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"generally do at CDC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=994.0,996.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You mentioned that there were many papers written. Can you share with us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=996.0,1002.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what some of the key findings were?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1002.0,1005.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: Sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1005.0,1006.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: This was before could --early on--.it was before you could do HIV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1006.0,1011.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"testing, but there were a lot of immunology ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1011.0,1014.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1014.0,1014.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: So, as I mentioned, Tom's main interest is immunology. He was and is an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1014.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunologist, and he was the primary investigator on this project. That was his","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1020.0,1025.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"main interest in trying to learn as much as possible about the immunologic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1025.0,1030.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"abnormalities and the evolution of the immunologic abnormalities in these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1030.0,1034.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patients. So now we think generally of a CD4 [T-cells] lymphocyte count. That's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1034.0,1039.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our measure of immunologic function in HIV patients. So that was one of many,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1039.0,1045.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many tests that Tom was performing in his laboratory. He was looking at all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1045.0,1051.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kinds of markers of CD4 cells, their function, and their enumeration, CD8 cells.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1051.0,1056.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are probably a lot of other things he looked at, too. So that was his main","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1056.0,1063.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interest, and he would be the one to ask about the most important immunologic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1063.0,1069.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"findings he made. I think we were gradually learning, and this project ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1069.0,1074.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n certainly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1074.0,1074.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reinforced that the depletion of CD4 cells is the single most important marker","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1074.0,1079.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for immunologic function and for susceptibility to all the horrible infections","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1079.0,1083.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that these patients were getting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1083.0,1085.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So now we think of the lymphadenopathy syndrome as sort of an early","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1085.0,1091.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"manifestation, but I'm sure some people progressed at different rates. Do you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1091.0,1096.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember some of the opportunistic infections you saw at this stage?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1096.0,1100.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: Sure. Just like you said, the most important marker for progression, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1100.0,1105.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think, turned out to be the CD4 lymphocyte count, and that finding has certainly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1105.0,1111.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"held up to this day. I'll mention a couple of things. We learned about some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1111.0,1117.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other markers that were important, too. In fact, when we look back, I think that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1117.0,1123.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we may have been one of the first to describe a low hemoglobin as an important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1123.0,1129.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"marker for immune progression. We described that-- subsequently, lots of other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1129.0,1133.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"investigators ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1133.0,1133.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndescribed that. A very simple marker for how ill and how quickly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1133.0,1138.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the person will become ill. So, I remember that was one thing that we learned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1138.0,1144.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, we recorded their histories of the various infections they were getting, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1144.0,1149.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were the ones that other AIDS patients were getting at that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1149.0,1154.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time--Pneumocystis pneumonia, Kaposi's sarcoma, mycobacterium avian complex","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1154.0,1157.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[MAC]. All the things that became wrapped up in the AIDS definition these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1157.0,1162.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patients developed, so we knew from the beginning this is all connected in some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1162.0,1168.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way, we just weren't sure how yet until HIV itself was discovered and then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1168.0,1174.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things started to piece together a little bit more. We also, I remember, learned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1174.0,1180.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some interesting behavioral things, and we got into all kinds of things with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1180.0,1185.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these men, and I remember one small thing that we wrote. We asked these young","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1185.0,1191.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gay men what they were doing about their sexual ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1191.0,1195.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbehaviors. And I remember","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1195.0,1197.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learning that the most profound factor for changing behavior was having someone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1197.0,1202.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very close to them like a partner die of AIDS, which I thought that was a really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1202.0,1208.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important thing to know at that time because we were very interested in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1208.0,1213.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"behavioral change. You know, what does it take for people to change these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1213.0,1218.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"high-risk behaviors, does it take really a loved one dying. This is one of many","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1218.0,1224.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things we learned from these men. As I mentioned, there were upwards of 30 or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1224.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe 40 papers that we ended up getting from this whole experience.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1230.0,1235.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Let's move to 1993 when you became the Assistant Director for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1235.0,1240.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Opportunistic Infection or OIs with the Division of HIV/AIDS, and then the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1240.0,1245.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Associate Director for OIs in the Division of AIDS, STD [Sexually Transmitted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1245.0,1250.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Diseases] \u0026 TB [tuberculosis] Lab Research. Here you were in charge of a large","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1250.0,1255.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"research program with the objective of reducing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1255.0,1258.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nOIs. This was a time when the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1258.0,1261.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"number of AIDS cases had risen exponentially, so by 1993, there were an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1261.0,1266.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"estimated 174,000 cases of AIDS in the U.S., with about fifty-percent of these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1266.0,1271.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patients dying. So what diseases were killing all of these AIDS patients?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1271.0,1276.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: Okay, so a very broad question. Before we get there, if you permit me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1276.0,1282.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was one other anecdote I just wanted to throw in about the earlier","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1282.0,1287.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"discussion topic. I still take care of one of these men who had lymphadenopathy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1287.0,1292.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"syndrome. As I mentioned, they all came around at the wrong time of history, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1292.0,1298.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most of them died. I thought they had all died. About two years ago--I still do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1298.0,1304.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some clinical work at the VA [Veterans Administration] Hospital here in Atlanta,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1304.0,1309.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I take care of HIV patients, and I saw a man who came in, and I had never seen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1309.0,1316.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him before, and I introduced ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1316.0,1318.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmyself. I said I'm Dr. Kaplan, and I don't think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1318.0,1321.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've met. And he said, oh, yes, we have. Okay, can you enlighten me here? And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1321.0,1327.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all of a sudden, the memories started lighting up. He obviously looked a little","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1327.0,1332.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bit different, this is 30 years later, but he was one of our men who clearly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1332.0,1338.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survived. He was lucky enough to survive that whole time. A few people did, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1338.0,1343.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guess, and he had been in and out of care in different places, including at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1343.0,1349.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"VA, but I just had never seen him, and now he's my patient. So, I can say he's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1349.0,1355.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my longest-standing patient I've known him for over 30 years. I actually ran","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1355.0,1360.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into another one in Atlanta, too. So anyway, just getting back to that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1360.0,1365.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experience, it was a remarkable experience.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1365.0,1367.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, now we're transitioning to a new time. So, there was a time in between,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1367.0,1372.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we're up to 1993, so I actually had the opportunity while I was in viral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1372.0,1378.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diseases to work on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1378.0,1379.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsome non-AIDS-related retroviruses. We won't go into that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1379.0,1383.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they're much less important than HIV, but in 1993 I had the opportunity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1383.0,1390.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to move over to the domestic AIDS division-- it was the Division of HIV/AIDS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1390.0,1397.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prevention run by [Dr.] Harold [W.] Jaffe. So, Harold, a longtime friend,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1397.0,1403.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"colleague, hired me. So, this is what we were faced with at the time. HIV was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1403.0,1411.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"essentially a death sentence. Men, mostly men in the United States, were dying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1411.0,1418.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these pretty awful diseases which we call opportunistic infections, meaning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1418.0,1424.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as the CD4 count declines, immunologic function deteriorates, people become","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1424.0,1429.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"susceptible to a wide variety of these infections. We mentioned a couple of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1429.0,1436.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them, pneumocystis, it was then Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1436.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nnow the name of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1440.0,1442.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the bug has changed to what we call Pneumocystis jirovecii but we just still","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1442.0,1449.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"call it Pneumocystis pneumonia. Kaposi's sarcoma and mycobacterium avium","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1449.0,1453.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"complex, I mentioned these. There are actually over 20 of these infections that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1453.0,1459.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were incorporated into the AIDS case definition and so a variety of diseases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1459.0,1465.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"caused by viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, all of these. So, men, mostly men,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1465.0,1471.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again, were dying of all these diseases and we had at that time in 1993 AZT","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1471.0,1479.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[azidothymidine] which had come around in 1997 and also a couple of other drugs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1479.0,1486.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had, ddI [didanosine] and ddC [zalcitabine], but these drugs were not really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1486.0,1492.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saving people's lives. The powerful combination antibiotics didn't come around","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1492.0,1497.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until 1996, which was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1497.0,1499.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1499.0,1499.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, I came to work for Harold and so I'll throw a couple of other things in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1499.0,1506.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here. In terms of trying to do something about these infections, we, as I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1506.0,1512.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mentioned, could really do nothing about the underlying cause other than these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1512.0,1517.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"drugs like AZT, which really weren't doing that much. But for Pneumocystis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1517.0,1522.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pneumonia, we knew that there was a combination antibiotic, which we commonly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1522.0,1527.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew as Bactrim. Clinically it's called trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. It's a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1527.0,1531.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"combination of two drugs which could be given to people with advanced HIV. That","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1531.0,1537.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is, people with CD4 counts less than 200, prevent Pneumocystis pneumonia. And in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1537.0,1542.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1992, a group of people--I was not yet involved in that because I came over in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1542.0,1549.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1993, but a group of people at CDC and NIH [National Institutes of Health] and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1549.0,1555.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably some people in academia put out some recommendations for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1555.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n prevention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1560.0,1560.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Pneumocystis pneumonia using Bactrim. This (article) was published in 1992 in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1560.0,1565.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MMWR, and in 1993 there were similar recommendations for children who also","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1565.0,1570.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developed this disease and could be prevented using this drug called Bactrim. In","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1570.0,1576.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1994, mycobacterium avium complex was addressed similarly, so it was around the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1576.0,1581.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time I came over, and there were guidelines for preventing that disease. So,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1581.0,1587.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Harold and I, when I came over, thought--and I can't remember exactly where the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1587.0,1593.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"idea came from, it probably came from Harold because he's such a smart guy, why","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1593.0,1599.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't we address this systematically. There are over 20 of these AIDS-defining","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1599.0,1604.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conditions. So okay we've dealt with Pneumocystis pneumonia, we've dealt with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1604.0,1609.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mycobacterium avium complex, can we look at all of them in a systematic way to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1609.0,1615.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see how we can prevent these infections in our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1615.0,1619.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npatients with HIV. And we knew","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1619.0,1621.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there was a combination of approaches for the ones that I just mentioned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1621.0,1627.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were what we called antibiotic chemoprophylaxis, basically medicines to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1627.0,1631.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prevent the disease. There was also at least one that would be bacterial","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1631.0,1636.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pneumonia where we could vaccinate people against pneumococcus, a pneumococcal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1636.0,1640.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bacterial disease. And then there were a number of these conditions for which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1640.0,1645.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"various exposures, environmental exposures, for example, behaviors might be able","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1645.0,1649.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to prevent some of these diseases. An example I'll mention here is pets,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1649.0,1654.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly cats, which is a whole interesting discussion which maybe we can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1654.0,1659.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talk a little bit more about. Then for some of them, we knew that there's no way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1659.0,1666.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at all that we can prevent this disease, so we thought, okay, how can we go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1666.0,1672.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about and do this in a systematic way. So, this is my job then at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1672.0,1678.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntime. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1678.0,1679.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a title called Associate Director for Opportunistic Infections. We obviously","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1679.0,1683.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made that title up and worked in the Office of the Director in Harold's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1683.0,1688.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"division. So, we put together a collaborative group. We got the National","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1688.0,1692.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Institutes of Health involved and my main colleague there was [Dr.] Henry Masur,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1692.0,1697.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then the Infectious Diseases Society of America [IDSA] and my main colleague","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1697.0,1702.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there at the time was [Dr.] King [K.] Holmes who was from the University of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1702.0,1708.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Washington. To this day, I remain friends with these guys. This is a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1708.0,1713.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"collaboration that just worked really well. We had to engage a lot of other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1713.0,1718.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, a lot of people from academia who were subject matter experts in a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1718.0,1724.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these diseases, and also people with HIV and I want to be able to say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1724.0,1730.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something more about that because I learned a lot in this process about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1730.0,1735.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"listening to people, particularly the people who were trying to help. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1735.0,1739.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSo, we put","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1739.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together a consortium of people, and we had a big meeting. This was probably","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1740.0,1746.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back around 1995, and oh, it would've been '94 because we came out with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1746.0,1752.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"comprehensive guidelines. We called them CDC NIH IDSA for the institutions I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1752.0,1757.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mentioned, Guidelines to Prevent Opportunistic Infections in HIV-infected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1757.0,1760.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Persons. In 1995 we had a big supplement (in the MMWR). The first one was (for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1760.0,1767.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"managing) clinical infectious diseases. We had systematic guidelines for these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1767.0,1771.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diseases, and I'll mention a little bit more about the format for that. And also","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1771.0,1778.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had background papers that people wrote about their particular bug. And we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1778.0,1783.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organized these in--we were focused on prevention at the time, so we had to have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1783.0,1790.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kind of a format. We organized these according to how to prevent exposure to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1790.0,1797.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particular pathogen and, once ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1797.0,1799.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nexposed, how to prevent disease like through","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1799.0,1802.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccination or chemoprophylaxis and then also how to prevent disease recurrence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1802.0,1807.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if the patient got this and they might get it again. So, it was a remarkable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1807.0,1815.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exercise, and as I mentioned, I learned a lot about listening to people. So, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1815.0,1822.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guess if you allow me, I'll just say a little bit more about pets because this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1822.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is a very important thing that we learned. We knew that there were some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1830.0,1837.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important infections you could get from pets, and the most important one is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1837.0,1843.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"toxoplasmosis. It's a brain infection, toxoplasmic encephalitis. It's a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1843.0,1847.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"protozoal bug that cats get and it's excreted in their feces and for people who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1847.0,1854.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"empty kitty litter boxes there's potential for exposure to the organism which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1854.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthen can end up getting access to the body usually in a fecal-oral so it's by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1860.0,1866.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mouth and then could develop into a form of the organism that can go to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1866.0,1872.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brain and cause encephalitis. Well, it would've been very easy at the time to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1872.0,1877.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say don't own pets. I mean some people just said that. You know, HIV-infected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1877.0,1882.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people should not own pets. Well, time out. You know, pets are very important to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1882.0,1888.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, and they're companion animals, and the HIV community were very quick to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1888.0,1893.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let us know that you can't tell us to get rid of our cats. This has to be a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1893.0,1900.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little bit more nuanced than that, so please think about that a little bit more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1900.0,1906.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we did, and in the end we never told anybody to get rid of their cats but we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1906.0,1913.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did make recommendations about ways to clean a kitty litter box, to make sure to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1913.0,1919.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"use ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1919.0,1919.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ngloves, wash your hands, change the kitty litter box often because what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1919.0,1924.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happens is in the feces it takes a few days for the cysts to develop and mature","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1924.0,1932.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and become infective. The longer the kitty litter box lasts there, the more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1932.0,1938.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infectious it might become. So, the bottom line of that is I learned how to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1938.0,1945.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"listen, and we had a lot of people at the table. We had, as I mentioned,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1945.0,1952.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"government people, people from academia, research people, but the AIDS community","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1952.0,1957.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a very important participant in all of those exercises.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1957.0,1962.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So anyway, to make a long story short at this point, these guidelines first came","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1962.0,1969.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out in 1995. We know they had a lot of impact from the readership of these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1969.0,1976.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guidelines. They were considered the main source for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1976.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nclinicians and for patients","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1980.0,1982.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around the country about how to prevent these infections. Now, over the course","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1982.0,1987.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of several years, a few things happened. First of all, at one point in there, we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1987.0,1994.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expanded to include not just prevention but also treatment, and we had several","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1994.0,1999.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"revisions of these guidelines. In fact, there were at least five up to about the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=1999.0,2005.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year 2012. I think was the last one. So, what happened in 2012? By this time, we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2005.0,2012.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had--and by the way, I should also mention that the pediatric group split off to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2012.0,2018.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"develop their own guidelines, which are still out there. So, our guidelines for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2018.0,2023.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2023.0,2027.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"assumed kind of a life of its own and went through at least five revisions, all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2027.0,2034.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"published in MMWR and other journals. The one in 2012 was so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2034.0,2039.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbig-- it was the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2039.0,2041.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"largest MMWR supplement ever published. For people who know that publication to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2041.0,2046.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the extent that it's still published in hard copy, usually, staples are used to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2046.0,2052.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"put it together. We had to have a glue binding like a telephone book would have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2052.0,2058.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a huge document. It basically went through all the resources we could to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2058.0,2064.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get this done. MMWR did not have all the editorial staff. We had to provide some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2064.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of our own. We realized that here going forward, this is going to have to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2070.0,2076.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"change. We're gonna have to go online and get away from these hard copy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2076.0,2082.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"publications. So, since 2012, it's maintained a life of its own online. It's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2082.0,2087.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2087.0,2088.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You mentioned MMWR for this and for use cotrimoxazole for prevention of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2088.0,2093.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pneumocystis and so on. Can you say a little bit more about the role MMWR, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2093.0,2099.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Morbidity and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2099.0,2100.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nMortality Weekly Report, CDC's publication, played in doing all of this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2100.0,2105.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: Yeah, thank you, Bess. It's an important question. Obviously, MMWR was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2105.0,2111.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our primary mode of getting this information out, and this is CDC's publication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2111.0,2117.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Over the years, MMWR has always had the weekly but have had different series of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2117.0,2124.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other types of publications, including these supplements. So, CDC was front and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2124.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"center in terms of getting this information out. Right from the beginning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2130.0,2136.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in--yeah go back to '95. We published an MMWR, all the subsequent revisions came","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2136.0,2143.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out in MMWR, but we also used other medical journals as well but CDC was always","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2143.0,2151.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"front and center in terms of MMWR being the main place we'd publish these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2151.0,2158.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guidelines which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2158.0,2159.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmeant not only a tremendous commitment from MMWR and their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2159.0,2164.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"staff but also from all the subject matter experts. So, we are a public health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2164.0,2171.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"institution here with a lot of subject matter expertise, so for all of these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2171.0,2177.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bugs, over 20 of these opportunistic infections that we included, we had subject","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2177.0,2183.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"matter experts here at CDC. So, they all participated and gave of their time to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2183.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"help us develop recommendations, to the research of the literature, write","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2190.0,2195.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"background papers. So, there was a tremendous investment on the part of CDC and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2195.0,2201.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the part of MMWR and all these subject matter experts to make all this happen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2201.0,2208.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At this point, many years later, the website that maintains these is actually an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2208.0,2214.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"NIH website. However, I did all this until a couple of years ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2214.0,2219.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nago when I retired","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2219.0,2221.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although they're still nice enough to include my name, but the subject matter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2221.0,2227.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experts are still mostly, or in great part, from CDC. And now, the document is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2227.0,2234.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maintained online with revisions made as necessary. So, it's still a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2234.0,2239.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"collaboration as it was in the beginning between CDC and NIH and actually now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2239.0,2246.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2246.0,2252.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the subject matter expertise, a lot of it still comes from here, so a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2252.0,2260.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"energy goes into it, but it's now a document that's maintained online. MMWR is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2260.0,2267.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no longer a part of it since 2012.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2267.0,2271.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You've been seeing patients at the VA. I'm not sure when that started.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2271.0,2278.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you experience patients with these severe ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2278.0,2281.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nopportunistic infections in your","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2281.0,2283.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"own VA clinic experience, although many of them might've been hospitalized, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2283.0,2288.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even as an outpatient before ART. was available? Did you see some patients with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2288.0,2294.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these opportunistic infections?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2294.0,2295.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: Well, the answer--so first of all, I've been, fortunately, during all my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2295.0,2301.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC years, really, after EIS, I was allowed to do some clinical work. It was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2301.0,2308.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually part of our job in a way as commission officers in the public health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2308.0,2315.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"service. So, I started seeing HIV patients actually initially at our DeKalb","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2315.0,2320.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"County health facility early on, and then I switched to the VA at some point, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2320.0,2327.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can't remember when I did that, seeing patients in the outpatient department.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2327.0,2332.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What that means is the sickest patients who were admitted to the hospital I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2332.0,2338.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2338.0,2339.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsee because I was not doing hospital work. If they can walk in to an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2339.0,2345.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outpatient department, obviously patients are relatively healthy at the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2345.0,2349.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, yes, in the sense that a lot of our patients had developed these diseases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2349.0,2355.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and had been in the hospital, I would usually see them afterward when they're","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2355.0,2360.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"walking into the clinic. So I may not have been involved in the inpatient part","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2360.0,2366.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of their care but I was certainly involved in the outpatient part which involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2366.0,2371.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not only the antiretroviral drugs which obviously came along later but in terms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2371.0,2376.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of preventing additional prevention for these opportunistic infections and for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2376.0,2380.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those who had had them for what we called secondary prophylaxis or chronic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2380.0,2385.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maintenance therapy to give them medicine to make sure they didn't get it again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2385.0,2390.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So, were you using fluconazole for cryptococcal meningitis, or was the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2390.0,2395.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mainstay Bactrim? Do you remember what some of the infections you were trying to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2395.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nprevent in Atlanta, Georgia?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2400.0,2402.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: Sure. Well, not only Atlanta but also around the country because the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2402.0,2408.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guidelines we developed were useful around the whole country--actually around","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2408.0,2413.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the world as well. And I mentioned there are a number of modes of prevention,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2413.0,2420.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but in terms of antibiotic chemoprophylaxis, the main ones in use were Bactrim","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2420.0,2426.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to prevent Pneumocystis pneumonia and also, we used azithromycin to prevent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2426.0,2431.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mycobacterium avium complex. Interestingly, after all these years, Bactrim we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2431.0,2436.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still use for people who have a low CD4 count even if they're on antiretroviral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2436.0,2443.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"therapy because they're still susceptible. We now know that for mycobacterium","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2443.0,2448.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"avium complex, that it's becoming such a rare disease and people who are on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2448.0,2454.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antiretroviral therapy do so well that just recently, literally in the past six","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2454.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"months, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2460.0,2461.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nrecommendations have pretty much dropped for using azithromycin to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2461.0,2465.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prevent MAC disease. So, I'll get to fluconazole in a minute since you mentioned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2465.0,2471.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. So, the main ones have always been Bactrim and up to the present time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2471.0,2478.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"azithromycin to prevent MAC. Also, vaccinations, particularly against","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2478.0,2482.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pneumococcal disease, there are two vaccines we use to prevent that. Now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2482.0,2488.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fluconazole is an interesting one. I'll just mention this quickly because there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2488.0,2494.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are fungal diseases here that we're talking about, candida, cryptococcal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2494.0,2499.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease, also some other ones that are a little bit less common. Fluconazole has","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2499.0,2505.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never been used as primary prophylaxis in the United States. We've never","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2505.0,2511.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recommended it. I'll mention here that science has to back up all the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2511.0,2517.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recommendations we make, and fluconazole was never shown to have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2517.0,2522.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n mortality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2522.0,2523.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"benefit to prevent cryptococcal disease mainly because less of it here than in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2523.0,2530.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other places. For people who have had a disease like cryptococcal meningitis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2530.0,2536.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then as chronic maintenance therapy, fluconazole may be used to keep them from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2536.0,2543.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recurring with it afterward. So, it has a use, but it was never used as primary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2543.0,2551.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prophylaxis here, it's never been recommended in the U.S.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2551.0,2556.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So, in January of 2004, you moved to the Division of Global HIV/AIDS to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2556.0,2564.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work on PEPFAR and soon became Chief of the HIV Care and Treatment branch. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2564.0,2572.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just to start off, what made you decide to work on PEPFAR programs?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2572.0,2579.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: So, at the time, I had an interesting job at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2579.0,2585.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntime. From our earlier","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2585.0,2587.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"discussion, I was in the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, our domestic program,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2587.0,2592.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a number of years. I was given an opportunity, or let's just say I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2592.0,2599.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"asked, to become Division Director of the Laboratory Division. At the time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2599.0,2604.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Harold Jaffe left that job to become a Center Director, so I became Director of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2604.0,2611.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a Laboratory Division, which no longer exists. It was called the Division of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2611.0,2617.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"AIDS, STD and TB Laboratory Research, DASTLR. So, I did not have a laboratory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2617.0,2623.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"background. I did that for a few years, and I knew the whole time that this was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2623.0,2631.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably not the best match. I'm glad to do this to the best of my ability but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2631.0,2639.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably not the best match for my experience and expertise. So around 2004, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2639.0,2645.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guess that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2645.0,2646.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwas the beginning of it, I was approached by [Dr. Robert James] R. J.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2646.0,2651.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Simonds who worked in the International HIV program which had had kind of a life","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2651.0,2657.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before then. Actually, it was called the LIFE [Leadership and Investment in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2657.0,2662.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fighting an Epidemic] Initiative early on. It became the Global AIDS program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2662.0,2667.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Around this time, this is when the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2667.0,2672.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was getting started and actually started with a State of the Union Address by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2672.0,2677.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"President George W. Bush, I think it was January of 2003 if I recall. So, R. J.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2677.0,2684.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"approached me and said, why don't you come over? So, I looked at this, and I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2684.0,2690.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thought, hmm, this is HIV, it's international, a lot of resources are going to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2690.0,2695.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be coming down to work on this, and in terms of care and treatment this is right","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2695.0,2702.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up my alley because I've been working on opportunistic infections. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2702.0,2706.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSo, I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2706.0,2707.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it took me about one minute to say yes. So, I made that transition. Initially, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2707.0,2714.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked for R. J., and then there were some changes in the HIV Care and Treatment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2714.0,2721.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"branch, and I became chief of it about a couple of years later, and that's what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2721.0,2728.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I did for the last 12, 13 years of my career.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2728.0,2733.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So, looking back on those early PEPFAR days and years, you began to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2733.0,2739.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"travel a lot to PEPFAR supported countries. Can you, from a broad perspective,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2739.0,2745.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tell us what you saw with regards to AIDS care and treatment in those countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2745.0,2752.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the management of opportunistic infections?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2752.0,2755.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: So, at the beginning, this was an eye-opening experience. So, yes, I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2755.0,2761.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved in a number of ways early on in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2761.0,2765.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\neffort, and one of these was to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2765.0,2768.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"help specific countries develop their plans. And there were three countries that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2768.0,2774.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was specifically involved in as part of the initial what we called core teams,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2774.0,2781.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meaning you'd have a person from CDC, a person from USAID [United States Agency","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2781.0,2788.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for International Development], a person from the Department of Defense. So, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2788.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was involved specifically and spent a lot of time in three countries from the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2794.0,2801.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"onset. Those were Mozambique, Uganda, and Ethiopia. I'll mention Uganda here in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2801.0,2807.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I'd actually had some experience in Uganda, which is another really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2807.0,2813.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"memorable part of my career. I had been to Uganda a couple of times early on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2813.0,2821.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the devastation from this epidemic was remarkable. So as an example, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2821.0,2827.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n when","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2827.0,2828.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you go to Uganda, the International Airport is Entebbe but the capital city, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2828.0,2835.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"big city, is--well actually Entebbe is the capital. The large city is Kampala,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2835.0,2842.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is about maybe 20 miles away. Driving from Entebbe to Kampala, it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2842.0,2849.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"amazing how many coffin makers there were besides the road. It wasn't just one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2849.0,2856.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or two or three. Everyone was making coffins, and people were dying like flies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2856.0,2863.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Uganda at the time. It was really devastating. Now, in terms of what people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2863.0,2871.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were getting, some of the most important infections there were common with the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2871.0,2878.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States, but actually, the biggest difference was tuberculosis so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2878.0,2883.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Obviously, Bess, this has been an important part of your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2883.0,2888.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncareer also, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2888.0,2889.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"internationally TB, we came to know as the most important infection in terms of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2889.0,2894.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"morbidity and mortality affecting AIDS patients. There was a lot of TB. In the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2894.0,2899.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"U.S., we had less TB in the U.S., so it had been not as big a factor, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2899.0,2906.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"internationally, TB was the big one. There was a lot of oral candida infections","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2906.0,2911.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which we call thrush, and I could probably name a bunch of others. Kaposi's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2911.0,2916.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sarcoma, there was a fair amount of that. So, in general, overlapped with things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2916.0,2921.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we'd seen in the United States but tuberculosis was the big, big, big one and we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2921.0,2927.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually to this day we know that's the case in Africa and other parts of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2927.0,2933.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world. So, a lot of TB and various other infections, so the spectrum was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2933.0,2939.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little bit different. The important thing is people are just dying, and of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2939.0,2944.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"course here now we are with PEPFAR, we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2944.0,2947.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhave an opportunity to try to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2947.0,2951.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2951.0,2953.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So, who was in these countries, Ethiopia, Mozambique, and Uganda? How","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2953.0,2960.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the care provided to patients? Would they just go to an outpatient clinic,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2960.0,2968.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were they dying at home, was there palliative care management? How was health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2968.0,2975.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"service delivered to all these sick people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2975.0,2979.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: Well, the health services were obviously inadequate. So, continuing with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2979.0,2985.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Uganda as an example, the hospitals there--there were hospitals in Kampala, they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2985.0,2992.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were overloaded with AIDS patients. There were an inadequate supply of people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2992.0,2999.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of supplies, of diagnostics, of drugs. All these things were in short supply, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=2999.0,3006.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand the conditions in the hospitals weren't great. They were so crowded that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3006.0,3011.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people would come in there, there would be patients lying on the floor, they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3011.0,3017.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be in the hallways, and their families would be camping out all over the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3017.0,3023.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place, by the bed, out in the yard by the hospital. So, the hospitals were very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3023.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"overcrowded with all those inadequacies, death rates very high. The clinics were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3030.0,3035.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very meager at the time. So, at the time we started PEPFAR there actually was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3035.0,3042.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little bit of antiretroviral therapy, there were the powerful HIV drugs that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3042.0,3047.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were being administered mainly by--there was actually a leader in Uganda, a guy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3047.0,3052.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"named [Dr.] Peter [N.] Mugyenyi, who is sometimes known as the father of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3052.0,3057.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antiretroviral therapy in Africa, a Ugandan. He was working at a research","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3057.0,3062.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"institute, which I guess included a medical ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3062.0,3065.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfacility, the Joint Clinical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3065.0,3067.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Research Center in Kampala. There were a few people getting these drugs, but for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3067.0,3075.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the most part, the clinics really weren't there. There were hardly any drugs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3075.0,3083.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there except for a unique place like that. Laboratory facilities (were)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3083.0,3089.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"essentially nonexistent. So basically, people were dying, and the healthcare","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3089.0,3095.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"provision was poor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3095.0,3097.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Now, looking at these countries, for example, as time went on, most of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3097.0,3105.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the PEPFAR-supported countries had CDC country offices with technical leads in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3105.0,3111.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the countries. Can you describe how you interact with that in terms of beginning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3111.0,3119.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to offer antiretroviral therapy and scale-up services?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3119.0,3123.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: Okay, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3123.0,3124.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nso the important thing about the beginning of PEPFAR is obviously","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3124.0,3129.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC played a huge role, but it wasn't just us. It was a U.S. government effort","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3129.0,3136.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was made clear from the beginning from our leaders up in Washington. It","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3136.0,3142.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was an effort of the Centers for Disease Control, the U.S. Agency for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3142.0,3148.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"International Development, USAID, the Department of Defense, the Peace Corps had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3148.0,3153.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a role, and there were some other agencies that played a role, the Health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3153.0,3159.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Resources and the Services Administration, HRSA, had a role. So, we were told","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3159.0,3165.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the beginning we've got to all work on this together. So, a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3165.0,3172.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting stories about some of these initial visits to these countries where","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3172.0,3177.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basically we're getting together with people, many of them on the ground had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3177.0,3183.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never met each ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3183.0,3184.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nother, but were asked to come together and play in the sandbox","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3184.0,3190.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well and come together with a U.S. government program, leave your uniforms at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3190.0,3196.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the door. Now, in all the big countries we worked in, CDC did have a presence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3196.0,3204.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already, and, of course, our CDC colleagues had ideas about how they wanted to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3204.0,3211.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go about things. Colleagues from the other agencies had different ideas. So,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3211.0,3217.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the very beginning, it was a real exercise in collaboration and getting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3217.0,3223.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people to talk to each other, which presented tremendous challenges. Our CDC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3223.0,3229.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"offices, we have fabulous people at our institution, and I think the one thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3229.0,3236.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's special about the CDC offices and our people at the time was a commitment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3236.0,3243.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to science-based interventions. We have always ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3243.0,3246.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbeen a science-based agency, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3246.0,3248.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we wanted to make sure that what we were doing had a firm science base.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3248.0,3254.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Obviously, we wanted to accomplish the missions of what we're trying to do in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3254.0,3259.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"PEPFAR and care and treatment is just part of it, and that's the part that I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3259.0,3265.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did, but obviously there were many other elements to what we were doing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3265.0,3270.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"specifically prevention, data management, just a lot of other counseling and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3270.0,3274.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"testing, so a lot of other aspects to what we were doing, and we had a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3274.0,3281.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"technical expertise in our CDC offices. So, I think right from the beginning our","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3281.0,3286.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strengths were the remarkable people we had, and I'm talking about Atlanta-based","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3286.0,3291.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people that obviously the in-country staff who were in the process of being","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3291.0,3296.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hired to be part of our programs, the commitment to science and the technical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3296.0,3301.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expertise. Those were the things we really brought to the table, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3301.0,3305.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand sometimes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3305.0,3306.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people from the other agencies thought a little bit differently about things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3306.0,3311.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that led to just some--I learned a lot about collaboration and getting along","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3311.0,3317.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with people during those years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3317.0,3319.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: How about working with the Ministry of Health in terms of strategy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3319.0,3325.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"development and implementation? Can you give some examples of how that did or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3325.0,3331.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did not work?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3331.0,3332.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: Okay, sure. Thanks for that question because it's critical. I mentioned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3332.0,3337.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at CDC we have a commitment to science, and we have a lot of technical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3337.0,3344.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expertise. We are a public health institution, and a priority right from the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3344.0,3350.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beginning was to work with the host country government to try to make this work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3350.0,3357.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a way that would be compatible with their public health programs. So, it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3357.0,3364.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always from the beginning a high ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3364.0,3367.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npriority for us in Atlanta, and for our CDC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3367.0,3370.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"offices to work with the ministries of health with the idea that whatever we do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3370.0,3375.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is your program and eventually with any luck, depending on in-country resources,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3375.0,3379.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the country will take it over, we won't be needed here anymore. So, this is a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3379.0,3385.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"priority for us from the beginning, and I have to say other agencies didn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3385.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quite look at it that way all the time. They didn't have the history of working","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3390.0,3396.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with host country governments the way we did at CDC, but it was always a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3396.0,3401.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"priority for us to work with the ministries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3401.0,3404.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So, how would that happen? How would that take place?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3404.0,3408.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: So that could happen in a number of ways. Sometimes we had people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3408.0,3413.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually detailed to the Ministry of Health to live there and to work there even","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3413.0,3418.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"though they're still a CDC person. It would always involve lots of meetings with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3418.0,3423.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the ministry with people at different levels there to try to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3423.0,3427.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndecide on the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3427.0,3428.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program and what we were trying to do. But sometimes we had people embedded","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3428.0,3434.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there, and I think we still do that. You asked about whether it worked. Well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3434.0,3440.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sometimes, and sometimes not. It depends a lot on the kind of expertise in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3440.0,3446.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ministry, their commitment, and their expertise in some of these programs. It","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3446.0,3451.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"depends a lot on people. So if you had really dedicated people at the ministry","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3451.0,3457.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who had the same goals that we did in terms of trying to help their people and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3457.0,3464.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"save lives, then the collaborations might work better than at other times when","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3464.0,3469.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were poorly staffed, and they didn't have people, or they weren't very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3469.0,3474.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"committed, or they were taking money on the side. I mean right from the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3474.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beginning working in these countries there's always an issue there, too, about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3480.0,3485.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether monies are getting diverted in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3485.0,3488.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwrong direction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3488.0,3489.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Speaking of money, these were huge amounts of money. This was a $15","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3489.0,3496.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"billion over a five-year commitment, and so many of these countries would be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3496.0,3502.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting $100 million $200 million a year. Money that they had never seen the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3502.0,3509.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"likes of. How was this spent? What were the expenses in getting an ART program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3509.0,3516.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going in a country?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3516.0,3518.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: Okay, so, first of all, you touched on the \"B\" word, the Billion word,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3518.0,3525.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that is worth emphasizing. When this whole thing started with President","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3525.0,3531.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bush's State of the Union Address, it was mentioned--I think it was mentioned in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3531.0,3538.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his address $15 billion over five years. This is the largest commitment to a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3538.0,3545.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"single disease ever made in the history of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3545.0,3549.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nworld. No one in public health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3549.0,3552.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had ever heard the \"B\" word before. Sometimes the \"M\" word for Millions but the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3552.0,3558.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"B\" word was just unheard of. So, this is a huge amount of money. So,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3558.0,3564.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"administering this was obviously a huge challenge. So, in terms of the HIV Care","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3564.0,3570.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Treatment Programs, we had to embark on a number of things starting with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3570.0,3576.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(the) purchase of the drugs. Fortunately, the drugs purchased internationally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3576.0,3580.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were not the same as when we get them domestically here. There are various","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3580.0,3586.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agreements, and I'm not really an expert on how this is done in generic drugs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3586.0,3592.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but also just agreements with drug companies to get drugs for less money","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3592.0,3597.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"overseas. So, purchase of the drugs. Then you have to have the people and the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3597.0,3603.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clinics. And as I mentioned at the very beginning here, the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3603.0,3608.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n infrastructure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3608.0,3608.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wasn't really there. There weren't that many clinics, and they were poorly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3608.0,3613.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"staffed, and they looked terrible-- they needed renovation. So, we had to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3613.0,3618.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"identify the sites, and then there were a lot of partners involved. It's not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3618.0,3623.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just the Ministry of Health, there are a lot of partners that we gave money to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3623.0,3629.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of whom were already involved in a country, let's say university programs,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3629.0,3634.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for example.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3634.0,3635.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Who were some of the other partners already in-country or soon to become","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3635.0,3640.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in-country working on setting up ART programs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3640.0,3643.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: So, a big one, and early on there were--I'd be hard-pressed to remember","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3643.0,3648.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this. When you talk with [Dr.] Tedd [V.] Ellerbrock sometime, he'll tell you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3648.0,3653.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the so-called Track One program that started from the beginning. We had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3653.0,3658.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"four main collaborators. One of them, for example, was ICAP, that's the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3658.0,3663.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"International AIDS Program at Columbia University. So, they were involved over","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3663.0,3667.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. Johns Hopkins had a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3667.0,3669.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nprogram over there. I'll have to remember the others","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3669.0,3673.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now, but there were some programs, and they initially became part of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3673.0,3678.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so-called Track One program because they already had some experience, they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3678.0,3682.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already had some presence in Africa, they already had offices there, so they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3682.0,3687.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were logical people to go through. So, we had partners like this plus the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3687.0,3693.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ministry of Health, so we had to make sure we had the facilities working with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3693.0,3699.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them, the drugs, the training of people, hiring more people, the laboratory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3699.0,3704.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"backup for the laboratory tests, the renovation of the facilities. When we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3704.0,3709.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looked at a lot of these places, the roof would be leaking and water coming in,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3709.0,3715.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so we had to do a lot of renovations, data management, keep track of what we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3715.0,3721.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were doing. So, HIV Care and Treatment involved all of those things, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3721.0,3726.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually, that's just the antiretroviral drugs part. We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3726.0,3729.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhaven't yet talked about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3729.0,3731.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the non-HIV drug part of HIV care, which is a great story in and of itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3731.0,3738.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: I want to get to that. Can you tell me a little bit about the strategy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3738.0,3745.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"initially of getting drugs to people? Were these services at a district level,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3745.0,3751.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were they at a higher tertiary care level? How did the ill get to these clinical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3751.0,3758.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"services initially? I think as time went on, there was a desire to have you do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3758.0,3765.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more peripheral, but initially, do you remember what the approach was?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3765.0,3770.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: Initially, we had to get things going quickly because the idea was, we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3770.0,3776.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have all this money, we want to get started right away. So, at the onset, you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3776.0,3783.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"want to work with what's there, so at the beginning, the places that either were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3783.0,3789.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or could become ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3789.0,3790.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nclinics were generally in the big cities affiliated with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3790.0,3794.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospitals. So that was the logical place to start right there. As time went on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3794.0,3801.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we wanted to expand these programs, obviously we had to do more than that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3801.0,3808.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had to get out to more peripheral areas of the country, to districts and even","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3808.0,3815.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"communities, and find ways to develop clinics and to get people out there and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3815.0,3821.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the drugs and all the other aspects of care out there. So, I think it's fair to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3821.0,3829.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say that initially it was very capital city-based near the hospitals but over","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3829.0,3835.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time it expanded, and now at this time, we're talking about hundreds and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3835.0,3841.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hundreds of facilities in some of these countries that go way beyond the big cities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3841.0,3848.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You mentioned beyond setting up the ART clinics, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3848.0,3852.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nlooking at all the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3852.0,3854.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other care and support activities. Can you describe some of those?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3854.0,3859.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: Sure. So, this is the whole story, and it's a wonderful story because it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3859.0,3866.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was another exercise and challenge of how we go about administering our","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3866.0,3871.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"programs. So, besides the HIV drugs, and we'll just say at the beginning that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3871.0,3877.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the focus because these are the lifesaving drugs. In fact, it was really the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3877.0,3884.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"combination antiretroviral therapy regimens, three drugs, that didn't come","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3884.0,3888.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"onboard until about 1996 that really made all this possible. It wasn't until","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3888.0,3894.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that happened till people started to think, wow, maybe we can actually do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3894.0,3900.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something internationally. And here PEPFAR comes along about seven years later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3900.0,3905.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's not an accident. Those drugs had to come along because, unlike the single","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3905.0,3911.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"drug like AZT we had back in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3911.0,3914.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n1987, 1996 was a key year. That was the year that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3914.0,3919.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the first so-called third most powerful drug in the cocktail. Protease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3919.0,3924.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inhibitors came along in 1996, and since then, others have come along. But these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3924.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were the three-drug combinations that these really saved lives, so that's what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3930.0,3935.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made this whole thing possible. So that was always the cornerstone, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3935.0,3940.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually, I'll go back--I'm getting to your question here but when the initial","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3940.0,3945.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program was laid out by President Bush--I can't remember whether this was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3945.0,3950.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably articulated soon thereafter by our office in Washington what became the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3950.0,3955.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Office of the Global AIDS Coordinator. We had the so-called two-seven-ten goals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3955.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, what were those? What that meant was over the five years and the \"B\" word,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3960.0,3967.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the 15 billion dollars over five years, the goal was to give antiretroviral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3967.0,3972.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"therapy, these HIV drugs, to two million ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3972.0,3975.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npeople, to give HIV care in a broader","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3975.0,3978.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sense, I'll mention in a minute what that means, to ten million people, and to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3978.0,3984.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prevent seven million infections. The two-seven-ten goals. Those were our mantra","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3984.0,3988.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the beginning of this. All right, so what do we mean by broader HIV care? In","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3988.0,3994.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"addition to the antiretroviral drugs, we're talking about the prevention and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3994.0,3998.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"treatment of opportunistic infections with more specific modalities, not just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=3998.0,4002.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the HIV drugs. We're talking about food and nutrition because a lot of people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4002.0,4007.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were starving out there. In fact, on at least one occasion I remember going into","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4007.0,4013.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a country and sitting down with all these high-level people and thinking about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4013.0,4018.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the things we could do and somebody just stopping the conversation with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4018.0,4023.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"let's start with a good meal, that's what these people need the most, there's a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4023.0,4029.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot of malnutrition.\" So, food and nutrition. End-stage care. A lot of people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4029.0,4034.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dying so so-called palliative care, pain ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4034.0,4036.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmanagement, which a lot of patients in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4036.0,4039.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the final stages of HIV have. Social services like, for example, people are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4039.0,4044.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"starving, how about just a little bit of a micro loan so they can make a garden","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4044.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and grow food to feed themselves and maybe sell a little bit to their neighbor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4050.0,4056.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mental health services. Treatment of sexually transmitted infections. These were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4056.0,4060.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all on the table to get to the ten million. Nobody had really defined how we're","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4060.0,4066.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gonna do that. We called it Care. Actually, another good story about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4066.0,4071.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Initially, that whole area was called palliative care. Now, that was an issue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4071.0,4076.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the beginning. Most of us walking around in the street usually think of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4076.0,4081.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"palliative care meaning care of a terminally ill patient for whom we can do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4081.0,4086.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing else, making sure they're pain-free. But there was a whole kind of a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4086.0,4091.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feel and very passionate people who wanted to interpret palliative care more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4091.0,4096.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbroadly to basically be everything, what we were doing for all of our patients.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4096.0,4101.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So initially, this whole area was called palliative care. Subsequently, many","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4101.0,4105.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years later we changed the name, so we had issues with nomenclature right from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4105.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the beginning, how to define what we were doing, what the priorities would be,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4110.0,4115.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how-to guide the countries, what do we do with this whole area, what are we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4115.0,4120.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trying to do to ten million people. I was very fortunate to be involved in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4120.0,4126.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leadership of this at CDC and also in Washington during this time, so I lived","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4126.0,4131.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through all these years, and there were people who were very passionate about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4131.0,4136.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different parts of this. He had their whole community groups focused on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4136.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"palliative care, and they would tell us what we should do and what the money","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4140.0,4145.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be used for.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4145.0,4146.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Which community groups? Communities--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4146.0,4148.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: Well, they're whole associations. I forget the names now. There's the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4148.0,4152.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Palliative Care Association, APCA.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4152.0,4154.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: U.S. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4154.0,4155.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n based.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4155.0,4155.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: U.S. based, right. These are nongovernment people. And then food and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4155.0,4159.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nutrition. There were people at one of our sister agencies like USAID, who were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4159.0,4164.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"totally focused on that. That was their area of expertise-- they wanted to feed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4164.0,4169.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. Well, we can't use all the PEPFAR money to buy food. So, these were the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4169.0,4175.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kinds of challenges we had to deal with early on, and how do we name what we're","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4175.0,4181.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doing, how do we define it, how do we keep from spreading ourselves so thin that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4181.0,4187.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're wasting the money. In fact, I remember the first global AIDS coordinator","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4187.0,4192.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting up at one of our big meetings and saying we can't be a mile wide and an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4192.0,4199.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inch deep, can't do that. So, trying to direct all this was a real challenge. It","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4199.0,4205.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"evolved tremendously over the years that I was involved. I'll just say from the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4205.0,4210.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC standpoint, we're science-based, we wanted to make sure to do the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4210.0,4214.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4214.0,4214.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the most impact, so the biggest thing for us right at the beginning was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4214.0,4220.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bactrim. That was what we were focused on. A lot of people out there didn't know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4220.0,4226.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what Bactrim was. But just like it had been in the United States, it could be a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4226.0,4233.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lifesaving drug overseas actually for more reasons than the United States. In","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4233.0,4238.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the United States, it's a drug that primarily prevents Pneumocystis pneumonia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4238.0,4242.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but in Africa, it prevents Pneumocystis pneumonia, it prevents toxoplasma","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4242.0,4246.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"encephalitis, that infection we mentioned, it prevents various protozoal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4246.0,4249.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diseases in the gut like isosporiasis, it prevents malaria, a huge issue in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4249.0,4254.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Africa. So just getting Bactrim on the map, making sure everyone understood its","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4254.0,4259.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"importance, and using that, that was our first priority. But then we went on in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4259.0,4265.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a number of directions. Also, I haven't mentioned here, WHO [the World Health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4265.0,4270.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Organization]. WHO figured into this a lot because, over the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4270.0,4274.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nyears, I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4274.0,4275.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved in at least three different renditions of WHO guidelines in the use of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4275.0,4282.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bactrim, which actually goes by the name cotrimoxazole overseas. So that was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4282.0,4288.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"priority from the beginning but managing all these very passionate interests and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4288.0,4294.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trying to keep our eyes on the prize-- what's the best way to spend this money--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4294.0,4302.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a great challenge. I mean, I loved the challenge--it was tough at times to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4302.0,4309.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get through this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4309.0,4310.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So, Bactrim itself was relatively inexpensive. What was the thinking in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4310.0,4316.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"terms of how to get it out in a widespread way beyond the hospitals where","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4316.0,4323.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patients were coming in for ART care? What was the thinking about approaching","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4323.0,4329.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all these patients, some in rural areas, some in--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4329.0,4333.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4333.0,4333.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWell, the first thing there was making sure it was understood who should","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4333.0,4339.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get the drug. Now I'd have to really think back over the various renditions of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4339.0,4346.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the guidelines. I think I mentioned in the United States we recognized early on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4346.0,4352.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only the people with the most advanced disease who needed Bactrim, people with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4352.0,4358.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CD4 counts less than 200. Overseas, we can be a little bit more expansive than","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4358.0,4365.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. First of all, we didn't have CD4 counts on everybody so operationally it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4365.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a lot easier just to give it to everybody, and then if people had CD4 count","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4371.0,4378.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"capabilities or other ways of looking at advanced disease, it could be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4378.0,4383.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"restricted to some fashion, but then again, remember the drug also worked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4383.0,4388.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against malaria, and everybody get malaria. So early on some countries just gave ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4388.0,4394.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncotrimoxazole to all the patients.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4394.0,4396.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: All the HIV patients?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4396.0,4398.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: All the HIV--just the HIV patients. Uganda is an example of that, they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4398.0,4405.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were a real leader in that. Other countries had a slightly more restrictive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4405.0,4411.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"definition based on CD4 count or advanced AIDS clinically.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4411.0,4415.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Did they just sprinkle cotrimoxazole to all the OPDs [outpatient","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4415.0,4420.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"departments] and all the prenatal and TB clinics?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4420.0,4424.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: First of all, the idea was just to make sure people were aware of its","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4424.0,4431.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"importance. Okay, drug availability. This is a drug that's commonly used and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4431.0,4437.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would commonly be found on the shelves in Africa and used for other things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4437.0,4444.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sometimes used to treat diarrhea. So, it could be used in different ways, so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4444.0,4451.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people in Africa were generally aware of this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4451.0,4455.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndrug so it was out there. Now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4455.0,4458.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the beginning, even as a cheap drug, we were trying to lean a little bit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4458.0,4464.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more on host countries to provide drugs for opportunistic infections because we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4464.0,4468.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were having enough trouble funding the HIV antiretroviral drugs. In some cases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4468.0,4472.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some monies were used to buy Bactrim or cotrimoxazole over there but in general,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4472.0,4477.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is true for all the opportunistic infections, from the beginning we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4477.0,4482.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tried to lean on host countries through their own drug procurement systems to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4482.0,4487.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come up with the Bactrim. Sometimes it worked, sometimes it didn't work so well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4487.0,4492.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The good news is they were familiar with the drug, it was cheap, and they had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4492.0,4498.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. Because of other uses of the drug, I remember going to many facilities where","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4498.0,4504.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the drug would be off the shelves because they had used it to treat diarrhea in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4504.0,4510.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this person or that person, and the HIV-infected population is not getting it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4510.0,4515.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, having ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4515.0,4516.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndifferent supply lines of what drug you can use for your general","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4516.0,4522.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"population and what drug hopefully you can save for the HIV patients was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4522.0,4529.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"challenge. Yeah, it was a challenge to get it out there. I think over the years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4529.0,4537.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we succeeded in making sure everyone was aware--now everyone knows about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4537.0,4543.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cotrimoxazole now, and I think countries have pretty much elaborated their ways","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4543.0,4549.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of getting the drug, but there was always that issue of finding the drug that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4549.0,4557.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disappeared for other purposes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4557.0,4559.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So PEPFAR was a program implementation initiative, not a research","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4559.0,4565.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"initiative. I think that was brought out quite a bit in the beginning. But for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4565.0,4573.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things like cotrimoxazole, were there some implementation science ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4573.0,4577.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nstudies done","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4577.0,4578.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to see the effect of some of the strategies, for example, giving cotrimoxazole","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4578.0,4585.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or fluconazole, for example? Can you share some of the attempts of trying to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4585.0,4592.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"measure the impact?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4592.0,4594.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: Sure. Thank you, Bess, because this brings up the whole issue of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4594.0,4601.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"research\" in PEPFAR. As you mentioned, from the very beginning, this was an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4601.0,4608.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"implementation exercise. Congress did not want this to be a research program. In","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4608.0,4615.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fact, we used to joke early on not to use the \"R\" word. However, when you're","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4615.0,4623.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"putting programs like this into place, you have to develop information to answer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4623.0,4630.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"questions. The questions may be more in the lines of the operational aspects of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4630.0,4637.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what we're doing, how to deliver ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4637.0,4640.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncare, rather than say the development of a new","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4640.0,4644.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"drug which was never something we would do, or randomized control trials which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4644.0,4649.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was generally something we would not do in PEPFAR. So, we had to be careful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4649.0,4655.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about how we used funds to develop new information, and it's somewhat humorous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4655.0,4660.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually to think back of some of the terms that were used to keep away from the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4660.0,4667.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"R\" word. The current one is actually implementation science. I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4667.0,4672.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"operational research, even though it has the \"R\" word, was probably used but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4672.0,4677.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were various names used to try to keep from using the \"R\" word mainly so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4677.0,4684.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people in Congress wouldn't get upset. So, yes, there were a number of projects","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4684.0,4690.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that went on specifically with regard to cotrimoxazole. I mentioned a minute ago","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4690.0,4695.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/904","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that this drug is effective against malaria. So that led ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4695.0,4699.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/905","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto a number of issues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4699.0,4701.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Should we be restricting this drug to people with the most advanced disease to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4701.0,4707.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prevent the AIDS-related conditions, or should we give it to more people to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4707.0,4712.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/908","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prevent malaria because anybody can get malaria. So, there were studies done in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4712.0,4717.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/909","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Uganda, for example, about what happens when we give cotrimoxazole to a broader","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4717.0,4722.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/910","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"group of people and how much malaria will we prevent and what do we do about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4722.0,4729.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/911","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. So, I don't remember the exact design of these, but basically, the studies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4729.0,4735.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/912","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Uganda did show that when we give it to everybody, we will prevent malaria","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4735.0,4741.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/913","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and save lives, and that includes people with higher CD4 counts. Actually, to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4741.0,4746.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/914","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this day, I think in Uganda, we're using cotrimoxazole universally. There are a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4746.0,4751.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/915","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"few countries that are doing that. But that leads to some very interesting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4751.0,4756.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/916","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ethical questions like if you're ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4756.0,4758.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/917","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntrying to prevent malaria in all of our HIV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4758.0,4762.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/918","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patients, what about everybody else, what about their neighbors? Well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4762.0,4766.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/919","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interestingly, nobody has ever really gotten stuck on that issue. I would've","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4766.0,4771.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/920","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thought that would've been a huge ethical issue, but it hasn't been. So now in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4771.0,4777.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/921","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"places like Uganda we give it to everybody. We know we're preventing malaria,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4777.0,4782.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/922","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we could be doing the same thing for their neighbors. We're not really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4782.0,4788.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/923","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worried about that. So that's an example of research on cotrimoxazole. There are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4788.0,4793.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/924","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also studies done in children which I'm less familiar with but we also have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4793.0,4799.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/925","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learned, for example, that that drug in the African context not only","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4799.0,4804.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/926","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prevents--well, Pneumocystis pneumonia may be less common over there or less","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4804.0,4809.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/927","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"commonly appreciated than it is here, but certainly toxoplasma encephalitis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4809.0,4813.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/928","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some protozoal diseases, and malaria but also bacterial diseases. It's an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4813.0,4818.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/929","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antibiotic, a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4818.0,4819.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/930","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncombination antibiotic, and it does prevent a lot of bacterial","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4819.0,4823.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/931","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diseases, and those kill people in Africa a lot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4823.0,4827.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/932","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: What about fluconazole?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4827.0,4829.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/933","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: So, fluconazole--I mentioned earlier that we have never used fluconazole","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4829.0,4834.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/934","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as so-called primary prophylaxis in the United States, but Africa is a little","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4834.0,4840.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/935","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bit different because there's a lot of cryptococcal meningitis and by the way,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4840.0,4846.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/936","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that is one of the worst opportunistic infections to get. It is an awful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4846.0,4852.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/937","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease. It's a fungal infection of the brain. People get headaches, which are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4852.0,4858.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/938","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"often described as the worst headache they've ever had in their lives. They can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4858.0,4864.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/939","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"develop confusion, and it has a very high death rate, and if they are fortunate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4864.0,4870.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/940","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enough to recover from it, there are frequently what we call neurologic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4870.0,4875.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/941","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sequalae. They have neurologic abnormalities that persist forever. It's a really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4875.0,4880.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/942","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nawful disease. So, what do we do about the prevention of this disease, which is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4880.0,4886.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/943","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the most common serious fungal infection probably around the world, certainly in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4886.0,4891.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/944","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Africa? I think what we know is the most important thing is to get people on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4891.0,4898.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/945","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antiretroviral therapy so that they never have their immunologic status","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4898.0,4902.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/946","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deteriorate to the point where they're susceptible to this disease. The people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4902.0,4907.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/947","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who are most susceptible have CD4 counts under 100. That's the advanced disease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4907.0,4912.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/948","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's the first thing is to try to prevent people from ever getting to that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4912.0,4919.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/949","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"state. But among people who do present with advanced disease, and unfortunately,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4919.0,4924.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/950","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are still a lot of them around the world, and particularly in Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4924.0,4930.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/951","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there is another mode now that we can think of employing to try to prevent this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4930.0,4937.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/952","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease. Now, to throw into this discussion, there is a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4937.0,4941.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/953","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntest that can be done on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4941.0,4944.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/954","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patients' blood called the cryptococcal antigen test, which tells you if the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4944.0,4949.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/955","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antigen really means a live bug. It's actually a cheap test. It's actually in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4949.0,4955.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/956","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dipstick form now. So, one of the last projects that I personally was involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4955.0,4961.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/957","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in involved a strategy to try to prevent cryptococcal meningitis in HIV-infected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4961.0,4966.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/958","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"persons in Africa. The idea was to look at people with advanced disease, CD4","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4966.0,4972.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/959","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"less than 100 and to do this test, cryptococcal antigen test, and if positive,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4972.0,4978.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/960","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to give them high doses of the drug you mentioned, fluconazole, which is an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4978.0,4984.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/961","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antifungal drug to try to prevent cryptococcal disease over and above the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4984.0,4989.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/962","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antiretroviral drugs that they're getting. And I had the good fortune to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4989.0,4995.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/963","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved in this study in Uganda, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4995.0,4998.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/964","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nactually, I'm happy to say that as of only","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=4998.0,5002.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/965","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about three weeks ago, the final paper was accepted for publication. I can say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5002.0,5008.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/966","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my CDC career extended right up to about three weeks ago. But we learned a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5008.0,5015.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/967","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from this study. We know that on a population basis, it's difficult to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5015.0,5021.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/968","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"demonstrate a survival benefit from the intervention because only about 10% at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5021.0,5026.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/969","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most of the people with advanced disease will have cryptococcal antigen in their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5026.0,5032.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/970","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blood. However, for those who have it, it will prevent to a great degree","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5032.0,5038.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/971","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cryptococcal meningitis. So, it is an intervention that certainly needs to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5038.0,5043.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/972","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"considered. WHO actually recommends this intervention now. In fact, WHO has gone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5043.0,5048.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/973","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a little bit farther and actually suggested if it's too difficult to implement,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5048.0,5054.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/974","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you could just give fluconazole to everybody with a CD4 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5054.0,5058.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/975","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncount less than 100. As","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5058.0,5060.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/976","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mentioned, we don't do that in the United States, but there is some data to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5060.0,5067.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/977","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suggest that that might be valuable in Africa. So, while that drug doesn't see a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5067.0,5074.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/978","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot of use in the U.S., it's very important in Sub-Saharan, Africa to prevent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5074.0,5080.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/979","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this awful disease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5080.0,5081.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/980","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You mentioned some of the challenges in working with the different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5081.0,5086.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/981","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agencies that were part of PEPFAR, and you actually played very much of a lead","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5086.0,5093.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/982","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"role in doing just that for the care and treatment portion. I know you were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5093.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/983","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"co-chair of the Care and Treatment Steering Committee initially and co-chair of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5100.0,5105.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/984","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Care and Treatment Technical Working Group. Can you tell us what was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5105.0,5111.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/985","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved in being chair of these various groups and how that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5111.0,5116.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/986","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n worked?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5116.0,5116.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/987","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: Sure. This is a situation the evolved a lot over the years, as you can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5116.0,5122.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/988","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"imagine. So, if I go back to the beginning of PEPFAR, the two-seven-ten goals I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5122.0,5128.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/989","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mentioned the ten, which was HIV care in a broader sense than the HIV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5128.0,5134.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/990","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antiretroviral drugs specifically. So, from the beginning, I was a co-chair of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5134.0,5139.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/991","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our interagency Palliative Care Technical Working Group, which at some point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5139.0,5143.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/992","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of the confusion about that name, we changed to the Care and Support","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5143.0,5149.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/993","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Technical Working Group. So the challenges were, I think I alluded to this a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5149.0,5155.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/994","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little bit previously about how of all the many things we could do with these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5155.0,5161.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/995","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"funds, how to figure out the best thing to do to have the most impact in our","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5161.0,5168.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/996","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"PEPFAR programs and how to agree on these things with people from not just CDC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5168.0,5174.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/997","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but from USAID, Department of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5174.0,5176.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/998","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nDefense, Peace Corps, the other players. So, what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5176.0,5179.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/999","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we tried to do from the beginning is do what CDC is best at is focus on the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5179.0,5186.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1000","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"science, what will have the greatest impact, and that's why early on our biggest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5186.0,5191.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1001","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"priority was with cotrimoxazole to make sure it was out there, people understood","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5191.0,5196.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1002","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"its importance and to implement it. Over and above that, we always did our best","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5196.0,5202.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1003","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to try to go with where the science led us, and sometimes there wasn't much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5202.0,5208.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1004","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"science to guide us. At one point, we actually put together an evidence base for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5208.0,5214.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1005","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the interventions we were considering. We actually published it in a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5214.0,5219.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1006","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supplement of the journal JAIDS, Journal of AIDS Immune Deficiency Syndromes, to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5219.0,5224.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1007","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"try to summarize what we knew about all these interventions. So as a matter of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5224.0,5230.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1008","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"juggling what we knew about the science, and frequently we didn't know as much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5230.0,5235.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1009","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5235.0,5236.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1010","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwould like to know, going on what our programs and the countries had as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5236.0,5242.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1011","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their priorities--after all they're our partners--what they wanted to do, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5242.0,5247.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1012","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also I think individual expertise and passions probably had something to do with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5247.0,5253.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1013","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what we were doing. For example, we had people at USAID who were really good at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5253.0,5260.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1014","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"food and nutrition. We probably ended up doing more food and nutrition because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5260.0,5266.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1015","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had people whose whole career was on that topic. But generally speaking, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5266.0,5272.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1016","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think the idea was to let the science drive as much as possible what we did, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5272.0,5279.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1017","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had to juggle all those different priorities, and one of them was definitely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5279.0,5285.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1018","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"passionate people at the table. We had a lot of those, so we did our best. I'll","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5285.0,5292.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1019","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just go fast forward with that particular topic. Over a period of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5292.0,5297.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1020","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntime, the HIV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5297.0,5298.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1021","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"care in the broader context has assumed--except for TB, which remains the single","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5298.0,5303.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1022","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"biggest issue to deal with in terms of opportunistic infections in places like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5303.0,5308.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1023","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Africa--the focus has shifted more toward getting more people on antiretroviral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5308.0,5312.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1024","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"therapy. So, in the last couple of years, we had no more Care and Support","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5312.0,5318.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1025","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Technical Working Group. I became co-chair of the Care and Treatment Technical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5318.0,5323.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1026","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Working Group, which encompassed everything, but we all understood the focus is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5323.0,5328.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1027","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really mostly on antiretroviral therapy. So that was what I did the last couple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5328.0,5333.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1028","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of years, I chaired that group and, again, the focus there was mostly on the HIV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5333.0,5339.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1029","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"drugs. To some degree, we touched on the other things, but basically now, at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5339.0,5344.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1030","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this point, the other things were kind of left to the host country. Most of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5344.0,5350.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1031","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"PEPFAR resources are going into expanding ART, and a lot of the rest is left to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5350.0,5356.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1032","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5356.0,5356.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1033","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhost country, which means in some places, a lot of things are being done, in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5356.0,5363.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1034","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some places very little is being done. I think that actually is the appropriate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5363.0,5369.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1035","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"allocation of resources at this point because all along the big lifesaving drugs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5369.0,5375.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1036","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have been the HIV drugs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5375.0,5377.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1037","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: We can't possibly leave a discussion without mentioning the country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5377.0,5382.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1038","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"operations plans. This is the administrative aspect of PEPFAR calling for the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5382.0,5387.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1039","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"development of detailed Country Operations Plans or COPs each year as a means of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5387.0,5393.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1040","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"requesting funds for particular interventions by specific agencies. You had a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5393.0,5398.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1041","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"big role in organizing and conducting a review of the care and treatment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5398.0,5404.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1042","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"component of these COPs, and it was kind of a big deal. Do you want to describe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5404.0,5412.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1043","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a little bit about what that process ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5412.0,5415.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1044","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n involved?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5415.0,5415.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1045","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: Sure. Well, actually not only just the care and treatment part of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5415.0,5421.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1046","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COPs, we also played roles in reviewing the entire country operational plans","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5421.0,5426.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1047","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was, as you can imagine, a major issue, a major challenge to look at a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5426.0,5433.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1048","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whole country operational plan from a country, hundreds of pages of stuff, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5433.0,5438.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1049","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not just the care and treatment but everything else. So, I had to do that, too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5438.0,5445.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1050","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it's fair to say I always enjoyed focusing on my technical area of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5445.0,5451.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1051","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expertise, but I did both. So maybe a few words about each. So, in terms of care","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5451.0,5458.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1052","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and treatment, as I mentioned, in the last couple of years, care and support","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5458.0,5464.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1053","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kind of fell off the radar screen a bit and we were focused mostly on the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5464.0,5471.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1054","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"treatment. So here we played a role in looking at our working ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5471.0,5476.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1055","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ngroup, our Care","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5476.0,5477.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1056","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Treatment Technical Working Group, had a role in looking at these aspects of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5477.0,5483.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1057","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the COPs. We had a lot of countries we're talking about here. We were up to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5483.0,5490.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1058","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like 35 or something countries that would submit COPs all at one time of year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5490.0,5496.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1059","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we'd have to look at these as an interagency group and the main things we'd","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5496.0,5502.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1060","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be looking at would be--the overall direction to the program specifically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5502.0,5506.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1061","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"targets what are the numbers you're trying to get to because countries were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5506.0,5511.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1062","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being tasked with reaching out to and offering antiretroviral therapy to as many","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5511.0,5516.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1063","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people as possible and there were target numbers that were developed for all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5516.0,5521.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1064","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these countries. So how is the country doing toward achieving that target and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5521.0,5526.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1065","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what are the obstacles and what are their plans, how are they spending their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5526.0,5532.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1066","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money to do that, how much money are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5532.0,5535.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1067","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthey spending on the drugs, how much money","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5535.0,5538.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1068","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are they spending on renovation of facilities, how much on training, how much on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5538.0,5542.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1069","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the laboratory support, how much on data management. We had to look at all these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5542.0,5547.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1070","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things with the idea of having the greatest impact possible and getting to those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5547.0,5551.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1071","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"numbers as well as we could. So broadly, that's what we were trying to do when","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5551.0,5556.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1072","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we looked at all these programs. We looked at, okay, this is your budget, this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5556.0,5561.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1073","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is what you say you're trying to do, and also what's your track record, how did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5561.0,5566.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1074","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you do last year? If last year you only got half your target, what happened? So,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5566.0,5571.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1075","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these are all the things that would command our attention, and in addition to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5571.0,5575.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1076","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looking at the paper that was before us, obviously there was a lot of experience","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5575.0,5580.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1077","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around the table who had been to that country what's actually happening there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5580.0,5584.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1078","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are they really saying what they're really doing, or is what they say is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5584.0,5588.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1079","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happening really happening. So, we always had that supplemental information to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5588.0,5591.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1080","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"help us, but the idea was to, in the end ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5591.0,5594.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1081","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmake a recommendation. This budget is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5594.0,5596.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1082","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"okay, but you need to shift that money from here to there, or this budget is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5596.0,5602.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1083","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inadequate for doing what you're trying to do, you better get some money from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5602.0,5607.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1084","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"someplace else. So that was our job technically to do that. Now, I could say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5607.0,5613.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1085","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some things about the broader COPs, but I'll just say that was a much more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5613.0,5619.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1086","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difficult process. I always enjoyed the technical part more because the larger","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5619.0,5623.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1087","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"COP you're talking about whole areas, not just care and treatment but the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5623.0,5628.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1088","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prevention and the counseling and testing and data management, laboratory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5628.0,5632.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1089","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"support, all the agencies kind of fighting for their part of the money. Very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5632.0,5637.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1090","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difficult experiences which to this day I think are challenges for all the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5637.0,5642.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1091","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people involved in that, but necessary because somebody's got to do it. If","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5642.0,5647.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1092","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're gonna give hundreds of millions of dollars to a country, somebody's got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5647.0,5652.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1093","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to decide whether it's the right amount ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5652.0,5655.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1094","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbecause we're doing all this to achieve","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5655.0,5659.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1095","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"results. So that's what COP reviews were all about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5659.0,5664.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1096","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So, in closing, you were involved in the biggest budget single disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5664.0,5671.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1097","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"global initiative ever. Any closing thoughts on your part or on CDC's role in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5671.0,5679.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1098","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all of this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5679.0,5681.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1099","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: Oh, sure. I could probably come up with a few. First of all, I had a 35","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5681.0,5691.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plus year career at CDC, and I can think of lots of different phases of my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5691.0,5700.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"career and what I did. In terms of public health impact, nothing came close to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5700.0,5708.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these last ten years. In fact, the numbers now, we have about 37 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5708.0,5715.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n million","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5715.0,5715.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HIV-infected people on the planet, and we're up to about 22 million who are on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5715.0,5720.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antiretroviral drugs, 14 million of those with PEPFAR support. Is that a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5720.0,5724.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"phenomenal statistic or what? At the time I retired 2-1/2 years ago, we were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5724.0,5729.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just getting to the 10 million, which I thought was a great landmark with PEPFAR support.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5729.0,5735.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, according to the information I have, we're up to 14 million. Over 50% of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5735.0,5740.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the people getting these drugs on the planet are getting them through PEPFAR","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5740.0,5745.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"support, and you think of the number of lives you save, it's just phenomenal. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5745.0,5750.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just to have been involved in this has been great and sometimes you think about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5750.0,5755.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the tedious parts like the COP reviews-- you put that aside and you think about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5755.0,5760.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what we've done and what this has meant to all these countries, many of whom","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5760.0,5765.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like middle-income countries are starting to take this over on their own, which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5765.0,5769.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the idea ultimately, they may not need us. So being part of that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5769.0,5774.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n process,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5774.0,5774.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"putting these programs out there saving lives and watching some countries better","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5774.0,5780.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than others taking these programs over has been a wonderful experience. CDC's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5780.0,5786.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"role. I think about my career, and what's meant the most to me and probably way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5786.0,5793.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the top of the list has to be the people I've been able to work with, or did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5793.0,5802.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work with during my career, both in Atlanta and internationally. The dedication,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5802.0,5808.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the motivation to getting this work done, that was the best part of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5808.0,5815.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experience. What I miss the most about working at CDC are the people. Just a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5815.0,5822.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tremendous opportunity and privilege to be able to work with all these people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5822.0,5828.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were challenges involved, and as I mentioned, getting together with the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5828.0,5834.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other agencies and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5834.0,5835.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndeciding on a plan. I think I learned a lot about group","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5835.0,5839.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dynamics and trying to work with other groups, and those were all lessons that I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5839.0,5844.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thought were valuable and probably helped me in other aspects of life, too. But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5844.0,5849.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was part of it, too, is learning to work with people and listen. That's the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5849.0,5854.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"main thing is listening to people, listening to the patients, listening to our","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5854.0,5858.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"partners who are doing the work, listening to people from the Ministry of Health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5858.0,5863.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is not to say that everybody has the same competence and expertise, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5863.0,5868.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you've got to listen, and then in the end hopefully have a path that will be the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5868.0,5874.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"best toward achieving your results which is saving lives. So, I think back on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5874.0,5879.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just what a privilege it's been to be able to be part of all that and to work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5879.0,5885.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with all the people who've had the same goals in mind. MILLER: Well, before we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5885.0,5890.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"end, I want to say that I was in your branch as you were branch ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5890.0,5895.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nchief, and one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5895.0,5900.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of my best memories are your branch meetings. They were very personal and always","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5900.0,5923.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intellectually stimulating and a great part of working with CDC. Thank you, Jon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5923.0,5945.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/transcript/69530/annotation/1142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"KAPLAN: Thank you very much, Bess. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=5945.0,5955.0"}]},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/index/85095","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["content172427632620240821-522984-1evpyv.xml [English] [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/index/85095/annotation/1143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Background/Education ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=75.0,442.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/index/85095/annotation/1144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaplan describes his background and educational experience. ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=75.0,442.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/index/85095/annotation/1145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Would you tell me about where you grew up and your early family life?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=75.0,442.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/index/85095/annotation/1146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"acquired immunodeficiency syndrome","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"AIDS","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cornell University","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EIS","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Epidemic Intelligence Services","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HIV","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"human immunodeficiency virus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Massachusetts","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New Mexico","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New Zealand","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ohio","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Papua New Guinea","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"PEPFAR","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vietnam War","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051#t=75.0,442.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134263/file/249051/index/85095/annotation/1147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"advisor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Albuquerque Indian Hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"biology","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chemistry","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"college","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"F. 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