{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/bz6154gd3b/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Chin, Tom D. Y. ' 1984"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1984"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Dr. Tom D.Y. Chin, MD, MPH was the director of the Kansas City field station, which began as 'Midwestern CDC Services' in 1949. Interviewed by Dr. Gary Noble MD,\u003cbr\u003eMA, MPH"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["oral history"]}}],"summary":{"en":["Dr. Tom D.Y. Chin, MD, MPH was the director of the Kansas City field station, which began as 'Midwestern CDC Services' in 1949. Interviewed by Dr. Gary Noble MD,\u003cbr\u003eMA, MPH"]},"provider":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/247/435/small/1722773337_1984_Chin_Tom_faststart_1722773341.jpg?1722758941","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - 1984_Chin_Tom_faststart.mp4"]},"duration":4151.6,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/247/435/small/1722773337_1984_Chin_Tom_faststart_1722773341.jpg?1722758941","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-globalhealthchronicles.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/247/435/original/1984_Chin_Tom_faststart.mp4?1722773331","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":4151.6,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["[AssemblyAI Transcript] 1984 Chin, Tom [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Tom, it's a real pleasure to be able to talk to you again. Enjoyed our association when we were both in Kansas City.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=12.68,19.862"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, it's great to be here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=19.862,21.75"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e When was the Kansas City Field station actually begun?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=21.75,25.84"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e It is not quite clear exactly when the Kansas City field station began. It probably began around 1949. At first, that station was known as midwestern CDC services, and as far as I could figure, it began in January or the spring in 1949. Who was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=25.84,51.434"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e The first director of that field station?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=51.434,56.05"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Johnny Rowe. Johnny Rowe was an entomologist, and he was the first director of that CDC services.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=56.05,65.33"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e So it wasn't actually called a field station. It was called field services.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=65.33,69.234"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. It's called midwestern CDC services.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=69.234,72.474"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e And what was the primary objective of that midwestern services?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=72.474,77.86"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e One of the major units was on encephalitis, Albon encephalitis. And there was a great deal of encephalitis, particular western equine encephalitis, going on in the Middle west at that time. So I believe that the main function of that station or that services was on encephalitis, although there was a great deal of interest on histoplasmosis as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=77.86,108.29"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Was that part of the us public health service?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=108.29,110.978"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, that's part of CDC. Part of us public health service.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=110.978,113.978"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e And so it became a part of CDC right from the very beginning?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=113.978,119.802"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, although there were some activities. Public health service was investigating tuberculosis from the tuberculosis program operated from Washington. Prior to that time, the primary function.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=119.802,139.408"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Of the field station, as I recall, was in the field of mycosis, is that correct?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=139.408,146.2"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e That was after the arbovirus activities moved to Greeley, Colorado. Then gradually, Doctor Leo Furkulow assumed the directorship of the station, and then histoplasmosis was the primary investigative activity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=146.2,165.156"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e So the viral activities really left Kansas City, and then it was taken over by Furcolo, who began the studies in mycosis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=165.156,174.732"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. Histoplasmosis, primarily.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=174.732,177.46"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e What was Furcolow's major contribution, do you think, at that point?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=177.46,183.81"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, at that time, very little is known about histoplasmosis, since his primary interest prior to that was on tuberculosis. And he found that many people around that area had calcifications in their lungs, in their chest x rays, and many of these people were not tuberculin positive. And as a result of that, many of those cases were indeed proven to be histoplasmosis. So I think Doctor Furkwald really had made a tremendous contribution on the epidemiology of histoplasmosis in that area. Histoplasmosis prior to that was known to be highly fatal. And with his work on epidemiology of histoplasmosis, it found that the histoplasmosis is rather a benign disease rather than a highly fatal disease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=183.81,241.214"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e So it really wasn't that histoplasmosis was a major problem in the midwest until his work began.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=241.214,247.734"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right, until his work, his survey of histoplasm, skin test surveys and other investigation of outbreaks of histoplasmosis in the Kansas city area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=247.734,263.21"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e When did the viral studies begin in Kansas City? They actually had already been there first, but were transferred to Greeley and then later on viral studies were added to the studies of fungal diseases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=263.21,275.73"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I imagined the field station became the Kansas City field station somewhere around 1950, and it became a part of epidemiology branch from Doctor Langmuir, got the CDC, and that interest continued to be on histoplasmosis until I got there in 1954.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=275.73,301.51"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e So the viral studies really your arrival.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=301.51,303.91"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e That's why with my arrival and when I got there, as you remember, there was an assault vaccine trial in 1954. So I was assigned to Doctor Herb Winter laboratory at the University of Kansas, in addition to the Kansas City field station working on histoplasmosis. So I think that the interest in viral diseases began after I got there, particularly during the fall of 1954. And we had a big epidemic of encephalitis in hideout county in Texas. And Leo Fergamo and I and others went down to Texas and investigated that outbreak of encephalitis. That turned out to be the biggest outbreak of encephalitis since 1937, that is, St. Louis encephalitis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=303.91,361.42"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e The Kennedy then was part of the epidemiology branch before you arrived?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=361.42,369.126"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I became the branch, became part of the epidemiology branch in 1950, I believe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=369.126,378.43"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e What were your positions during your stay at Kansas City? You began as an EIS officer, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=378.43,384.598"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e I began as an EIS officer and a sign there directly to the Kansas City field station. And after my two years of duty as an EIS officer, then I was made assistant chief of the field station. And subsequently I was also made the chief of the respiratory and antrovarch unit, in addition to my duty as assistant chief of the field station.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=384.598,419.15"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e And then later on you became the director of the station with Furkulow's retirement, is that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=419.15,425.92"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right. Leo Furkolow retired in 1964 and I became the chief of that station.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=425.92,434.28"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e And it wasn't long after that that the ecological investigations program began.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=434.28,440.4"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e The ecological investigations program began two years later in 1966, and I was asked by Dave sensor to coordinate all the field stations of the CDC field stations in the United States. The only one I guess I was not coordinating was the Savannah field station.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=440.4,465.61"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e So would you say that the rationale for forming the ecological investigations program was really the result of Dave Sensor's request that you take on the supervision of all the field stations?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=465.61,476.454"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=476.454,477.358"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the reason for choosing that title for the program?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=477.358,483.59"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, the field station activities involved more than epidemiologic investigations. One of the field stations was at that time was in Greeley. The primary goal of that field station is to investigate alborus encephalitis. Of course, it involves a lot of ecology. As a matter of fact, they call that it was a disease ecology section. So when I was made the director of that program, there was a lot of concern about making the title just epidemiology because there's so much ecological investigations were going on already in some of the other field stations. So with some negotiations, and we finally decided that it should be called ecological investigations because the investigation centered not only on epidemiological but on ecological aspects as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=483.59,547.37"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e I remember that happened just one year after I joined your program in 1990 when I came as an EIS officer to Omaha, and then I went to Anchorage at the same time that the ecological investigations program was formed. And I remember there was a lot of interest in the whole field of ecology at that point. What would you say about the kinds of staff that you had at the Kansas City Field station over that period of time and the qualifications of the people at the Kansas City field station?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=547.37,582.79"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, the Kansas City field station, as you remember, had a variety of investigators. It's a multidisciplinary organization. We had epidemiologists, medical epidemiologists, microbiologists and immunologists, statistician, and we had laboratories in those stations, whereas in other field stations we had mammologists, entomologists, parasitologists and so on. But all the activities integrated ecologically, epidemiologically, and laboratory wise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=582.79,629.16"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the relationship to the University of Kansas? You were physically located right across from Kansas University Medical center. Throughout the history of the field station, did you always occupy the same buildings?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=629.16,640.722"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e No, no. Actually, at one time the CDC activities was located on one of the university basic science buildings adjacent to doctor Winter's virus research laboratories. And it was on the fourth floor. And subsequently, I guess with the number of people gotten so the station gotten so big, they accord a Quonset building. There was a Quonset building located on the university campus, and when I was assigned there, I was in the Quonset building, so that I was there from 1954 until about 1960. Then we moved into a new building, and that new building was also on the university campus adjacent to the old Quonset building.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=640.722,707.58"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e And then later on, you added to that building in the early 1970s, as I recall, or late sixties.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=707.58,713.822"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, in the late sixties, about a couple years after the ecological investigations, a program was formed so that the initial field station opened in 1960, I think two or three years later. Then we add onto it through that laboratory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=713.822,733.35"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e What were all the different field stations that were included under ecological investigations program Eipnik?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=733.35,741.18"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, let me see. There are quite a number of them. I will have to stretch my memory a little bit. In addition to the Kansas City Field station, which is the headquarter for the ecological investigations program, we had a laboratory in Phoenix, a field station in Phoenix. Then the Colorado station originally was in Greeley, then later on moved to Fort Collinse when the new laboratory was opened. Then there's a laboratory in San Juan, Puerto Rico, working on schistosomiasis. At that time, there was a station in San Francisco working on plague, and then we had a small unit in Hawaii working on plague.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=741.18,794.9"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e I didn't realize that you had units in San Francisco and Hawaii.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=794.9,798.3"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, actually, the plague station had been in San Francisco for many years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=798.3,803.188"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Was it part of the US Public health Service hospital or where was it located?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=803.188,807.3"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e It located next to the US Public health Service hospital. It has a separate building.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=807.3,812.868"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e When did that leave the CDC?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=812.868,816.7"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, we moved that after the Fort Collins laboratory opened. I imagine it was about 19, I don't remember the exact date. Probably around 1968 or so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=816.7,828.942"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e So that responsibility was transferred from San Francisco to Fort Collins?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=828.942,833.174"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=833.174,833.694"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e And what about the Hawaii?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=833.694,834.95"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Hawaii? The Hawaii unit was closed around that time as well. In addition, we had. I just remembered we had a unit in Window Rock in New Mexico.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=834.95,847.222"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Doing what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=847.222,848.03"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Working on plague as well, because the endemic area of plague is in New Mexico, actually around that area, so that we maintain a unit in Winter Rock not far from the indian husband gallop.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=848.03,869.19"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e And you also had a field station in Anchorage later on. I guess you didn't really have a field station in Anchorage initially when EIP was formed. You really just had a couple of officers assigned to the Arctic Health Research center.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=869.19,883.742"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right. Actually, at that time I was working with Jim Maynard. When you were assigned there in 1965, I believe. And it was really under the direction of the Arctic Health Research center.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=883.742,897.558"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right. I was the first EIS officer ever assigned to Alaska, as I understand it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=897.558,902.2"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right. Interestingly, we had another unit. I forgot we were quite big, bigger than most people realize. We had a unit in Cape Kennedy, the space program. With the space program. That's right. It's actually part of the Phoenix field station activities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=902.2,927.49"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the rationale for pulling these all together out of the Kansas City field station?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=927.49,934.57"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, when Dave Sensor called me back in 1966, he felt that all field stations should be coordinated under one program by one director. And he felt that some of these investigative activities of some of the field stations should be upgraded and also better coordinate under. It would be much better coordinate under one director rather than under divisions or branches.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=934.57,966.3"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e How did that work, in your view?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=966.3,968.78"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I think it worked very well. The Phoenix field station at that time was working primary and diarrhea, and I felt that the work should be upgraded. And I recruited Jim Enrich from Alaska to run the station. And as you know, although they started out to work on diarrhea and among the Indians and other populations around the Arizona area, but eventually its main activities were on hepatitis, and I believe the Arizona. The Phoenix field station became so well known, actually internationally known in investigation hepatitis, hepatitis A as well. In hepatitis bhdemen. The Fort Collins field station was working primarily in avivirus infections. And later on, we moved the plague laboratories in there. And in addition to plague investigations, we had streptococcus disease investigations as well because rheumatic fever was quite prevalent in the. In that area, in the Rocky Mountain area, so that we have an activity there as well. Then in Puerto RicO, in addition to working on schistosomiasis, we began to work on dengue as well because dengue became epidemic in that area, in the caribbean area. Then, as you know, we started out, started to have a field station in Anchorage. The laboratory was built right on the ground of the Indian Health Service hospital. And that day station investigated a variety of diseases in addition to acute respiratory diseases. We investigated that parasitic diseases as well. And later on, it expanded its activities on cancer, the working on nasopharyngeal carcinoma, working on hepatitis B. And so I think the activities of the ecological investigations program were very comprehensive and is coordinated between the laboratory as well as between the laboratories in the field.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=968.78,1149.148"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e The Anchorage field station really began, I guess, after the Arctic Health Research center was closed in around 1970. Actually, the Arctic Health Research center moved from Anchorage to Fairbanks, didn't it? And that left only the epidemiology group in Anchorage. But it was about the time that Arctic Health Research center closed that the Kansas City field station closed. The Kansas City operation in Anchorage really grew in collaboration with Arctic Health Research Center, I guess, didn't it, until about 1973?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1149.148,1195.21"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, it's, yeah, I think we work very closely with Arctic Health Research center, but the laboratory was established under CDC before 1973, somewhere around 1970, I think, so that the Arctic Health Research center sort of give up their epidemiology activities, and it's sort of a transfer to CDC under the Ecological Investigations program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1195.21,1232.312"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e There was some transfer of responsibilities to the EIP programs, as I recall. For example, the arborvirus activities from Atlanta were moved entirely to Fort Collins, I believe. Isn't that correct?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1232.312,1250.73"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e That was done after the ecological investigations program was terminated, that is, after the Kansas City field station was closed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1250.73,1264.33"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e So it was an effort to consolidate some of the responsibilities and avoid duplication. Is that, what would you say the, the reason for moving some of the activities between Atlanta and the field station back and forth was simply to try to avoid duplication and consolidate the efforts in those areas?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1264.33,1285.524"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right, because the laboratory in Fort Collins was centered primarily in Alborus investigations, and there are more virus epidemics going around that area. They have a virus epidemics periodically in the middle western equine encephalitis. We have St. Louis encephalitis outbreaks going on in different places. And Texas and the panhandle is an endemic area for St. Louis encephalitis, western equine. And the laboratory was big enough, I believe, that you could, you could consolidate all operavirus investigations into one laboratory. I believe that's the main reason to coordinate and integrate field as well as laboratory activities under one place. In one place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1285.524,1344.272"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e What would you list as some of the most notable projects conducted by the Kansas City Field station?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1344.272,1352.76"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, the Kansas City Field station, the most prominent contribution of cancer field station was the epidemiology of histoplasmosis. And no question doctor Furklow had contributed a great deal to the knowledge of that disease. But the other contributions, I think it's quite notable. One is on the study of aseptic meningitis by enteroviruses. Now, the Kansas City field station really identified or provided information related in echo four to aseptic meningitis for the first time in 1955. Prior to that, they have isolated echo four from only individual cases. And at that time, of course, there were so many enteroviruses known as orphan viruses. And that was a symposium sponsored by the New York Academy of Science, known as a virus in search of disease. And we were able to provide information relating echo four to aseptic meningitis for the first time in 1959. So I think that was an important contribution.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1352.76,1439.678"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Polio was a major effort as well, wasn't it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1439.678,1442.838"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, that came a little, came a little bit later. But in 1966, another year was a big year of Coxsackie B five. It was causing epidemic throughout the United States. And here again, we were able to provide information relating Coxsackie B five as an important agent in causing aseptic meningitis. Polio came a little bit later. It's interesting. We had, you know, we had epidemics every year, and we were able to provide important information relating viruses to disease under investigation. And in 1957, there was a very interesting situation, as you remember, let's say asian influenza a year. And the first, I guess the first situation that contributed to a spread of the virus was in Grinnell, Iowa, whereby a group of individuals convened together on the campus of Grinnell in July, and an outbreak of influence occurred. And, of course, subsequently they disbanded, the meeting, terminated meeting, and the people left and scattered all over the United States. And as a result of that situation, Alice Langmuir established an influenza laboratory right at the Kansas City field station. And the epidemiologic investigation we conducted in 1957 contributed a great deal to the epidemiology of that disease. So polio later, would you say that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1442.838,1567.41"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e The relationship with Herb Wenner at the, the university was an important contribution to the interest and work in enteroviruses, or was it really not that important?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1567.41,1580.042"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, yes. There's no question about. Without her weiner's contribution, I don't believe we would have been able to identify eco four. He's the one really gave us reagents and tissue cultures and help us to identify that the agents we were dealing with in the 1955 epidemic of aseptic meningitis in Iowa, indeed was indeed echo four, and also helped us in other ways. He helped us in polio investigations, and, of course, he himself had contributed a great deal in polio, in the area of polio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1580.042,1619.99"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e He was a real pioneer in virology. Wasn't hedgesthemethere one of the real first workers in what became known as the field of virology?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1619.99,1629.636"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right. He said Herb Werner coordinated all the laboratories, that is all tissue culture laboratory for identification of polio viruses during the salt vaccine trial.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1629.636,1644.06"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e He started at Yale, didn't he?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1644.06,1646.164"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, he came from Yale. He was graduated from Yale, and I. And he went to Colorado. He took a year of pathology there before he came to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1646.164,1655.138"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e And I understand he's still working.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1655.138,1656.706"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e He's still working, although he's. Well, he's retired, but he's still working a couple days a week. He's still active.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1656.706,1666.21"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e What about some of the other projects from the Kansas City field station? Leukemia cluster studies and surveillance?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1666.21,1672.81"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, yes, we were interested in leukemia, and when Clark Heath investigated his leukemia cluster in Illinois, we got interested in leukemia because we encountered a cluster of leukemia in Green Bay, Wisconsin, as well. We developed a working relationship with, with NIH and hoping to find the agent of leukemia. But in order to conduct good epidemiologic studies, we organize a surveillance program, a population based surveillance program in Kansas City involving six counties. So I believe we conducted an epidemiologic study, studies of leukemia for about six years. The objective was to identify possibility of clustering of leukemia in the area, but important to find out what is the incidence of leukemia of various types. And the data that we had collected represent one of the earlier statistics showing that the incidence, that is population based incidence of leukemia in a particular area. So I think, although we did not spend a lot of time working on leukemia, but at least we started on population based studies in leukemia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1672.81,1784.354"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me about the plague outbreak in Java in 1968. Was that primarily bubonic, or was there a pneumonic form as well?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1784.354,1792.85"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, the outbreak in Java was also one of the larger, one of the largest outbreaks in history. Had a recent history of pledge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1792.85,1804.514"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e You led the team, is that right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1804.514,1806.202"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Right, but it was. It was bubonic plague. We had over 100 cases of plague, probably more that were not identified. But toward the latter part of the epidemic, we could identify two outbreaks, that is pneumonic plague in two villages, and we institute that preventive measures in order to control that. And if we hadn't done that, I think we would have a much more extensive occurrence of pneumonic plague.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1806.202,1842.222"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e What were those preventive measures?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1842.222,1845.75"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e We identified that the pneumonic plague was occurring in some of the families, and we gave tetracycline to every member of the village. There are two villages and they tetracycline. We had tetracycline along with us, so we gave everyone tetracycline. I believe that was effective enough to prevent pneumonic spread.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1845.75,1872.91"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e What about you and your team? Did you have any concerns about coming down with plague yourself?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1872.91,1878.35"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Not too much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1878.35,1879.286"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you take any?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1879.286,1880.398"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, we were. We received vaccine vaccination. I don't think it's really very effective. It's inactivated vaccine. I think we took some tatacycline, although I'm not sure how consistent we were.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1880.398,1903.512"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e At least none of you got sick.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1903.512,1904.96"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e None of us got sick.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1904.96,1907.8"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Tell me about the cooperative mycosis project.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1907.8,1912.61"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, the cooperative mycosis project grew out the chemotherapy of histoplasmosis. As you know, if you have a cavitary histoplasmosis or with disseminated histoplasmosis, patients eventually die from the disease. Doctor Furkulow and his group was the first one that participated in testing of amphotericin b in the treatment of cavitary histoplasmosis and disseminated histoplasmosis. And in order to provide more information, Doctor Furkulow developed cooperative studies with tuberculosis, sanitary Texas in Missouri, and a couple other places. The primary objective is to obtain enough patients to do good clinical trial for the treatment of disseminated and carivitary histoplasmosis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1912.61,1982.29"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e How many different centers do you think were.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1982.29,1986.25"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't remember. I would say three or four of them. I know that there's one in Texas, there's one in Arkansas, one in Missouri. There may be another place, I don't quite remember, but there's several hospitals cooperated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=1986.25,2006.322"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e In that program, and those studies were important in developing better means of treating histoplasmosis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=2006.322,2012.986"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right. Not only in treating histoplasmosis, we were interested in in other mycotic infections as well. Treatment of coccidioidal mycosol. California we had a collaborative relationship with a group in California in the treatment of coccidioidomycosis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=2012.986,2036.53"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e There was a lot of work with respiratory diseases. I know from my work with the Eskimos in Alaska. But tell us a little bit about the objectives of the respiratory disease studies and their extent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=2036.53,2051.65"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, after we set up the laboratory for influenza, of course, there were some new respiratory viruses emerging, the para influenza viruses. The NIH was interested in learning more about the currents of these viruses in different populations and also to provide, to study various populations in order to have base data for future vaccine studies. So we developed a working relationship with the NIH to study acute respiratory infection, viral infections in different communities. At first we in Omaha. You were in Omaha, weren't you? No, that's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=2051.65,2110.155"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e My first.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=2110.155,2110.563"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, that's right. You were in Omaha. We were studying. That's right. We were studying acute respiratory infection in one of the children's homes in Omaha. And later on we were interested in finding out whether viral infection of the respiratory tract behaved similarly in the arctic area. So we went up there and looked for a population. That's where I met Jim Henrich and looked for a population to do studies. And we ended up in Bethel, although we looked at a couple other places in Alaska. But we ended up in Bethel and we did a longitudinal studies in Bethel for about seven years. In a population in Eskimo. Population in Bethel, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=2110.563,2163.616"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e From my association with that study, I would say it was very interesting, although it was in a way too bad that we never had the vaccines to test. I think the study was nonetheless useful because, as I recall, we found that despite a very high death rate in children from respiratory diseases, the causes of those respiratory infections turned out to be the same as in other parts of the US. The actual incidence of respiratory viral infections was quite comparable to that, for example, from the Cleveland studies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=2163.616,2198.806"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right, exactly the same. As a matter of fact, it was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=2198.806,2201.566"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Really the complications which differed, right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=2201.566,2204.638"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, one of the major complications of acute respiratory infections among Eskimos, as you know, is bronchiectasis. The frequency of bronchiectasis is much higher among children in that area, say, than in other states. And also that an complication is autitis mediaev and leading to a hearing defect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=2204.638,2230.23"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right. I recall that the frequency of draining ears in the first year of life was horrendous. And the study that was done by Jim Maynard and others on the ampicillin prophylaxis was interesting in that it showed you could reduce the incidence of otitis media with low levels of ampicillin. I think in this case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=2230.23,2253.718"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right. Well, actually, we contributed quite a bit of information to the particular influenza viruses. In addition to the studies in Omaha and to the studies in Alaska, we did a longitudinal studies in one of the children's homes in Kansas City as well. As a matter of fact, I was talking with the antinomist yesterday. You fellows really did one of the best studies on herpes simplex infections in one of the children's home. And I remember now that we did actually a longitudinal study, a herpes simplex, that is, oral type one, herpes simplex. And later on in Omaha, we did. Now in cancer, too, we did a study of herpesimplex of type two. Of course, at that time, we didn't know it was type two, but we did do some studies on the frequency of women excreting herpes simplex virus, cervical, from the cervical tract, the vaginal tract. So we contribute various types of studies. I would say another area that we, I think we have contributed quite a bit was polio. As you mentioned earlier, the epidemic of polio in 1959 in Des Moines. There was another epidemic in Kansas City and another epidemic in Arkansas. And the Kansas City field station personnel investigate all three epidemics that year. And, of course, we provided interesting data on oropharyngeal excretion of a virus, which very little was known about that time. I looked up some of the publications of Herb Wenner in the early days when they did not have tissue cultures for isolation of polio viruses. They isolated in monkeys. He did some family studies, and what he did was he pulled all the specimens from the entire family and throat secretions, as well as stools and inoculated in monkeys. And when we were studying polio in 1999, of course, we had tissue cultures, and it was relatively simple to isolate polio virus from the oral pharyngeal secretions. But no one really had good data on that. I think we were the first one that provided good data on the frequency of isolation of polio virus from oral secretion, as well as the duration of excretion of the virus in the oral pharynx.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=2253.718,2433.61"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you involved with the Qatar incident investigations?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=2433.61,2438.77"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Our station was. I was involved more with the salt vaccine trial when the Qatar outbreak occurred. Ernie Chick was an EIS officer, a second year EIS officer. He was assigned specifically to work on the Qatar vaccine incident.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=2438.77,2456.98"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Some of the other things that I recall having been done by the Kansas City field station included work on specific incidence of influenza in school populations. For example, those papers which compared outbreaks in 57 and 68, I believe, were quite interesting and are often quoted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=2456.98,2479.4"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, we were lucky enough to study the same populations during two pandemics in 1957, we studied the outbreak in one of the high schools in addition to the high school population. We investigate the families as well by questionnaire. That's right. And we were able to show that, actually, the first epidemic, we were able to show that the. Although the cases were centered in the schools, but there was evidence of intra household spread of. They have some suggestion of it and they found by others. As a matter of fact, some of the english workers were not able to show intra household spread, and some people in Cleveland. Well, Bill Jordan, I think Bill Jordan was not able to show intra household spread, but we had suggestion that was intra household spread. Then when they. An epidemic of influenza B hit Iowa, in one of the communities in Iowa, and also in one of the communities in Missouri, we were able to show distinctly intra household spread, and nobody really well, some of the people didn't quite believe it, didn't quite believe it was intra household spread. But now I think it's quite clear almost everybody accepted that influenza spread after it's introduced into the household. It spread, indeed spread into the household. And this is also true with the polio virus infections. And there was very little information on spread of the virus from the oral secretion to another individual, rather than bifaecal oral transmission. In the Des Moines study, we were able to show distinctly that you can transmit by oral device in oral french secretion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=2479.4,2609.01"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e One of the other studies that I think was interesting had to do with cytomegalovirus. Colin Jordan and others, just before the Kansas City steel station closed, were studying cmv. And I think that showing the changing patterns of cmv shedding in the cervix during pregnancy was interesting, as well as the studies of cmv infection among blood donors. That was quite a lot of work just before, in the early seventies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=2609.01,2640.57"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, we got interested in cmv. Of course, the interest is pretty much dependent on the current interest of certain viral infections at the time, as well as the interest of EIS officers assigned to the laboratory. There's a fellow named Cryo, I can't remember, Bob Crile. He was interested in working in a laboratory. As a matter of fact, at first, he was interested in working on multiple sclerosis. So I opened the laboratory to him, and he dabbled with, with growing glial cells from rabbits for a while and tried to do some study on multiple sclerosis. Later on, I guess he got interested in cytomegaloviruses because we were, he had some isolation cytomekaloviruses in the lab at the time, and he was interested in, to see what a cytomecalovirus caused stillbirth. So he went and collected material from fetal tissues from women that had abortion, and he isolated a number of cytomegaloviruses from fetal tissues. Now, whether it's really etiologically related or not is still not quite clear, but I think there's some evidence cytomegaloviruses that's caused abortions. And, of course, we could isolate the virus from the abortus material. And later on, we got interested in the possibility of cytomecular viruses in blood transfusion. Of course, you could find the virus readily in leukocytes. And we collaborated with Bill Baerde at a blood bank. And indeed, we were able to show the evidence of cytomegal large through blood transfusion, although we were not, we were not the first one to show that, you know, but the other people doing it. And we were interested in providing that kind of investigative experience for EIS officers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=2640.57,2781.904"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e I think that some of the seroepidemiologic studies of CMV showing I the low prevalence of antibody in nuns, for example, compared with high rates of antibody prevalence in promiscuous females, was some of the early work in that area, as well as the work by Colin Jordan and others in documenting clearly the importance of CMV as a cause of infectious mononucleosis syndrome?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=2781.904,2806.766"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, yes. I think Colin Jordan did some very nice work on relating CMV as a cause of infectious mononucleosis like illness. And Larry Davis, I don't know whether you remember him or not. He's the one that, working on the prevalence of antibodies among nuns. And he published that paper. And I think there was a very interesting paper and showing indeed that CMV was probably transmitted by the sexual route rather than by the oral root.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=2806.766,2846.758"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. In what way do you think the collaboration between epidemiologic and laboratory work in the Kansas City field station was important or unique?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=2846.758,2860.11"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e I think this is one of the most unique aspects of, of field station activities from the very early days of Leo Fergalau is established mycology laboratories and use that as a tool for epidemiologic study. We have this distinct advantage that you, you coordinate laboratory activities as well as field activities. I think it's very important not only that the EIS officers were given opportunities to learn about laboratory techniques. They may not necessarily become expert virologists or mycologists, but they know enough about the laboratory that they can interpret the data, the field data, much better. And I think this is a unique aspect of all field stations that is within CDC. Not only within CDC, NIH, too. The Rocky Mountain Laboratory, for example. They were able to coordinate their field and laboratory activities in one place under one roof.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=2860.11,2939.31"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e It's interesting that this model of early collaboration between lab and epidemiology has really been followed here at CDC in Atlanta. Now, in the recent reorganization in 1981, the epidemiology and laboratory aspects, for example, of infectious diseases are all under one roof. I think that perhaps you were an early model of that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=2939.31,2968.054"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I think we have some influence on that. There's no question we have some influence because when I first got into CDC, of course, in epidemiology branch and epidemiology branch at that time had no laboratories of its own, and all the investigations depended on laboratory branch. I remember one time that DA Henderson came out and visited me and still in an old Quonset building, and I was doing a lot of work on enterovirus. We processed lollipops, two specimens, and orofrenchial secretions and so on. And DA Henderson was assistant chief at the time under Alex Langmuir. He said, you know, Tom, you have such a good laboratory, we would like to send you specimens from Atlanta for you to process. So I look at the DA Henderson, I don't want to process specimens that you sent me because it has to be integrated in one place. Why not? If you want to have somebody to process? Specimens were not sent into laboratory branch. Of course, you know the reason for that. And shortly after that, they established their own laboratory, established a staphylococcus and other bacteria. Well, laboratory for study of bacterial agents. So I think they saw the importance of having laboratory facilities integrated into their field investigations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=2968.054,3076.73"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I think that at the time of the reorganization, there were some fairly good sized laboratories working both in the old Bureau of Epidemiology and Bureau of Labs on very closely related areas. Of course, those have now been merged into single laboratories.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3076.73,3094.45"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, actually, some other EIS officers had a similar advantage, not necessarily in field stations, but assigned to universities. When I first joined EIS, some of the assignments were in Joe Melnick's laboratory in Yale, in doctor Francis laboratory in Ann Arbor, University of Michigan, and also the laboratory at the, at the University of under Civilton. When you were assigned to those laboratories, you can learn laboratory work as well as doing investigations. So when I was assigned to the Kansas City Field station in 1954, I was actually working in doctor Winter's laboratory. I learned my tissue culture and learned my virology there in his laboratory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3094.45,3153.55"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Some of the people who've come through the Kansas City Field station have stayed in infectious diseases. And I think, for example, of George Ray, who's had quite a successful career in virology. Colin Jordan is someone else who's continued his work with CMV. Are there others who've stayed in public health or infectious diseases that have come through your program?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3153.55,3174.934"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, yes, a number of them. In addition to George Ray. And you mentioned I, Colin Jordan. Colin Jordan is at Minnesota now, by the way. Let's see, Sandy Lamb. Sandy Lamb is another one. Bob Crile, of course, at the University of Minnesota. Larry Davis and Larry Davis, Bill Marine. Some of them, I can't remember all of them, but there are quite a number, actually, quite a number of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3174.934,3213.85"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Burton Ruache wrote up an outbreak investigation in a book called Medical Detectives, had to do with an outbreak of histoplasmosis in 1955. Was it a fairly accurate representation of the events?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3213.85,3227.682"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, yeah. Actually, he, he demanded original records. He was that kind of guy that said he won't write anything unless he could see the records. We have to show him the original laboratory records that's showing that indeed, that outbreak was histoplasmosis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3227.682,3246.1"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e I understand he's still writing. He's just come out with another collection.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3246.1,3249.58"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e He's still writing, and I think he really had contributed a great deal in the annals of epidemiology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3249.58,3256.732"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Did he come to Kansas City to interviews?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3256.732,3259.07"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, yes, he came and interviewed me and interview Leo Furkulow. He spent a couple of days here. Of course, that was his home. His home. He came originally. He came from Missouri.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3259.07,3271.238"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Really?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3271.238,3272.022"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah. He had his early experience in journalism in Kansas City at the Star. He worked in the Star.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3272.022,3279.398"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e That's interesting. Why do you think the Kansas city fuel station was closed?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3279.398,3286.17"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Why the Kansas City fuel station was closed? I think it's probably multifactorial. I cannot be sure why. But one of the reasons is the reduction in budget. That's probably the primary reason, but maybe the reasons. We were told that around that time in 1990 that the CDC had to reduce its budget by 15%. But if you reduce the budget by 15%, why, though? Picked on the Kansas City fuel station, and there may be some basis behind that other than the budget. I think one of the problems is that even though people interested in centralization from time to time, but when the pressure is on, decentralization doesn't mean very much. Now, the Kansas City Field station, also EIP, I think EIp was a very successful program. The oil field station operators were extremely productive and sometimes maybe a little bit too productive. Of course, I heard since the Kansas City Field station was closed, I heard stories from different people say, well, you know, and when we're talking about why the Kansas City feels safe and closed, they said, well, you fellas were too productive and maybe a little bit too independent or maybe a little bit too threatened to some of the programs at the headquarters. Now, how much truth there is to that? I don't know. I think there is some truth to it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3286.17,3406.49"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e And some of the areas were competitive or overlapping with some of the other programs. Perhaps there was respiratory virus work, for example, and cmv work both in Kansas City and Atlanta, and some mycosis work in both areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3406.49,3424.504"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, mycosis is quite different. The Kansas City field station in the area of mycosis is primarily epidemiologic investigations, whereas the mycotic investigations in southern Atlanta for primary laboratory audience, identification of new fungi and so on. So yes, there is some duplication, but a person really should investigate those infections in the area where those infections are prevalent. And histoplasmosis. One that perhaps the Kansas City Field station was closed, is that they may be that the people here in Atlanta felt that we have learned enough about histoplasmosis, maybe water concentrate in some other areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3424.504,3478.14"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e The control program that the Kansas City field station had was unique, though, as I recall, the treatment of soil site with bird roosts and that sort of thing. And that has, as I understand it, then resumed to some extent since the closure of the Kansas City field station after a hiatus. Is that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3478.14,3497.78"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, actually that's quite a number of epidemics of histoplasmosis occurred since the closure of the Kansas City field station. One of the major ones, actually one of the most recent ones in the recent years. But there were two major epidemics of histoplasmosis in the Indiana university, extensive epidemic. They were not able to identify at the beginning whether histoplasmosis or something else. And as a matter of fact, they were not. They had two epidemics, I guess, two consecutive years or maybe in two or three years. Two epidemics in two or three years, and they were not able to identify Isai, the agent, from soil. I think if the, the station were still actively working on histoplasmosis, I'm sure we would be able to isolate the agent. It requires a certain amount of continuing interest in that area and in Atlanta, the interest primarily trying to identify new fungi, whereas we were interested in identifying or isolating agents in order to support epidemiologic investigation. So the orientation is quite different.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3497.78,3583.62"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Would you want to summarize what you see as the main contributions of EIP as a program within CDC?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3583.62,3591.18"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e The main contribution, I think the main contribution is that the, at least I was, or the people working with me were able to upgrade the various fields. And when I took over the, when we took over the Phoenix laboratories, for example, well, they were working on diarrhea and they dabbled a little bit about hepatitis, but in general, the type of investigations they had was not at the level that I thought and other people thought was good enough. So we upgraded. The activities of the Phoenix field station, for example, became internationally known for its work on hepatitis, the work in schistosomiasis in Puerto Rico, for example. In addition to broadening its activities, we were able to develop facilities to work on dengue. That is the only laboratory in the United States that work extensively at the present time. And the work in Alaska certainly to me is fabulous. They were able to not working on infectious diseases, but work on cancer as well. They were able to identify diseases such as nasopharyngeal carcinoma among Eskimos. They were able to provide that on the relationship of ebv to nasopharyngeal carcinoma. So not only the investigations on various diseases, but I think perhaps the most important contribution is to show the importance of integrating laboratory facilities with field investigations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3591.18,3717.97"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e You've had a lot of events in your life since 1973 when you left CDC. You've become a professor in president of the American Epidemiological Society in a variety of things. Tell us a little bit about what you've been doing since 1973. That's twelve years ago.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3717.97,3734.678"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, twelve years ago actually, I retired from CDC or from public health service on October 1, 1973, and I went to work next day. And so I've been working ever since retirement, and I joined the University of Kansas. Of course, I was in their faculty since 1955 as a part time faculty without course compensation, and I joined the Department of human ecology. At the time it was interesting. It was called human ecology, and coming from ecological investigations fit in very well. Anyway, I've been there for about a year and a half or so, and I was appointed as acting chairman of the department. And later on, a year or so later, I became chairman and I changed the major focus of that department from whatever human ecology was to epidemiology. And so I had started investigations in not only infectious diseases, I had, as a matter of fact, I had a couple laboratories on the OCDC building. I just gave it up a few months ago. But I was doing work on the relationship between herpes virus and prostate cancer, and we were able to find that indeed there was some relationship between herpes virus type two and cancer, the prostate. And since then I had been working on, in addition to teaching and so on, I've been working brain cancer. Some of my faculty members work on breast cancer, and I had also got in. Well, I was put on as a hospital epidemiologist for about ten years at the University of Kansas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3734.678,3863.336"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e You've also worked on a number of study sections, or at least on some NIH study sections.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3863.336,3868.168"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, actually I have been working in various study sections with NCI and NIH since 1973. I was initially working as an ad hoc member in the National Institute of Allergy Infectious Diseases, and later on, and I was appointed as a member of epidemiology and disease. Let's see disease control study section. I was there for four. And you could not run consecutively from one study section to another. You have one year layoff in between. So I had one year off, but they still call on me as ad hoc members on the fifth year. Then in the 6th year they appointed me again as a member in a contract. Actually, it's called the Biometry and Epidemiology Contract Review committee. So I served in the committee for four years and now I'm on a committee for, in this cancer center review committee. So I have been appointed for another four years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3868.168,3955.922"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e And you've had various offices in other professional associations, the APHA, American Epidemiological Society and others, as I recall.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3955.922,3964.506"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. I just finished my term as the president of an American epidemiological Society and I'm still the chairman of epidemiology section of APHA. And I will, I guess, by November I finished my two terms and I became, I guess, chairman of a nominating committee. You served now you served two years as chairman of epidemiology section of APHA. So I've been keeping pretty busy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=3964.506,4002.182"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Sounds like it, but not much of a retirement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=4002.182,4004.782"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, it's a good retirement in a way, but they say it's not a retirement but a different orientation. It's a different orientation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=4004.782,4015.39"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you have any final reflections on your time with CDC or words of advice for CDC as it faces its future?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=4015.39,4025.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, as far as I was concerned, CDC was great for me. I think CDC is at least the time when I got in, I thought was a tremendous opportunity. When I got in virology, I think at that time was a golden age of virology. When I got in, I was fortunate because they use a tissue culture for isolation of viruses. There were so many different viruses isolated and I had an opportunity to go to Kansas City even though that's not my best, my first choice. It was my third choice, as a matter of fact, but it turned out to be the first choice. I think CDC, as far as a place for training of epidemiologists is great. The EIS program is excellent. And I don't hesitate to advise anybody really to go into the EIS program to get their training experience in epidemiology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=4025.0,4098.58"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e My choice or my assignment to Kansas City wasn't my first choice either. But I'm glad in retrospect because it opened a whole new world to me. Assignments and Anchorage. And here I am 19 and three quarters years later, still with CDC planning only to stay two years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=4098.58,4116.462"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right. I was planning to stay for two years. Also, it turned out to be 19 years for CDC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=4116.462,4123.15"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, Tom, it's been a real pleasure for me to talk to you today and for me to have worked with you when you were in Kansas City.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=4123.15,4130.238"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, it's my pleasure, indeed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435#t=4130.238,4132.738"}]},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132656/file/247435/transcript/68944/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/068/944/original/transcript_1765556534.vtt20251212-2593616-a7gupq.vtt20251212-2593616-a7gupq?1765556534","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/068/944/original/transcript_1765556534.vtt20251212-2593616-a7gupq.vtt20251212-2593616-a7gupq?1765556534"}]}]}]}