{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/f76639mx53/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Ryder, Robin"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["12551"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["All rights to the interviews, including but not restricted to legal title, copyrights and literary property rights, have been transferred to the David J. Sencer CDC Museum","Interviews may only be reproduced with permission from the David J. 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Today's date","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1.0,7.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is March 29, 2017, and we are in Atlanta, Georgia, at the Centers for Disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=7.0,13.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Control and Prevention [CDC]. I am interviewing Dr. Ryder as part of the Oral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=13.0,18.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"History Project, the Early Years of AIDS: CDC's Response to a Historic Epidemic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=18.0,23.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are here to discuss your experience during the early years of CDC's work on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=23.0,29.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what would become known as AIDS [acquired immunodeficiency syndrome]. Dr. Ryder,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=29.0,33.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do I have your permission to interview you and to record this interview?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=33.0,38.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: Yes, you do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=38.0,40.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Robin, you have been a global leader in clinical, epidemiologic,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=40.0,44.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"laboratory, and vaccine research and program implementation in fields including","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=44.0,48.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hepatitis, HIV [human immunodeficiency virus] and Ebola, throughout your career.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=48.0,52.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You have also been a leader in training and education in operations research and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=52.0,57.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"public health practice in a wide variety of settings, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=57.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nincluding the Gorgas Lab","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=60.0,62.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Panama, the State Research Center known as Vector in Siberia, Russia, and the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=62.0,68.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Public Health Research Unit at the University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=68.0,73.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Congo.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=73.0,74.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For this oral history of AIDS at CDC, we are focusing on the early years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=74.0,80.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beginning in June 1981 with the publication of the first Morbidity and Mortality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=80.0,85.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Weekly Report [MMWR] on the five cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=85.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"homosexual men. The story of CDC's work on AIDS [acquired immune deficiency","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=90.0,95.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"syndrome] in Africa began several years later. You served in a critical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=95.0,100.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leadership role in CDC's work on HIV in Africa as Director of Projet SIDA, or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=100.0,106.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the AIDS project, in Zaire, now known as the DR [Democratic Republic of] Congo,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=106.0,112.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between 1986 and 1990. We will put some emphasis on this period of your work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=112.0,118.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during this interview. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=118.0,119.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nLet's begin with your background. Would you tell me a little bit about where you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=119.0,126.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grew up, your early family life and then where you went to college?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=126.0,132.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: Sure. I grew up in a suburb of Boston and went to Middlebury College in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=132.0,139.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vermont and then went on to medical school in New York City at Columbia University.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=139.0,146.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Tell us a little bit more about your childhood. Who or what might have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=146.0,153.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inspired you in terms of future career, future activities?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=153.0,157.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: I thought about this, and it's interesting because the National Park","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=157.0,162.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Service has a program now that emphasizes engagement in 4th graders. In fact,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=162.0,168.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when I was in grade 4, I remember really being very interested in geography and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=168.0,175.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fascinated with maps and distant points in the world. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=175.0,179.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThat really was dormant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=179.0,181.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a number of years when I went to college and medical school. But when I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=181.0,189.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first joined CDC as an EIS [Epidemic Intelligence Service] officer in 1974, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=189.0,196.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was sent to Bangladesh to work up a very large cholera outbreak. It was at that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=196.0,204.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, my first international experience, that I realized the impact that I could","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=204.0,211.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have on doing systematic research in areas where systematic research wasn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=211.0,217.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"often done. In fact, that's been a keynote to my career: using some of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=217.0,225.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"skills that I have in clinical medicine and epidemiology, but not applying them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=225.0,232.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in New York City, applying them in remote areas of the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=232.0,238.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: As a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=238.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nchild, were you in contact with doctors or with travel? What","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=240.0,245.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inspired you to go on into medicine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=245.0,248.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: My father was a physician, and I'm not sure he was a role model, but I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=248.0,255.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"understood what it took to become a physician. Actually, I felt lucky, in when","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=255.0,261.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of my adolescent peers were struggling with what they wanted to be when","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=261.0,267.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they grew up, I never had those challenges. From the earliest days, I knew I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=267.0,274.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to go to medical school. It was never any question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=274.0,279.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Very interesting. So in college, how did you pick that college? Was that premed?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=279.0,285.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: Like so much, as a teacher, I hate to say when people ask me, why did you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=285.0,292.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do this, how did this happen, I have to say that serendipity played a certain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=292.0,298.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"role. That's not very good as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=298.0,301.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nrole model, to say your career unfolded by luck,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=301.0,305.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but in fact Middlebury College was probably a good choice for me because it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=305.0,311.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wasn't a medical school factory. In other words, 25% of the class didn't want to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=311.0,318.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go to medical school--very few--so that when I competed for medical school, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=318.0,324.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't have to compete against my peers at college; I had to compete with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=324.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everyone else. So it was a good choice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=330.0,334.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Were you premed?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=334.0,336.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: I was premed, and I hate to say, I guess the expression is, what do you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=336.0,344.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"call a nerd? Twenty-five years later you generally call them a boss. I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=344.0,350.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somewhat of a nerd, and I remember being recruited into my fraternity. I had to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=350.0,357.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"join a fraternity. There was no other place to live. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=357.0,362.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut I wasn't recruited","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=362.0,364.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of my ability to drink large amounts or tell jokes. They had a low grade","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=364.0,371.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"point, so they wanted me. I had a 4.0, and they recruited me to increase their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=371.0,378.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grade point so they wouldn't go on probation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=378.0,382.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Very interesting. What led you to CDC and public health, first as an EIS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=382.0,389.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"officer as early as 1974?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=389.0,391.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: Again, somewhat serendipitously, but when I did my internship and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=391.0,396.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"residency training, which was done at Boston City Hospital, one of the very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=396.0,402.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strong programs there was the infectious disease program, run by a giant in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=402.0,408.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infectious disease called [Dr. Maxwell] Max Finland. Max, I don't think he was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=408.0,414.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly good role model. He slept in the hospital, he ate in the hospital,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=414.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he worked every minute that he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=420.0,423.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwasn't sleeping or eating. But as a result, he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=423.0,428.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"built up a legacy, and Boston City Hospital was one of the premier institutions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=428.0,436.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for infectious disease training.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=436.0,438.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It also happened to occur in 1970, '72, '73. There was a war going on, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=438.0,447.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vietnam War, and I was eligible to be drafted. A lot of the infectious disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=447.0,456.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fellows who were the best of the best either went to NIH [National Institutes of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=456.0,465.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Health] or CDC. I really found out about CDC and the EIS because these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=465.0,473.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infectious disease fellows had gone to CDC and had joined the EIS.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=473.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: CDC fulfilled ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=480.0,482.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nyour--or at least postponed your draft eligibility?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=482.0,485.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: We were called the Yellow Berets, and it did give me a deferment. I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=485.0,492.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's the wrong word. I was not drafted because of that, and, again, I feel","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=492.0,499.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very, very lucky, because instead of going to Vietnam I was doing research and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=499.0,505.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"publishing papers and began to grow a CV [curriculum vitae] and the start of an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=505.0,512.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"academic career. That never could have happened had I not joined CDC and had the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=512.0,519.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opportunity. I remember when I had to come down to CDC, I had been selected for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=519.0,526.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the EIS, but I had to place. It was a competitive placement, and as many people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=526.0,533.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who see this film will know, you could either place in Atlanta, a CDC job, or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=533.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you could place in any state epidemiology ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=540.0,543.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\njob. The word among my peers, as early","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=543.0,547.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EIS officers, was that if you wanted to publish papers, you shouldn't go to a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=547.0,555.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"state, you should stay in Atlanta. In addition, the more outbreaks you go on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=555.0,562.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the more opportunities there are for publication, frankly. It sounds a little","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=562.0,568.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crass. I somehow figured this out. I've thought how I did, but I'm glad I did. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=568.0,577.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interviewed in enteric diseases, the euphemism for diarrheal disease. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=577.0,582.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attraction to that was not that I'm interested in loose motion or diarrhea, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=582.0,589.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were lots of outbreaks, outbreaks of diarrhea all over the country and all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=589.0,596.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the world. Again, it sounds maybe a little bit strange, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=596.0,602.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbut there was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=602.0,604.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tradition in the enteric disease branch that every outbreak, almost every","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=604.0,609.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outbreak we went out on resulted in a paper. We were quite careful about which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=609.0,616.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outbreaks we responded to, thinking that this outbreak would fill a niche in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=616.0,622.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medical literature. Of course, that's a little bit of an overstatement. We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=622.0,627.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always had the permission of the state health department and so on. But we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=627.0,633.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couldn't go to every outbreak of diarrhea disease. They're all over the place,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=633.0,639.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so we picked the big ones. We picked ones that had particular relevance to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=639.0,646.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"field of enteric disease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=646.0,648.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Can you remember one or two of the most outstanding outbreak","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=648.0,653.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"investigations you did during EIS?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=653.0,655.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: Yes. The first one was an outbreak of streptococcal pharyngitis in a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=655.0,661.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maximum security prison in Dade County, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=661.0,664.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nFlorida. This was a prison run by Dade","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=664.0,669.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"County for people who had murdered someone. It was a maximum security prison.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=669.0,676.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People had done bad things in there. And it was in August. If you're familiar","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=676.0,684.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with Florida in August, it's very hot. There was no air conditioning. There were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=684.0,692.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 600 inmates, and over a period of about two days, over 500 of them came","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=692.0,701.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down with streptococcal sore throat. This is a risk factor for rheumatic heart","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=701.0,708.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease, and the population incarcerated, their epidemiologic profile put them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=708.0,714.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at increased risk for heart disease. We had just an overwhelming number of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=714.0,721.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inmates locked up with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=721.0,723.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npharyngitis, speaking like they had a frog in their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=723.0,727.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"throat. This was my first outbreak. In order to work it up I had to be locked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=727.0,734.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the cells. I do remember the first time the prison door shut, and it was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=734.0,741.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thud and a key turned, and I said, oh my goodness. It turned out that my being a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=741.0,748.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fed--and there's no secrets in a prison--I was a fed and I was in a county jail,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=748.0,755.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so I was perceived as the good guy because I was coming in to investigate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=755.0,761.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Really even these hardened killers opened up and became extremely friendly and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=761.0,766.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nice and facilitated the outbreak , because they thought I might find the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=766.0,771.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"smoking gun that would point the finger at the--for lack of a better","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=771.0,776.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"word--inhumane conditions that were in the jail. And that turned out to be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=776.0,781.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=781.0,781.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nYou then went on to do an infectious diseases fellowship with field work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=781.0,787.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the Gorgas Institute in Panama and then a degree from the London School of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=787.0,794.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Can you tell us about this phase in your career?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=794.0,800.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Were you working on HIV? Were you getting interested in international work?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=800.0,806.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: Well, it's curious. As I mentioned, I spent three months as an EIS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=806.0,812.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"officer at the Cholera Research Laboratory in Dhaka, Bangladesh, and as I said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=812.0,818.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I worked up a large outbreak of cholera. The Cholera Research Laboratory had a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=818.0,824.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"large research component run by Johns Hopkins [University], the School of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=824.0,829.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hygiene at Hopkins. I was really very impressed with the Hopkins role model of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=829.0,835.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people out there, and after I completed my infectious disease ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=835.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntraining, I had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=840.0,841.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"committed to return to Bangladesh. It turned out that someone on the Hopkins","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=841.0,847.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"faculty wrote an article in The Lancet that was very damning of the Bangladeshi","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=847.0,853.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"government, and as a result the entire Hopkins program got thrown out before I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=853.0,859.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrived. They were perceived as persona non grata. Hopkins had lots of money and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=859.0,865.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they didn't know where to go, so we ended up in Panama at the Gorgas Institute,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=865.0,872.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so again, it was really very--I had no control of that. I was eager to return to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=872.0,880.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bangladesh but ended up in Panama.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=880.0,883.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Gorgas Laboratory had a long history on hemorrhagic fever and parasitic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=883.0,888.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diseases. I by that time had become an expert in enteric diseases, and so there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=888.0,895.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were certain situations in Panama that were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=895.0,898.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nreadily exploitable for research.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=898.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For example, there was a lot of interest in travelers' diarrhea, people in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=900.0,905.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States going to Mexico and coming down with \"tourista\" or \" Montezuma's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=905.0,910.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"revenge.\" So we did what we called a reverse travelers' diarrhea. We wanted to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=910.0,915.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know if people living in an endemic area who went to Mexico would get travelers'","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=915.0,921.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diarrhea. They did, and one of the anecdotes I have is, while we were in Mexico","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=921.0,927.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with this group of Panamanians, largely ladies, we had to collect a stool sample","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=927.0,932.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the end of the trip. At the end of the trip, the last day, there was a huge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=932.0,939.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"earthquake when actually some buildings fell down in Mexico. We liked to joke","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=939.0,944.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we can't put this in materials and methods, but that the earthquake, for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=944.0,949.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lack of a better word, scared the fecal sample out of them. We were able to get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=949.0,956.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"100% of our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=956.0,957.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npost-study fecal samples from Latin, Spanish women who were very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=957.0,962.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"careful where they put their fecal samples.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=962.0,966.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Great story. It sounds like you clearly were drawn to research. While","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=966.0,973.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you were doing all of these international assignments, it sounds like you had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=973.0,980.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the international bug and wanted to keep working in international settings. What","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=980.0,987.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about teaching and clinical medicine? Was that a part of your portfolio?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=987.0,994.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: I've always been eager to cover all the bases. What I mean by that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=994.0,1002.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I was following a route in public heath which my peers in medical school","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1002.0,1010.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the most part were not following. While they themselves were following more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1010.0,1017.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntraditional careers, the medical school I went to trained and was proud of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1017.0,1023.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"training America's future biomedical research force.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1023.0,1026.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: And that was Columbia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1026.0,1028.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: Columbia. To tell people at your interview at Columbia that you wanted to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1028.0,1034.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be a clinician basically meant you would not be accepted to medical school. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1034.0,1040.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I, if you will, played the game, but in all honesty I really wasn't quite sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1040.0,1047.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because my peers, some went into practice, some went into research, but very few","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1047.0,1053.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went into public health. I thought I'd become certified and get all the right","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1053.0,1059.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pieces of paper just in case. So I went through the clinical training and the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1059.0,1065.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infectious disease training, knowing that I was destined for public health but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1065.0,1070.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learning how to use antibiotics and so on and getting board certified in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1070.0,1076.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medicine and infectious ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1076.0,1077.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndiseases. I've never really practiced medicine. Just one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1077.0,1081.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing led to another, and I found out that working in academic medicine and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1081.0,1087.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"academic public health and taking the opportunity to use the skills I'd learned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1087.0,1093.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in parts of the world where those skills were unusual, is a niche I was able to exploit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1093.0,1101.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So moving on to Projet SIDA and your arrival: you arrived in 1986, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1101.0,1108.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you took the position of Director of Projet SIDA, located in Kinshasa. How did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1108.0,1114.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that come about? Who recruited you? Where did Kinshasa come in?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1114.0,1119.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: If it's okay with you I'd like to just go back a little bit, because it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1119.0,1127.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is germane to answer your question. When I was in London at the London School of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1127.0,1134.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, I encountered the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1134.0,1137.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBritish Research Institute","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1137.0,1139.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called the Medical Research Council, which is akin to the National Institutes of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1139.0,1146.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Health. The largest offshore site for England doing tropical disease was in a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1146.0,1153.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country called the Gambia, which is in West Africa. So I went out as a visiting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1153.0,1161.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"scientist to the Gambia and was ensconced by the best of the best of British","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1161.0,1169.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medical researchers. There were about ten scientists there, and they were good.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1169.0,1175.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"While I was there I saw that hepatitis vaccine was just coming in. It was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1175.0,1183.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plasma-derived vaccine, and it was just on the cusp of where plasma-derived","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1183.0,1189.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccines--in other words, taking the hepatitis antigen out of the blood and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1189.0,1195.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"using that antigen to immunize ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1195.0,1198.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npeople, because you couldn't grow the virus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1198.0,1201.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those plasma-derived vaccines were becoming [obsolete because] HIV was just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1201.0,1205.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coming in. You couldn't use them anymore. Merck had made millions of doses of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1205.0,1211.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hepatitis B virus plasma-derived vaccine, which they were going to throw away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1211.0,1216.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It turns out that in West Africa the most common cause of cancer in adult men is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1216.0,1223.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liver cancer, and the reason for that is that in growing up in Africa, by the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1223.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"age of 15 about 95% of the African population has been exposed, been infected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1230.0,1236.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with hepatitis B virus. So I got the idea that we would use this vaccine not to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1236.0,1243.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prevent hepatitis but to prevent liver cancer. It turns out that I was very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1243.0,1249.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"early in my career and in retrospect somewhat presumptuous, but I approached the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1249.0,1255.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"International Agency of Research on Cancer, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1255.0,1258.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npart of WHO [World Health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1258.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Organization], and suggested a 25-year randomized control trial of hepatitis B","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1260.0,1265.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"virus to prevent liver cancer. It went through, and I was involved in setting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1265.0,1271.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that up. Basically over the course of four years we immunized 95% of all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1271.0,1277.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"newborns born in this country. We're now years after that, and it turns out that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1277.0,1283.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the vaccine is very effective. The rates of hepatitis in the Gambian population","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1283.0,1288.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have dropped from 95% to less than 5%. Liver cancer has been wiped out. That was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1288.0,1295.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a very heady experience. I had to go back in the middle of that because one of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1295.0,1302.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my daughters developed something that needed to be treated in the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1302.0,1307.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But to get to Projet SIDA: I was back in the United States but had a pretty good","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1307.0,1315.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pedigree of achievement in Africa, having really worked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1315.0,1318.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nas the lead scientist in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1318.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting this very large study off the ground. I was in Brazzaville across the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1320.0,1326.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"river, Brazzaville Congo, doing another project, and a friend of mine from EIS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1326.0,1332.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"days named [Dr. Jonathan] Jon Mann called me, and he was on the other side of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1332.0,1339.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the river. I didn't even know it was a different country on the other side. Jon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1339.0,1346.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, could you take a ferry over and visit us in Kinshasa? I just happened to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1346.0,1353.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be across the river, it was quite easy. I took a ferry over, met my friend Jon,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1353.0,1361.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Jon was very enthusiastic. He was a good friend, I trusted what he said, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1361.0,1368.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was very, very encouraging that I take this position. I think Jon had done","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1368.0,1375.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very well, and I want to say parenthetically ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1375.0,1379.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat unfortunately Jon Mann died in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1379.0,1382.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an airplane accident, and he's not with us any longer. A terrible loss, a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1382.0,1389.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"personal loss, but a loss for the public health community as well. I replaced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1389.0,1396.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jon. Jon went on to head up the first--he was director of the Global AIDS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1396.0,1403.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Program. I appeared in Kinshasa in I think September 1986, ready to go to work,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1403.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I had gone and met [Dr. James W.] Jim Curran in Atlanta. I think Jim was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1410.0,1418.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"impressed that I began to have a number of publications and was certainly not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1418.0,1425.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intimidated by Africa. I knew how to get on with it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1425.0,1430.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Going back to the start of the project in Kinshasa: this was in 1984.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1430.0,1437.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why was this field station established there, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1437.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand who were the partners for that project?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1440.0,1445.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: I think that certainly [Dr. Joseph B.] Joe McCormick, who was a colleague","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1445.0,1454.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the EIS who knew his way around Africa, had been involved in some Ebola work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1454.0,1465.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The initial outbreak of Ebola had brought CDC to what was then called Zaire. We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1465.0,1475.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had worked, \"we\" the United States, had worked with the Institute of Tropical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1475.0,1484.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Medicine in Belgium. We had won some degree of confidence from President Mobutu","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1484.0,1493.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we had gone in --\"we,\" this is again CDC, not myself ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1493.0,1501.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbut my predecessors --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1501.0,1503.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and had established a track record, which is classic CDC of coming in, not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1503.0,1510.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"embarrassing the host country nationals, doing the science, and leaving. Just,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1510.0,1515.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, a professional job. I think that must have caught the eye of President Mobutu.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1515.0,1523.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't remember the details exactly, but Joe McCormick must have come back to,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1523.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you will, mop up the details from the first Ebola outbreak, and it was at a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1530.0,1538.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time there were early signals that something unusual was happening in Africa. No","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1538.0,1544.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one really knew but wondered if it was HIV/AIDS. I'm not sure if I answered your","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1544.0,1552.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"question, but I think that with Joe going out and Mobutu welcoming us, that set","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1552.0,1559.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1559.0,1559.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nstage for our arrival.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1559.0,1561.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want to go on a little bit more to give some detail. [Dr.] Richard Krause, who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1561.0,1570.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the head of National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease [NIAID] at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1570.0,1577.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the time, had met with [Dr.] Peter Piot. You should realize that Peter Piot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1577.0,1584.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked for the Institute of Tropical Medicine, which is in Antwerp, Belgium. You","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1584.0,1591.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should also realize that Zaire was the former Belgian Congo. Prince Leopold","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1591.0,1597.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[King Leopold II] treated Zaire, which is a landmass the size of the entire","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1597.0,1604.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States east of the Mississippi River, as his playpen. So while there was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1604.0,1611.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not a lot of love between the Belgians and the Zairois, they knew each other.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1611.0,1619.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They knew their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1619.0,1621.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nway around Zaire, they knew how to function with Mobutu, how to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1621.0,1627.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"play games, how to play ball, if you will. Krause had asked Peter, could you go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1627.0,1635.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down there to the Congo to Zaire and look around? Dr. Piot said, I'd love to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1635.0,1644.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, but I don't have any money. So Richard Krause, the head of NIAID, said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1644.0,1652.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's not a problem. To put a long story short, there were some negotiations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1652.0,1659.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between CDC and NIH and the Institute of Tropical Medicine, and it ended up that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1659.0,1667.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Joe McCormick, [Dr. Thomas C Quinn] Tom Quinn, and Peter Piot landed in Kinshasa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1667.0,1674.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 1981.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1674.0,1675.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I want to bring in the name of a very important person, named Bila ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1675.0,1682.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nKapita. Dr.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1682.0,1683.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kapita was a Zairois, born in Zaire but trained in Belgium and trained extremely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1683.0,1691.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well; he was a very accomplished clinician who was a cardiologist. He was the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1691.0,1699.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first of many Congolese Zairois that I met who were extremely professional and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1699.0,1706.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"smart and not bullied, if you will, by the government and didn't fear just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1706.0,1714.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"calling it how it is. Dr. Kapita met this triumvirate of NIH, CDC and the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1714.0,1722.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Institute of Tropical Medicine and took them [on]. He was the head of medicine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1722.0,1730.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at a facility called Mama Yemo Hospital. Mama Yemo is the name of President","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1730.0,1738.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mobutu's mother. He'd named the hospital after ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1738.0,1742.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nher. Dr. Kapita took these three","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1742.0,1745.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"individuals onto the wards of the general internal medicine wards, which were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1745.0,1751.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about 60 beds for females and 60 beds for men. In the space of two or three","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1751.0,1760.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hours the team realized that about 50% of the inpatients on both the male and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1760.0,1768.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the female wards constituted the WHO AIDS criteria for [the case] definition. In","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1768.0,1775.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other words, this is a time before we had a serologic [test], we couldn't detect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1775.0,1783.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the virus, HIV wasn't known. But we did have a clinical case definition, and 50%","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1783.0,1791.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the patients in the adult wards fulfilled this case definition. This was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1791.0,1798.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blockbuster stuff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1798.0,1799.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If Dr. Kapita hadn't opened his arms and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1799.0,1803.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nexposed himself, this is a ward, let's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1803.0,1807.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be clear here. It was called Mama Yemo Hospital. It should have been called Mama","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1807.0,1815.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yemo Hospice. This was not a house of cure. This was a house of death. This is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1815.0,1824.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where people came to die. The curative aspects were very limited, because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1824.0,1831.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medical supplies, running a hospital, just weren't available. This was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1831.0,1837.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital for the poorest of the poor. The wealthy people went to a different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1837.0,1845.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital called Ngaliema Hospital. So we were dealing with spotty electricity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1845.0,1851.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no running water, stretchers that ought to have had four wheels but had three,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1851.0,1859.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where there were 2 or 3 beds and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1859.0,1863.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwhen you went into the wards, you gagged","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1863.0,1867.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of the smell. There was no sense of hygiene. Mobutu really didn't want","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1867.0,1874.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the world to know about that. I think some sort of arrangement was made and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1874.0,1882.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were no photographs taken. The team of Quinn, McCormick and Piot were able","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1882.0,1889.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to publish their results in The Lancet and, again, a pattern was set in place","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1889.0,1897.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the publication was cleared with the Minister of Health in Kinshasa without","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1897.0,1904.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any difficulties. The absolute text that went into The Lancet was shown. It was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1904.0,1911.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"read carefully by the Ministry. It's not like they didn't read it. They said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1911.0,1918.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yes, we want that to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1918.0,1921.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npublished. Dr. Kapita was on that article. Dr. Kapita","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1921.0,1925.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"faced no adverse consequences for being on this sentinel article, and I think it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1925.0,1932.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"goes a long way to show that the success of Projet SIDA was really enabled by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1932.0,1939.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the wholehearted welcome that we received from the government of Zaire.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1939.0,1944.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Can you tell us a little bit more about the field station as it was when","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1944.0,1952.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you arrived? For example, how many staff, what was the funding and sources of funding?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1952.0,1959.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: Sure. It was a very small site, the office space. It was in a building","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1959.0,1966.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that had been built by the Belgians a number of years ago. I want to say it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1966.0,1974.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe 15 feet by 15 feet, and that included the laboratory. There was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1974.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\none air","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1980.0,1981.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conditioner and very small space. When I came, Jon Mann, my predecessor, had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1981.0,1990.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been very conscious to keep the project as low profile as possible. So Jon had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=1990.0,2000.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hired 7 Zairois. When I replaced Jon, I had a staff of 7, and the budget was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2000.0,2012.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"approximately $300,000 for the year. Jon had bent over backwards to say this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2012.0,2021.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"project must be low profile. We only have 7 people and we have very little","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2021.0,2031.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"office space, but we can't grow fast and we can't establish an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2031.0,2039.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n infrastructure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2039.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would create jealousy from our host country nationals. We had to immerse","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2040.0,2047.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ourselves in the Zairian culture, which was to make do with what you have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2047.0,2055.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: While you're mentioning Jonathan Mann, of course, he became a very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2055.0,2062.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important figure in the history of the origin of AIDS in Africa and work in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2062.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Africa, and beyond the clinic work with the human rights aspects of caring for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2070.0,2078.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"AIDS patients. Can you tell us a little bit about him? You mentioned initially","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2078.0,2086.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that he was your friend. Who was Jonathan Mann?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2086.0,2091.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: Jon was a year behind me in the EIS, so we knew each other. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2091.0,2099.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nJon was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2099.0,2101.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"devout Jew and believed very much in his religion and was proud of it. I wish","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2101.0,2110.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jon were here to correct me now, because I'm hoping I'm saying it right. Jon, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2110.0,2119.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"look up to you and hope I'm saying the right thing. Jon--I don't know where the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2119.0,2128.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"genesis of his strong commitment to human rights came, but Jon grew up in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2128.0,2136.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Boston, Massachusetts. We were both Boston boys. That helped a little bit. Jon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2136.0,2143.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was proud of being a Jew, and I think he probably had had some, I don't know for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2143.0,2153.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sure, some episodes of discrimination. I don't know for sure, but I think that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2153.0,2161.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmust have played some role in his compassion from the marrow, of his commitment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2161.0,2169.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to human rights. He saw the discrimination that was going on in Kinshasa, where","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2169.0,2177.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who were most likely to come down with HIV, even in a third-world country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2177.0,2185.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like Zaire, were the less privileged, were poor. I think that must have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2185.0,2192.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resonated with Jon and excited a fire in his belly. While Jon was key in some of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2192.0,2201.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those early publications that put HIV/AIDS on the map in Africa, I believe if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2201.0,2209.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jon were looking down now, Jon would be most proud of the fact that he was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2209.0,2218.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enabled to begin to, to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2218.0,2221.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nchampion the human rights, the lack of, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2221.0,2225.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disempowerment of HIV-positive people. I think that's where it came from. He","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2225.0,2232.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't show that that much in Kinshasa because his mission was a biomedical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2232.0,2239.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mission. It was to document the serious role that HIV was playing in the health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2239.0,2247.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Zairian people. When he got to Geneva and he saw the larger world, that's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2247.0,2256.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the human rights thing really took off, and I think the world owes an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2256.0,2264.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enormous debt to Jon's focus on human rights about HIV.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2264.0,2270.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: When you arrived in Kinshasa, the virus had been identified, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2270.0,2277.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antibody tests were being developed and probably ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2277.0,2281.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nnot yet available in Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2281.0,2284.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but beginning to be available for research purposes. From the U.S. side of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2284.0,2292.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things, in 1986 almost 28,000 persons had been reported with AIDS and Rock","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2292.0,2300.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hudson had died of AIDS, so there was the beginning of actually opening this up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2300.0,2309.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for discussion. What about in Zaire at that time? Was there any kind of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2309.0,2317.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surveillance for this new disease? How did the Zairian Ministry of Health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2317.0,2324.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"respond as you were just getting there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2324.0,2328.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: I think there certainly was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2328.0,2332.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medical community in Kinshasa, and a lot of the physicians had received some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2332.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of training in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2340.0,2342.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBelgium and were practicing Western medicine. When I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2342.0,2348.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrived, there was little comprehension of HIV-AIDS as a major health problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2348.0,2356.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was absolutely no surveillance. Jon Mann, in his studies, looked to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2356.0,2364.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"document that HIV was there, but in terms of surveillance of the general","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2364.0,2373.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"population, of establishing the burden of disease in the general population,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2373.0,2381.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those studies were to come later, because those studies could be perceived as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2381.0,2390.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inflammatory, as politically sensitive. When a group of Americans comes in and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2390.0,2398.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shows that somewhere between ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2398.0,2401.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n4 and 8 percent of the general population is HIV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2401.0,2407.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"positive, that's destabilizing, and President Mobutu probably would not have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2407.0,2413.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agreed to those kinds of studies. It was a gradual build-up that showed that in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2413.0,2421.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the hospital, this confined population, AIDS was a big problem. Expanding beyond","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2421.0,2428.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the hospital, that's something that I took on. Jon had done the initial work,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2428.0,2436.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was all hospital-based, and then we-- Because he sensitized the medical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2436.0,2443.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community that this was a problem, Dr. Kapita, again the cardiologist, a pillar","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2443.0,2450.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Zairian medical community, head of the Kinshasa Medical Association, a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2450.0,2457.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very respected person who was known to speak his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2457.0,2462.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nown mind--this is a noble","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2462.0,2465.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"figure on the same level I would say as Kofi Annan. Just a presence. And when he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2465.0,2474.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"speaks, charismatic. No one doubts him. The fact that Dr. Kapita was behind us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2474.0,2481.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every step of the way, who was coaching us, don't do this, do this, he was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2481.0,2489.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really the godfather of the project. But he kept us--I don't want to say in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2489.0,2497.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"check, but he made sure we didn't shoot ourselves in the foot. Gradually, to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2497.0,2504.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"summarize, after we showed the problem was in the hospital, my job was to move","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2504.0,2512.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beyond the hospital and to begin some large epidemiologic studies that really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2512.0,2518.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"showed that this infection had spread dramatically in the population.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2518.0,2523.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2523.0,2524.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI think they were very fortunate in the fact that you brought such a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2524.0,2530.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strong academic background to the project. I'd be interested in hearing about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2530.0,2535.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of the specific studies that you were involved in and the thinking as to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2535.0,2541.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why these particular areas were the highest priority for you. For example, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2541.0,2546.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know you were involved in looking at the prevalence of infection with HIV over","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2546.0,2552.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the ten-year period in rural Zaire, where they had the blood from the Ebola","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2552.0,2558.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"investigation and then ten years later looked at that. That was an early","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2558.0,2563.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"publication in the New England Journal--.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2563.0,2565.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: Yes, this was a very important publication. Again, I don't want to get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2565.0,2571.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"off the subject, but for people who are listening now and in the future, I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2571.0,2578.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's very important that people realize that all of the dialog went on in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2578.0,2584.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nFrench. There was no English in Kinshasa, and for students in the future who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2584.0,2590.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"listen to this, I think a facility in French or Spanish or Russian, whatever, is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2590.0,2597.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extremely important. I had gone to a quick-study French school, but everything I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2597.0,2603.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did was in French. So I just want to say that if people are interested in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2603.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"international health in developing countries, one has to have some language skills.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2610.0,2615.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Having said that, the study--and again the first author on that paper is Nzila","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2615.0,2621.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nzlambi, which shows that we were always putting the Zairois in front. This was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2621.0,2627.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not an attempt to fatten the CV of an American scientist. This was an attempt to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2627.0,2634.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"build up infrastructure and to make sure that we induced a nationalistic pride","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2634.0,2640.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the project. This was a Congolese project. This was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2640.0,2645.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nZairois project. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2645.0,2646.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zaire President Mobutu had gotten lots of bad press, and here it was they were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2646.0,2653.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"standing out above Kenya, above Guyana, that they were the ones that are drawing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2653.0,2659.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"global attention to this public health tragedy, not disguising it, saying, come","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2659.0,2664.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"help us define this outbreak. This is really something that Zaire should get a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2664.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot of credit for.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2670.0,2672.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Let me go back, though. During the outbreak of Ebola that took place in rural","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2672.0,2679.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zaire in 1976, a lot of blood samples were collected and taken back to CDC, what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2679.0,2686.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we call a blood bank, a serum bank. They were frozen away in the Revcos at CDC,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2686.0,2694.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the temperature always stays just where it should. This kind of collection","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2694.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of systematically collected blood samples, which have been--the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2700.0,2704.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n biological","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2704.0,2704.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"integrity of the samples has been maintained--is rare in Africa because of power","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2704.0,2710.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outages. They usually thaw and become useless. So this group of samples from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2710.0,2716.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ebola, collected at a time before HIV was known, collected in rural Zaire,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2716.0,2722.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became a very important repository. Early on when I was there my colleague,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2722.0,2728.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Dr.] Kevin De Cock, went up to the same area where the Ebola outbreak [had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2728.0,2735.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been] and used the same systematic sampling that was used to collect the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2735.0,2741.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"samples, but after a ten-year hiatus. Those samples were collected and were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2741.0,2747.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brought back to Kinshasa. In the meantime, we also had a few samples collected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2747.0,2754.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Kinshasa before Projet SIDA, and then we had lots of samples collected in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2754.0,2761.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'82, '83, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2761.0,2762.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n'84. What's important about these samples, if you look at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2762.0,2768.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prevalence of HIV at the time of the first Ebola outbreak, the prevalence in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2768.0,2776.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rural area of Zaire was 0.6%, less than 1%. This is in--I don't know the exact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2776.0,2784.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dates but it was in 1979--before HIV was known. The prevalence in Kinshasa at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2784.0,2791.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that time was also 0.6. The prevalence of HIV ten years later when we went back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2791.0,2799.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up in the rural area was 0.6. It hadn't changed. The prevalence in Kinshasa ten","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2799.0,2807.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years later was 6.0. There was something about living in Kinshasa compared to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2807.0,2814.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"living in the bush that had led to this tenfold increase in HIV. We now know it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2814.0,2823.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2823.0,2825.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwith lifestyle changes and all of the risk factors that we know about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2825.0,2831.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HIV. But this was very early evidence that HIV was in the African bush. It was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2831.0,2838.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"present before we knew about AIDS, and ten years later it was the same, even","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2838.0,2845.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"though in that ten-year period of time the HIV had become a pandemic around the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2845.0,2852.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world. It was the urban, if you will, incubator that led to this increase. That","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2852.0,2859.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a very important observation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2859.0,2861.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Can you tell us a little bit more about--this in many ways goes back to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2861.0,2868.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the discussions of the origin of AIDS, the origin of the pandemic of AIDS. Can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2868.0,2875.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you say a little bit more about Kinshasa and some of the lifestyle issues and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2875.0,2882.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later determined probable risk ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2882.0,2884.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfactors for escalating this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2884.0,2886.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: Sure. Kinshasa is really an overgrown village. It's a city of 14 million","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2886.0,2895.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, 14 million, and it covers a very large landmass. The Belgians had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2895.0,2903.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enabled--it was called Stanleyville, and it had developed into quite a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2903.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sophisticated city, with water distribution, electricity from the Shaba Dam. It","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2910.0,2917.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was, if you will, more advanced than some of the other megalopolises in Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2917.0,2926.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was a road structure, but of the 14 million people there was very little","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2926.0,2935.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"education, and most of the population spoke Lingala. Very few, except a few of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2935.0,2944.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2944.0,2945.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nintelligent educated people spoke French. And the health system for African","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2945.0,2954.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nationals was almost nonexistent. It was very, very primitive. Healthcare,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2954.0,2962.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antenatal care was really nonexistent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2962.0,2966.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In this mega city, various industries thrived, and one was called Matonge. It","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2966.0,2976.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was really the center of Zairian music. It's well known around the world. This","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2976.0,2987.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was also a center of prostitution and prostitution--I use that word hesitantly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2987.0,2997.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because that concept really didn't exist per se. It was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=2997.0,3005.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nnot an exchange of money","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3005.0,3008.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"per se. It might be, I'll buy you a dress, I'll buy you a beer. It was very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3008.0,3020.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"informal and not the commercial industry that we think of. It had, if you will,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3020.0,3030.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost a charming--I hesitate to use that word. It wasn't nasty. Women who did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3030.0,3039.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this, yes, they'd rather not do it for sure, but it didn't have enormous stigma.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3039.0,3049.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was quite widespread. So that exchange of dresses or beer, a taxi ride for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3049.0,3059.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sex, was certainly part of the fabric of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3059.0,3064.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n society.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3064.0,3064.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other factor that came along was that there was quite a lot of malaria.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3064.0,3071.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kinshasa is unique in a large city in Africa that there's urban malaria. Most","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3071.0,3078.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"large cities in Africa don't have the burden of malaria. It was falciparum","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3078.0,3084.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"malaria. One of the complications of falciparum malaria is profound anemia. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3084.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was quite a lot of transfusion that went on, and the transfused","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3090.0,3096.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blood--there really wasn't a blood bank per se. A family donor would be found,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3096.0,3103.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the blood would go into a bag, and while it was still warm it would be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3103.0,3111.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transfused to a family member. In fact, a large cadre of people who hung around","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3111.0,3118.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the--I don't want to call it a blood bank--a transfusion ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3118.0,3123.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncenter were available","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3123.0,3125.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in case there was not a good match for the family. So the transfusion of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3125.0,3133.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unscreened blood also was quite widely practiced. So I've mentioned two:","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3133.0,3139.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heterosexual freedom and wide transfusion of blood were certainly well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3139.0,3144.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"established when we arrived.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3144.0,3146.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You did some seminal work on perinatal transmission, and that, too, was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3146.0,3153.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"published in the New England Journal. Can you tell us a little bit about that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3153.0,3161.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"study, that whole area that you were investigating? It was known that there was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3161.0,3168.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such a thing as perinatal transmission, but these were early days for that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3168.0,3175.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: I have to say, I think of all of the accomplishments in Kinshasa, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3175.0,3183.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work that our team did ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3183.0,3186.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\naround pregnant women, around marriage, around delivery","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3186.0,3189.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was probably the thing that I'm most proud of, and I think was one of the most","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3189.0,3196.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"significant contributions that I and my colleagues made. I think that's really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3196.0,3201.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the most important work that came. Basically, just before I left to come to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3201.0,3207.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Congo, I'd been involved in a project looking at toxoplasmosis in pregnant women","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3207.0,3212.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and had set up a study to look at that in Massachusetts with the state health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3212.0,3218.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"department. I was into perinatal infections, and so when I came to Kinshasa, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3218.0,3224.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hit the ground running. This was something I was going to do, and probably","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3224.0,3230.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"within a week after I had been there I had been into the delivery room at Mama","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3230.0,3237.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yemo Hospital. There were 50 deliveries a day at Mama Yemo Hospital. Then we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3237.0,3243.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also went up to Ngaliema Hospital, which is a hospital for the wealthy ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3243.0,3248.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3248.0,3249.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they had about 20 deliveries a day. So we had 70 deliveries a day, and we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3249.0,3258.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew, we estimated that around 5% of the women delivering would be HIV positive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3258.0,3265.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that translates to each day we had between 5 and 10 HIV-positive pregnant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3265.0,3272.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"women delivering within 2 miles of our headquarters. The numbers could not be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3272.0,3279.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"matched in the United States, and so we began to enroll--again with the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3279.0,3286.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"permission of Dr. Kapita, the head of the hospital, and the Ministry of Health.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3286.0,3293.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our team, if you will, took over the delivery suites at Mama Yemo Hospital and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3293.0,3301.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ngaliema Hospital, and we staffed the delivery room 24/7 for about 5 months.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3301.0,3308.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There wasn't a single baby that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3308.0,3311.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndidn't come by that wasn't enrolled in our","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3311.0,3314.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"study. Listeners may say an alarm bell may have gone off about ethics, and at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3314.0,3320.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the time we began there was not an ethical committee in place. Shortly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3320.0,3326.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thereafter, we established an ethical committee. I want to say that all of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3326.0,3332.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"women in our study--and people will be a little bit suspicious in that we had no","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3332.0,3339.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"refusals. We had no refusals, so could women give informed consent. I would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3339.0,3345.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"argue they could give informed consent. If they'd refused, we wouldn't have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3345.0,3350.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enrolled them. We did--as we enrolled the women; none of these women had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3350.0,3356.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antenatal care at Mama Yemo Hospital. No antenatal care. At Ngaliema they had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3356.0,3362.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had some antenatal care. None of the women at Mama Yemo were likely to have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3362.0,3368.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"postpartum care. That's just the way it was. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3368.0,3371.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWe offered, and we followed through","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3371.0,3374.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on this, that we provided postpartum care for these women, and we provided care","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3374.0,3381.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for their babies for the first 12 months of life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3381.0,3386.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we took on the healthcare of over 12,000 women and their babies, and that led","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3386.0,3394.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a number of studies that came out of it. The first study was the one you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3394.0,3402.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mentioned, where we were able to show that this is at a time when it was very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3402.0,3410.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difficult to diagnose perinatal infection, because of course the HIV antibodies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3410.0,3415.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or IgG [immunoglobulin G] antibodies crossed the placenta, so every baby born to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3415.0,3421.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an HIV-positive mother was HIV positive. But that didn't necessarily mean that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3421.0,3427.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were HIV infected. The ability to find HIV ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3427.0,3431.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nantigen, which would imply","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3431.0,3433.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"virus, which means infection, that was just coming on. But it really handicapped","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3433.0,3439.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our studies, and so what we looked at as an endpoint was mortality. We followed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3439.0,3446.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these babies over time, and like I said, we took on the care, the postpartum","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3446.0,3453.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"care of the mother and the women, and we set up a large clinic to do that. We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3453.0,3461.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saw the women and the babies as you would see in a pediatrician's office. We had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3461.0,3468.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a team of pediatricians who were working with us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3468.0,3472.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We showed that the one-year mortality of babies born to HIV-positive mothers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3472.0,3477.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"compared to age-matched HIV-negative mothers was at least twofold greater. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3477.0,3482.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mortality experience of having a HIV-positive mother for the baby was twofold","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3482.0,3487.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"greater if you had that HIV-positive ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3487.0,3490.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmother. We had some preliminary data that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3490.0,3494.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"showed these babies were infected, but it was early days. We really relied on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3494.0,3502.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the endpoint of death to show that these babies were doing very, very badly, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3502.0,3510.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were dying of HIV.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3510.0,3513.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Just to take a pause for a moment, what was the thinking of all of these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3513.0,3522.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medical officers and clinical officers and nurses in seeing this rise up among","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3522.0,3529.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these young pregnant women and the mortality among the babies? This must have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3529.0,3536.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"caused a lot of fear. Do you remember what that was like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3536.0,3543.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: Fear. That's a strong word. None of us were callous about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3543.0,3550.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthis. We were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3550.0,3551.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aware of needle stick injuries. I do want to say that one of the early studies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3551.0,3558.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we did was to look at the HIV prevalence in hospital employees at Mama Yemo","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3558.0,3565.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hospital, and we broke these employees into various levels of exposure to blood.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3565.0,3571.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now mind you, needles were not reused, but gloves were nonexistent, so some of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3571.0,3577.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the precautions, all of the precautions that are in place now, very few of them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3577.0,3584.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were in place then. We were able to show that there was no difference in HIV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3584.0,3591.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prevalence given the occupational exposure. Whether you were a nurse in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3591.0,3596.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"delivery room or whether you were in the administration of the hospital, the HIV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3596.0,3602.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prevalence was the same. It was around 5%. It wasn't small. We published that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3602.0,3608.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it was reassuring to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3608.0,3611.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhospital and I think somewhat reassuring to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3611.0,3615.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world that, yes, this was a virus, it was transmittable, but it wasn't like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3615.0,3622.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hepatitis or it wasn't like measles. It wasn't like some of the other viruses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3622.0,3629.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The chances of you getting infected were probably 1 in 500. They were there and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3629.0,3636.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were real, but it wasn't as infectious as some of the other known agents. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3636.0,3644.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think that data probably reassured the hospital. Everyone knew their serology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3644.0,3649.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You used the word fear. I never got a sense there was fear. There was concern,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3649.0,3657.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was interest, but no one ever walked off the job because I don't have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3657.0,3664.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gloves. No one ever asked for hazard pay. I think it has to do with a certain,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3664.0,3672.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not cavalier ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3672.0,3673.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\naspect, but a certain--these are people who grew up in hardship.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3673.0,3679.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Life was difficult; there were dangers everywhere. This was yet another danger.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3679.0,3685.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't want people to think that people were cavalier. They were used to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3685.0,3692.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difficulties, and this was yet another difficulty and didn't incite fear. I hope","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3692.0,3699.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've answered your question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3699.0,3701.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: What about stigma towards the patients? Was there any feeling of not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3701.0,3708.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanting to care for those patients, families coming in, the community in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3708.0,3714.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"general? What was going on around these very ill people and now the babies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3714.0,3721.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"affected in the community?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3721.0,3723.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: I have to say that certainly the hospital staff never refused to report","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3723.0,3730.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to work on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3730.0,3732.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmale or female medicine wards where the prevalence of HIV was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3732.0,3738.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"50%. When someone had a GI [gastrointestinal] bleed on the floor, the blood was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3738.0,3745.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cleaned up quickly. There was no sense of, I'm not gonna care for that patient.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3745.0,3753.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The family--there's a very strong bond in an African family. The family looked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3753.0,3760.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beyond HIV. They were very--when someone dies from HIV, you've lost a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3760.0,3767.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weight, you don't die suddenly, you get the dwindles, we call it. So the family","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3767.0,3775.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew that their loved one was headed downhill. And so when they died, it wasn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3775.0,3783.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surprising but it was tragic. There was hugging. There was no sense that this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3783.0,3790.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"body represents a source of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3790.0,3793.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n contamination.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3793.0,3794.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it's very important to draw a distinction here between Ebola and HIV.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3794.0,3802.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We've now seen a large Ebola outbreak where hugging and burial rites--the Ebola","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3802.0,3809.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"virus is much more transmissible than the HIV virus. You're much more likely to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3809.0,3817.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get it when you're exposed to a body fluid than HIV. HIV is significantly less","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3817.0,3826.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infectious. We're now in 2017, we've had the Ebola outbreak, we're much more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3826.0,3833.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sensitized to body fluids as transmission risk factors. Because so many people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3833.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you will, escaped HIV. Even though they were practicing or exposed to risky","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3840.0,3848.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"behavior, they didn't get infected. There was not the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3848.0,3853.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfear that Ebola has engendered.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3853.0,3856.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Along this line, as the virus moved towards East Africa or as we became","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3856.0,3865.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aware of the prevalence of the virus in East Africa and then Southern Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3865.0,3874.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was a lot of discrimination, certainly against wives who were positive;","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3874.0,3881.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people considered damaged and divorce and abusive responses. Did you see that in Zaire?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3881.0,3890.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: We certainly saw some of it, but we did quite a lot of work on what we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3890.0,3901.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called discordant couples-- married couples where one of the partners is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3901.0,3908.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"positive and the other is negative. [In] these studies, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3908.0,3914.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthere was a biological","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3914.0,3916.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"component, but there was also a psychologic component as well. So when we did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3916.0,3924.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our large studies, one study involved 15,000 workers at a plant and the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3924.0,3931.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prevalence was 2 or 3%, and we included all of the family. Again, we followed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3931.0,3939.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our model. We took over the healthcare of the 15,000 people and their family. We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3939.0,3947.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"identified several hundred discordant couples, and we set up a very confidential","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3947.0,3953.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[center]--in the middle of Matonge, which was a busy place, where people were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3953.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anonymous. We moved this counseling center away from our facilities, which were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3960.0,3966.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"known as the HIV headquarters. We spent a lot of time working with couples, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3966.0,3974.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3974.0,3975.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we developed some strategies where we would make sure that the HIV-negative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3975.0,3984.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"partner knew that their married partner was positive. You can imagine--again, we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3984.0,3993.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"followed the ethical guidelines, but these were tricky days because we had to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=3993.0,4003.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very careful that in making the couple know they were discordant, we didn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4003.0,4012.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dissolve that marriage, and we were conscious of that. It really had to do, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4012.0,4023.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"success had to do with--we called her Mama Mbuyi. A very sophisticated nurse who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4023.0,4033.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was quite ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4033.0,4034.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nreligious, and she ran the counseling center. When the couple were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4034.0,4040.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brought together, I won't belabor what happened, but at a certain point in time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4040.0,4047.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the couple were brought together and they knew they were discordant. We had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4047.0,4054.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost no divorce. She had not a religious fervor, but there was religion there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4054.0,4061.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm talking about Western religion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4061.0,4064.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we documented all of these things, and we found that we developed approaches","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4064.0,4071.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we could announce discordancy and it didn't end up in dissolving the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4071.0,4078.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"marriage. One of the very interesting things that came out of it--of course we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4078.0,4085.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"encouraged people and we had high rates of condom uptake so the negative partner","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4085.0,4092.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would not become ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4092.0,4094.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ninfected. But we looked at fertility rates in these discordant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4094.0,4099.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couples, and we had 23--I think we were following 150 discordant couples, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4099.0,4105.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the period of a couple of years we had 23 pregnancies, a successful baby","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4105.0,4112.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was born, and of those 23 pregnancies from discordant couples, only one couple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4112.0,4118.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became concordantly positive. In fact, we showed that it was easier to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4118.0,4124.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"impregnate your partner than it was to infect them. We wondered, how did this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4124.0,4131.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happen? Well, the Congolese are smart. It turned out that many, many discordant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4131.0,4137.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couples would only have unprotected sex during the period of time that a woman","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4137.0,4144.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was fertile. They would know that. They would practice safe sex during the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4144.0,4150.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"period that a woman was not ovulating, but once she began to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4150.0,4156.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\novulate for a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4156.0,4157.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couple of days, they would practice unsafe sex. Having a baby of course in an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4157.0,4164.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"African couple, if they don't have babies, that's a very big reason for divorce.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4164.0,4171.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If your wife doesn't produce babies, it's probably a bigger stigma than HIV.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4171.0,4177.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These couples were able to have babies, and most of them didn't infect their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4177.0,4184.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"partner. Interesting. I don't think that was a research study. We of course","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4184.0,4190.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never told them to have unprotected sex. They figured it out themselves, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4190.0,4196.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's pretty clever. Most of them got a baby and didn't infect their partner.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4196.0,4203.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Can you say more, or account for the lack of divorce or the more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4203.0,4210.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accepting response of discordant couples than was certainly reported and is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4210.0,4215.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still in existence in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4215.0,4217.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nother parts of Africa?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4217.0,4219.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: This was a period of time when antiretrovirals were just coming in. We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4219.0,4225.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couldn't offer antiretrovirals to most of these people. Again, I didn't come up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4225.0,4231.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with this. This was developed by the Congolese in focus groups and talking about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4231.0,4237.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what would make sense. Most of the people we were dealing with were not able to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4237.0,4244.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"read and write. They probably didn't understand germ theory. Frankly, a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4244.0,4250.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this went on in the local language, and I was aware of some of it but not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4250.0,4258.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"completely. This was a Congolese effort, and I think that was intentional. How","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4258.0,4264.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could we propose to--how to dialog with an African couple? We emphasized that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4264.0,4270.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is not a death sentence, that we can prevent this if you use condoms.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4270.0,4277.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Condoms were certainly not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4277.0,4279.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwidely practiced, but there was a lot of publicity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4279.0,4283.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the National AIDS program. We emphasized the love of a couple, that they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4283.0,4289.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were raising children and that if they practiced safe sex, that they were likely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4289.0,4295.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to live many years in the future. We certainly didn't mislead people that they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4295.0,4301.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were gonna live forever. We couldn't offer antiretrovirals, but we emphasized","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4301.0,4306.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that really the sanctity of a marriage and the importance of having a mother and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4306.0,4313.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"father to raise these kids. That was very important. It's a message that I, as a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4313.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"biomedical scientist, could never have gotten across, but Mama Mbuyi with her","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4320.0,4325.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wisdom and her knowledge and really philosophy and probably some psychology was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4325.0,4330.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"able to pull on that, and as a result we had very little divorce.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4330.0,4336.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4336.0,4336.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIt sounds like you did so much important work, epidemiologic,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4336.0,4342.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"laboratory, clinical research, and beginning to look at HIV testing of blood.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4342.0,4349.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Were there conflicts with the Ministry of Health and other government entities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4349.0,4356.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the settings, the priorities of your project, because certainly there were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4356.0,4363.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"programmatic issues, there were issues such as screening of all blood products.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4363.0,4370.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"How did that figure into your priority-setting for Projet SIDA?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4370.0,4376.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: I think people realize by now that this was conceived as not a bunch of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4376.0,4385.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Americans or Belgians parachuting into the country and pulling off the data and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4385.0,4393.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"running home and publishing it. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4393.0,4396.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThis was a real effort to integrate Congolese.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4396.0,4400.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it wasn't an effort. It came easily. Our staff over the four years that I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4400.0,4408.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was there grew from about 7 to 300. Our budget went from $300,000 to $4 million","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4408.0,4416.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the space of 4 years. Our project grew enormously. At the end, I said 300","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4416.0,4424.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"employees. We had 5 expatriates and 295 Congolese, and that was very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4424.0,4430.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intentional. We had lots of people in Atlanta at CDC eager to come out and do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4430.0,4438.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their clever study. Fortunately, Jim Curran, who was my boss, was very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4438.0,4444.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"understanding that we had to be perceived as a resource in the country and not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4444.0,4451.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as exploiting. The Congolese knew exploitation. They had been exploited by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4451.0,4456.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBelgium. It helped that we were not Belgian. The U.S. has never colonized in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4456.0,4461.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Africa, and that was pointed out to me over and over again: that you were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4461.0,4467.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"colonized by the British, but you did not colonize the way the Belgians did. It","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4467.0,4473.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"helped to be American. We had a Belgian component, but it helped that we were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4473.0,4479.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not perceived--and we played that up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4479.0,4481.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So what I mean to say is that our leadership, a few leadership positions came","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4481.0,4487.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the United States, but we broke ourselves into teams. Each study had a team","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4487.0,4493.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leader, and those team leaders without exception were Congolese. Where did they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4493.0,4498.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come from? They came from the Kinshasa School of Medicine. The Kinshasa School","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4498.0,4503.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Medicine starts with 600 students, and over 6 years it's whittled down to 60.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4503.0,4509.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those 60 may not know too much medicine, but they are smart. All of our team","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4509.0,4515.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leaders were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4515.0,4516.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nrecent graduates of the School of Medicine. These were smart people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4516.0,4521.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who were going to be consigned to working in clinics with no medicines, very few","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4521.0,4528.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medicines, and really not a very interesting lifestyle. They would have to have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4528.0,4534.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"done government service, they would have had to moonlight on the side to make","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4534.0,4541.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money, they would have had very modest incomes. So when we offered a position as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4541.0,4548.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a team captain, we screened them. These were very smart people, very motivated,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4548.0,4554.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we always put them up front. They always presented at the international","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4554.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meetings. We never presented at international meetings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4560.0,4563.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You asked me about what priorities. The government never set priorities. They","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4563.0,4569.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never told us to do a particular study, not at all. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4569.0,4574.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAlso, to CDC's credit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4574.0,4576.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly Jim Curran, Jim never told us what to do. We came up with ideas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4576.0,4583.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"None of the ideas that led to publications came from--most of the ideas came","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4583.0,4589.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Kinshasa. We had team meetings, and we decided where we had a competitive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4589.0,4595.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strength, and we'd go for it. So we were never dictated to in terms of what we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4595.0,4603.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanted to do. Our studies were never esoteric. We were not trying to define the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4603.0,4610.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"genome of the HIV virus. We were trying to define how to protect heterosexual","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4610.0,4616.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couples. We were trying to define how often an HIV-positive mother infected her","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4616.0,4622.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"baby and which risk factors did the mother have to either infect or protect her","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4622.0,4629.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"baby. These were pieces of data which could be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4629.0,4633.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nreadily incorporated into a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4633.0,4635.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"public health message on the part of the Ministry of Health. That was never lost","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4635.0,4642.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on us, and it was never lost on the Ministry. We weren't publishing in Nature or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4642.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Science. We were publishing in clinical and epidemiologic journals, and the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4650.0,4655.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"consumers of our data were the local medical and public health authorities. They","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4655.0,4661.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were helped by our data. I think that's why we had pretty much of a free rein.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4661.0,4669.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We were not looking at esoteric things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4669.0,4672.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You were working in a close intimate setting and collaborating with the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4672.0,4678.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zairois, and it sounds like that was excellent. And you had the Belgian","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4678.0,4684.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Institute of Tropical Medicine and NIH. Can you say a little bit about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4684.0,4690.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhow that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4690.0,4691.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went? Were there conflicts between agencies, or were they building on each","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4691.0,4697.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other's strengths? What was that like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4697.0,4700.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: They were certainly building on each other's strengths, because NIH ran","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4700.0,4706.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the laboratory, and I can say I never did a single lab test the whole time I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4706.0,4715.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. We certainly were building on each other's strengths there. I think when","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4715.0,4722.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you look at the expertise of the various agencies, CDC, in large part because of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4722.0,4730.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Epidemic Intelligence Service, has a world-famous track record in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4730.0,4735.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"epidemiology studies, and we were part of that. NIH has a world-class expertise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4735.0,4742.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in how viruses work, how they multiply, what distinguishes virulence from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4742.0,4748.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"non-virulence. The Belgians ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4748.0,4750.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwere very interested in the clinical aspects of HIV.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4750.0,4755.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I don't want to sound egotistical, but for me, for CDC, this was an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4755.0,4763.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"epidemiologic heaven. We were able to do large studies answering important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4763.0,4769.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"epidemiologic--just a dream for an epidemiologist. I had all sorts of clever","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4769.0,4775.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people back in Atlanta guiding me. We were an epidemiologic freight train.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4775.0,4781.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"NIH, to do some of the things that they do, it's very lab labor-intensive. You","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4781.0,4789.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can't create a lab that you would have in Bethesda, the home of NIH, in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4789.0,4797.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kinshasa. It just can't happen; the supply chain [is lacking]. So I think there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4797.0,4805.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was some frustration on the part of NIH that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4805.0,4810.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nCDC was first-authoring or a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4810.0,4812.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Congolese was first-authoring in the New England Journal. We had some visible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4812.0,4818.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"publications. NIH was on those papers, but they were often the third or the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4818.0,4825.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fourth author of ten. So that created jealousy. There was no question about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4825.0,4832.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The most clever lab scientists around HIV didn't want to come to Kinshasa. They","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4832.0,4839.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanted to do their work in a sophisticated laboratory in NIH. I'm not a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4839.0,4846.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clinician. I'm trained and the lab scientists from NIH were lab scientists. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4846.0,4852.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Belgians were very interested in the clinical aspects of it, and so there were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4852.0,4859.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much less turf issues around the clinical aspects. That was the Belgians, and it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4859.0,4866.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really never became a controversy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4866.0,4868.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was also ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4868.0,4869.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndifficult because this was a very visible project. I reported to Jim","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4869.0,4875.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Curran, who was the head of the AIDS program at CDC. My laboratory counterpart","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4875.0,4882.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reported to [Dr. Anthony] Tony Fauci, the charismatic head of NIAID. When there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4882.0,4888.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was any little difficulty, this didn't go through the grapevine. It went to Jim","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4888.0,4895.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Curran, or it went to Tony Fauci. That created some awkwardness between Tony and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4895.0,4902.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jim. They dealt with it very effectively, but there were days. But our lab tests","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4902.0,4909.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got done, and I think we were all aware that we were doing important work, that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4909.0,4917.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what we did was invariably going to be published in a peer-reviewed journal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4917.0,4923.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People's professional careers rose because of this track record. We all knew","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4923.0,4929.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we were in competitive ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4929.0,4931.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nterritory, and that leads to some clashes for sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4931.0,4936.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: I'd like to close with a few questions about some of the personal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4936.0,4944.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aspects or impact of your work on AIDS. For example, at any point did you worry","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4944.0,4953.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about becoming infected yourself, or were you worried about the fate of your","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4953.0,4960.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"colleagues or your family?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4960.0,4962.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: It's interesting. I basically didn't. Sometimes EIS officers, or people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4962.0,4968.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who have been through the EIS, have been called cowboys. I don't like to think I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4968.0,4977.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a cowboy. I wore gloves. I made a point if there was blood on the floor, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4977.0,4987.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would rush to help clean it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4987.0,4990.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nup. I tried to not be a prima donna. I tried to show","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4990.0,4996.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people I wasn't afraid of AIDS patients. I wasn't afraid of blood. I'm HIV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=4996.0,5003.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"negative. I didn't do anything stupid, but I made a point to, if you will, put","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5003.0,5011.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"myself at risk. I wore gloves. I wasn't afraid of the virus but I was very aware","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5011.0,5019.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I had to show that I had the same concerns that I would expect the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5019.0,5027.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"employees to have, and no less and no more. I think that was observed. I never","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5027.0,5035.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"felt that I was bringing it home to my children or my wife. I was careful. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5035.0,5043.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whole time I was in Kinshasa I never underwent an HIV test. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5043.0,5049.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nnever kept","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5049.0,5050.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"checking my blood. I guess I was so caught up in this epidemiologic heaven that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5050.0,5059.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fear was not a concern.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5059.0,5062.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You were a part of something that changed the history and course of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5062.0,5070.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"public health. How has that affected you personally?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5070.0,5075.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: First of all, yes, it has affected me personally, but I want to keep","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5075.0,5084.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coming back to the fact that this is more than Robin Ryder. That my appreciation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5084.0,5093.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Africans and the courage and the brains that they have, if people ask","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5093.0,5101.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me--you're asking me now 30 years later--what is the sentinel accomplishment of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5101.0,5108.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Projet ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5108.0,5109.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSIDA, what do I feel proudest of? It's not the New England Journal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5109.0,5116.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"papers. It's the young African clinical scientists who I enabled their careers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5116.0,5123.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they now occupy leadership positions not only in their country--we were not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5123.0,5130.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a source of brain drain per se--but it's that training of a cadre of people who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5130.0,5139.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never would have had the careers or lives they've had without exposure to Projet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5139.0,5147.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SIDA. That's what makes me feel good inside. It's not the publications. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5147.0,5154.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"publications certainly enabled an academic career, but those are fleeting. No","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5154.0,5160.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one is citing my publications from 30 years ago. But I'm hearing from ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5160.0,5167.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmy African colleagues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5167.0,5169.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just a funny anecdote. One of the leaders of our perinatal team was called Dr.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5169.0,5177.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bayende. It has too many vowels in it, and Dr. Bayende now is a professor of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5177.0,5185.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"biostatistics in Texas. Dr. Bayende is called Dr. Ryder. Dr. Bayende, because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5185.0,5191.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his name couldn't be pronounced by Americans, decided that he wouldn't plague","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5191.0,5197.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his children with the name Bayende. He changed his family name to Ryder. So we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5197.0,5205.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a family reunion a few years ago. There are quite a few Ryders, and Dr.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5205.0,5213.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ryder Bayende came. It's just I feel kind of funny he's now got an Anglo name,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5213.0,5221.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but certainly I'm happy for him he wanted to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5221.0,5226.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat. I think that says a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5226.0,5229.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the gratification I've got out of this, of just developing extreme","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5229.0,5235.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"appreciation for the Africans that worked in the project.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5235.0,5239.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: What impact do you think this had on your subsequent professional work?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5239.0,5245.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you end up continuing to work on AIDS? You moved on to many other things, I know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5245.0,5254.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: When I returned to the United States --we left the year after I left the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5254.0,5262.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"project --Zaire fell. President Mobutu died. I was very fortunate I had all of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5262.0,5269.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my data on tapes, and so I spent 2-1/2 years after I was back basically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5269.0,5276.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"analyzing data and writing it up and publishing the papers that were published.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5276.0,5282.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I came back to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5282.0,5284.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nNew York, and the epidemiologic opportunities in New York City","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5284.0,5290.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were so modest compared to what I had in Congo. There was quite a lot of turf","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5290.0,5299.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that had been set up. I opted to not jump into that and really moved to some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5299.0,5308.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other areas. So I have very few HIV publications from the United States. Most of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5308.0,5316.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them are from Africa. It was intentional. I just felt after you screened 12,000","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5316.0,5324.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"women who have a prevalence of 5% and the numbers are so big, to show at that my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5324.0,5334.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital I saw 30 HIV-positive women over 5 years, it just didn't really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5334.0,5341.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resonate with me. So I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5341.0,5344.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmoved on. I stayed in infectious diseases. After we all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5344.0,5351.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got evacuated, I came back to the Congo--it was then the Congo--in 2001 and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5351.0,5360.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started up again, but it really wasn't an HIV project. We were looking at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5360.0,5369.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stillbirths. We were looking at, again, an emphasis on maternal and child","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5369.0,5377.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"health, but not HIV. It couldn't be recreated. I closed that chapter.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5377.0,5385.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Any closing thoughts? This has been an amazing interview.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5385.0,5392.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RYDER: I think the gratitude I've showed to the Congolese, but I also--this is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5392.0,5401.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the history of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5401.0,5404.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nCDC. I feel that I was able to be--our team was able to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5404.0,5410.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as successful as they were, we were pretty much [on our own]. We didn't have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5410.0,5417.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"email. The telephone rarely worked. We were isolated out here, and we did not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5417.0,5423.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"report to Clifton Road very often, and Clifton Road couldn't get to us very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5423.0,5429.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"often. We thrived, and we did not have the layers of bureaucracy, which I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5429.0,5435.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"understand are necessary, but they might have impeded our success. I don't think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5435.0,5441.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're ever going to turn the clock back on, you know, we now have biosecurity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5441.0,5448.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We have a lot of issues that we have to confront. But there was a golden window","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5448.0,5456.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there when we were able to exploit our isolation and to the advantage of our","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5456.0,5463.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"scientific ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5463.0,5463.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\naccomplishments. I think that being let loose will not happen again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5463.0,5469.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I feel very blessed about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5469.0,5473.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To close, one of the accomplishments that I want people to realize is that we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5473.0,5481.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did set up the first ethical review committee in Kinshasa, and that ethical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5481.0,5488.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"review committee continues. The first chair of that IRB [institutional review","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5488.0,5494.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"board] was Bila Kapita, and we followed--it was constituted along NIH","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5494.0,5500.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guidelines. We followed the letter of the law. It was extremely rewarding to see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5500.0,5507.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"non-paid African Zairois professionals reviewing the protocols, not being paid,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5507.0,5512.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/904","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taking time out of their practices, getting into all of the important issues","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5512.0,5519.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/905","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without a lot of people breathing down their ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5519.0,5523.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nnecks from IRBs in the United","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782#t=5523.0,5528.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133998/file/248782/transcript/69319/annotation/907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States. 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