{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/fb4wh2g22p/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Dowdle, Walter"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["12459"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["David J. 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My name is Karen Torghele, and I'll be talking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=7.0,12.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with Dr. Dowdle for the Global Health Chronicles Polio Oral History project. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=12.0,17.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"David J. Sencer CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] Museum is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=17.0,22.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"partnering with the Emory Vaccine Center to gather these oral histories to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=22.0,27.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"document the history of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=27.0,31.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By way of introduction for Dr. Dowdle, I will just briefly say a few things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=31.0,37.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about him. Dr. Walter Dowdle was most recently consultant to the Task Force for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=37.0,42.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Global Health and to the World Health Organization on the Global Poliomyelitis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=42.0,47.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eradication Initiative. He directed the Task Force's Global Polio Eradication","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=47.0,51.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program and initiative funded by the Bill \u0026 Melinda Gates Foundation. Prior to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=51.0,56.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"joining the Task Force, Dr. Dowdle was deputy director, Centers for Disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=56.0,61.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Control and Prevention, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=61.0,62.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin Atlanta from 1987 to 1994, and acting director 1989","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=62.0,67.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to 1990 and in 1993. So, Dr. Dowdle, welcome. Thank you for agreeing to be here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=67.0,75.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By way of getting to know you for everyone, would you just tell us a little bit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=75.0,83.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about your background and how you initially came to be at the Centers for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=83.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Disease Control, and when?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=90.0,92.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Thank you. It's difficult to know exactly where to start, but I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=92.0,99.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what I might do is relate a little bit of how polio comes into ending up at CDC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=99.0,107.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I guess my first real introduction to polio, if you will, was when I was at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=107.0,115.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University of Maryland working on a Ph.D., and there I was doing work with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=115.0,122.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anthrax phage, which, of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=122.0,124.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncourse--phage is a virus which attacks bacteria, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=124.0,128.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these phages attack the anthrax bacteria. And at that time, I had a professor of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=128.0,136.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"virology who really made a lot of impact on me and my thinking and career. And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=136.0,144.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this was [Dr.] Maurice Hilleman. Maurice Hilleman, as many may know, is the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=144.0,151.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developer of the vaccine, the so-called MMR vaccine--the measles, mumps and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=151.0,157.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rubella vaccine--hepatitis vaccines, and, of course, he was behind the influenza","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=157.0,163.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccines for many years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=163.0,165.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there we got to work not only with polio, but also my first real introduction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=165.0,173.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into tissue culture work. Tissue culture work, you have to keep in mind--that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=173.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is, the tissue culture used for production of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=180.0,184.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npoliovirus vaccine--was only","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=184.0,186.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually, you might say, discovered or rediscovered about four or five years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=186.0,192.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the time we started working on it. So, it was all very new. Everything was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=192.0,200.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still new. It was all very exciting. All of this was still developing at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=200.0,208.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same time. This was about 1957-'58. And the Salk vaccine had only been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=208.0,215.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"introduced a few years earlier in 1955, in '56. So it was a very exciting time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=215.0,223.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I got into that area, and I guess it was really fortuitous. Actually, I had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=223.0,231.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not applied to CDC. But CDC had actually asked the University of Maryland for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=231.0,238.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them to recommend recent graduates of this, because of other connections. So I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=238.0,245.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ended up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=245.0,246.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhere. But at the same time, I had really known the Montgomery [Alabama]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=246.0,252.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"laboratory back in the earlier '50s, because I'd gone to the University of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=252.0,258.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alabama and we had made a number of trips over to--there was a small virology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=258.0,265.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unit in Montgomery as part of CDC. So we went over there to learn the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=265.0,272.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fluorescent antibody technique, and so I knew and had had contact with a number","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=272.0,278.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of people over there before ever moving here. And it ended up that I came to CDC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=278.0,286.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 1960, which is the same time the laboratory moved from Montgomery over to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=286.0,292.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"building 7. So that all just sort of happened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=292.0,296.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Who were some of the people who were working in Montgomery?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=296.0,301.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Well, the people--Schaeffer, of course, [Dr.] Morris Schaeffer, was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=301.0,306.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nreally an extraordinary person. He had been pretty much dedicated to polio for a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=306.0,313.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"while. He was severely crippled from polio, which most people don't realize. But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=313.0,319.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was severely crippled. He had this interest in developing a live vaccine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=319.0,325.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like the Sabin vaccine as we know today, and had actually started one quite","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=325.0,332.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"earlier. Then he had attracted to the lab a person by the name of [Dr.] C.P. Li,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=332.0,340.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was from Taiwan originally but was also interested in developing a live","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=340.0,346.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine, so between the two of them they started trying to attenuate all three","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=346.0,353.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the polioviruses to use them for the vaccine. And they were actually working","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=353.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on all three, but they did an extraordinary job on the type 1. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=360.0,366.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThat type 1 virus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=366.0,368.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the type 1 that Sabin used. He made a few more passages, but basically it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=368.0,374.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the same virus. And so that's the virus in the vaccine today. It all came from CDC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=374.0,381.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So Dr. Schaeffer and Dr. Li shared their strains of the virus with Dr. Sabin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=381.0,387.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=387.0,388.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And that's the one that--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=388.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: That's the one was used.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=390.0,392.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: The strains are the same one that ended up in the vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=392.0,397.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Right, yeah. And, in fact, it's known today as the Li and Schaeffer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=397.0,402.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strain. So, that's one part of the CDC polio effort that I think most people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=402.0,408.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't really appreciate. But the Montgomery lab was involved in polio much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=408.0,413.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"earlier than that and in other ways. It also did a lot of the diagnostic work,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=413.0,419.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it did quite a bit of the virus surveillance work and virus typing and this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=419.0,425.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"type of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=425.0,426.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthing. So when the lab moved from Montgomery over here, all of it moved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=426.0,433.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over here at the same time in 1960.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=433.0,437.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then there were other people. [Dr. Roslyn Q.] Robby Robinson, who also came to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=437.0,444.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC at that time, was heading up the influenza laboratory. Then there was [Dr.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=444.0,451.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Roy Chamberlain, who you may have encountered. Roy and his group actually did a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=451.0,458.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot of work in arboviruses, showing how widespread they were, where they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=458.0,464.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"occurred, and introduced a number of the techniques that are used in arbovirus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=464.0,470.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work. So, a lot was going on. There was [Dr. Robert E.] Kissling with the rabies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=470.0,478.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work, who actually perfected the test for rabies and, of course, fluorescent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=478.0,484.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antibody for rabies. A lot of good work went on, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=484.0,489.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand I'd like to say the same","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=489.0,492.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing happened here. So it was a very interesting time, and there were a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=492.0,499.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of interconnections. You know, don't forget, virology was a fairly small","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=499.0,504.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world then. You knew almost everybody in the field in one way or another. It was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=504.0,511.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pretty small.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=511.0,512.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: How did you get interested in viruses as a specific--?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=512.0,517.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Well, basically, as I said, I was originally working with anthrax","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=517.0,522.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bacteria, then the viruses of the anthrax bacteria, and then with Maurice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=522.0,527.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hilleman as my professor. I got interested in human viruses. That's basically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=527.0,532.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how it went. Then when I came down to CDC, I worked on respiratory viruses and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=532.0,539.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"herpes viruses, influenza--that was the initial work that I did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=539.0,544.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And it was new.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=544.0,546.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=546.0,546.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nYeah, it was all pretty exciting. One thing that I think tends to get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=546.0,553.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lost--in about 1968 we had become convinced--or at least I had become convinced,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=553.0,560.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here at CDC--of there being two types of herpes viruses. Then it turns out that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=560.0,568.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my neighbor across the street here was [Dr. Andre J.] Andy Nahmias. Andy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=568.0,575.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nahmias--who's quite well known as professor at Emory University, now retired,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=575.0,581.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of course--and it turns out that Andy and I were talking across the street, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=581.0,589.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was talking about his interest in herpes viruses. So we joined forces and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=589.0,596.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"published the paper demonstrating that there were two types of herpes viruses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=596.0,602.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And at that time, all the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=602.0,605.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntype 1 occurred above the waist and all the type 2","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=605.0,611.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"viruses occurred below the waist. So that was the first proof that there were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=611.0,618.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two different types with two different tissue sources.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=618.0,622.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I'm getting away from polio. But the polio interest really even continued","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=622.0,629.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then because when I came to CDC, the lab was finally open here in 1960. Then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=629.0,637.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right around the corner was the polio lab, and at that time they were doing some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=637.0,645.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very famous--doing the famous Atlanta study of the first trials of the Sabin","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=645.0,652.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine before it was licensed. They discovered, as they were going to use type","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=652.0,659.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1 and 2, that type 3 was actually occurring at that time. So that stimulated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=659.0,667.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=667.0,667.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot of the interest in the Sabin vaccine, and I think was a major step forward","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=667.0,674.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the vaccine. So that's one other area that perhaps people don't fully","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=674.0,680.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"appreciate. And the person who was heading up the lab at that time was [Dr.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=680.0,687.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Henry Gelfand. Henry Gelfand had done just extraordinary work before he came to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=687.0,693.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC, as the person who worked with [Dr. John P.] Fox to do all the family","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=693.0,700.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"studies, and that had a lot of bearing on the selection between the Sabin","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=700.0,706.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine and the Salk vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=706.0,708.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: You arrived after the Cutter incident. Did that have repercussions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=708.0,713.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during the time you were here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=713.0,716.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Well, of course. I mean, it's true, I did arrive right after the Cutter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=716.0,723.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"incident, but it's sort of like events that happened in your family. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=723.0,728.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIt's still","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=728.0,729.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talked about, it's still very much of your daily life, because of people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=729.0,737.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved in it. Yes, that was a major event, but at the same time, it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=737.0,747.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resolved, and it was a matter of, simply, the virus not being inactivated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=747.0,755.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"adequately. Once those technical issues were actually resolved, then we went on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=755.0,762.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Salk vaccine has never had an incident since then.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=762.0,769.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: How was the lab involved in identifying the problem with the vaccine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=769.0,777.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: I should say not a great deal. Indeed, it was earlier, but largely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=777.0,785.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trying to differentiate the types of viruses. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=785.0,789.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut I was not directly connected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=789.0,792.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with that at the time. But Montgomery lab was involved in that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=792.0,798.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: You talked about surveillance in the lab. Can you say more about that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=798.0,806.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and how it worked with polio epidemics and vaccination programs?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=806.0,811.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Well, it was the involvement of the lab in the early polio vaccine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=811.0,819.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"development. And the early application of the vaccine was in some ways just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=819.0,826.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"incremental steps in working with some of this, because they've been involved in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=826.0,833.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio isolation for quite some time, and diagnostic work with the states for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=833.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quite some time. But it was a matter of volume, and it was a matter of accepting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=840.0,849.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmaterials that were related to the whole issue of vaccine production, vaccine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=849.0,855.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"safety, and vaccine application. But still, the National Polio Foundation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=855.0,860.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually was supporting a lot of this work that was done at a university level,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=860.0,867.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than at the CDC level.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=867.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We got involved, I think, in two ways. One is the Cutter incident, and I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=870.0,878.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this speaks a great deal to [Dr. Alexander D.] Alex Langmuir that Alex had sort","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=878.0,885.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of inserted himself into a lot of these issues that perhaps a government","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=885.0,891.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"institute may not necessarily have been involved in at the time. Those were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=891.0,897.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different times, and quite different. So he got involved in the Cutter incident,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=897.0,903.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and his early, you might say, conclusions--that this was related to a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=903.0,909.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n particular","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=909.0,910.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine and not the whole vaccine and not everyone's vaccine--I think pretty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=910.0,916.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much put the spotlight on him. The work that was done by Langmuir's group, by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=916.0,924.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the EIS [Epidemic Intelligence Service] officers at the time, [Dr.] Neal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=924.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nathanson who led this group, I think really put CDC in the spotlight. There was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=930.0,938.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no question about it. Then once they were in the spotlight, then they sort of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=938.0,946.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stayed in the spotlight from then on. Langmuir had already been involved in a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=946.0,953.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"number of the commissions and a number of the groups and at many meetings of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=953.0,961.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which polio vaccines, applications, were the subject. But CDC at that time was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=961.0,968.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not a major--wasn't involved in a major way in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=968.0,973.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nreally developing the vaccines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=973.0,975.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"per se--except for Li and Schaeffer, and that was not field-related at the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=975.0,981.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So the Epidemic Intelligence Service started out in 1951, as they were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=981.0,987.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interested in bioterrorism and preventing that from happening in the United","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=987.0,992.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States, as I understand it. Did Dr. Langmuir use the polio-tainted vaccine as a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=992.0,998.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way to get the EIS officers involved for that reason?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=998.0,1003.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Well, yes, that was the original idea. But I think the involvement in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1003.0,1009.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Cutter incident and in the vaccines took on a life of its own. I mean,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1009.0,1016.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's no question about it. Every now and then somebody would sort of bring it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1016.0,1023.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back to what the original intent was, but it was an event of its own in that respect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1023.0,1031.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1031.0,1031.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe National Institutes of Health [NIH] maybe would've been expected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1031.0,1036.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to get more involved, but it sounds like CDC did the majority of the work in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1036.0,1044.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cutter incident. Is that right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1044.0,1046.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Well, again, this is, I think, the genius of Alex Langmuir. I think we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1046.0,1053.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can't really underappreciate what Alex had done for CDC, and made CDC in many","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1053.0,1060.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ways. That one person probably made CDC more than anyone else has. Again, there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1060.0,1067.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were very strong personalities in those days, and there were the Harvard","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1067.0,1073.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"professors, and you don't see that so much today. It's much more of a teamwork","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1073.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"type of thing, it's a group effort. But in those days, the individuals really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1080.0,1087.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of led the way--sometimes wrong, but often right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1087.0,1091.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1091.0,1091.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nYou mentioned Neal Nathanson. Can you say a little bit more about his role?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1091.0,1099.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Neal was the one who actually wrote all of the articles regarding the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1099.0,1107.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cutter incident, but it was also very much a team effort, and he led a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1107.0,1117.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. Neal is a very good epidemiologist, but also a good polio virologist, and he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1117.0,1125.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"combined the two. He's a very thoughtful, very independent thinker. Neal, again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1125.0,1132.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is one of the people I think as an unsung hero of not only Cutter, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1132.0,1141.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"throughout his whole career.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1141.0,1143.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Getting back to the labs themselves, can you describe a little bit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1143.0,1150.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1150.0,1151.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nMontgomery labs were like when you would visit there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1151.0,1156.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: The Montgomery labs were pretty much like the old labs out at Chamblee.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1156.0,1163.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They weren't that different. They were in Quonset huts. This was at the old","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1163.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maxwell Air Force Base and these were all leftover World War II buildings, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1170.0,1177.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so they were in pretty bad shape both in terms of appearance and in terms of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1177.0,1185.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"construction, but also problems related to holes in the floor and leaks. It was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1185.0,1192.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"awful, really awful, but the job got done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1192.0,1196.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: When you all moved to the new labs in 1960, what were they like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1196.0,1204.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: The 1960 labs obviously were much better. I mean, you had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1204.0,1210.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbrick instead","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1210.0,1211.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Quonset hut type of building. You also had actually cooling and heating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1211.0,1219.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"capacity, whereas they only had window units in Montgomery. Obviously, it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1219.0,1226.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like going to heaven. It was so different. But yeah, when we look back at it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1226.0,1235.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the buildings that actually we moved into in 1960 were pretty primitive, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1235.0,1242.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were basically just a structure with rooms. They did have hoods in them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1242.0,1250.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but these were more or less sort of improved chemistry hoods, and not much more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1250.0,1258.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than that. And, of course, in those days we had--restrooms were both colored and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1258.0,1266.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"white, and designated as such, and they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1266.0,1270.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwere--we have to keep in mind that this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1270.0,1274.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"building, though, was designed in the 1950s. So by the time it got fixed and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1274.0,1281.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"completed, CDC no longer--well, it wasn't their idea in the first place, but CDC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1281.0,1287.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"definitely--it was not in CDC's interest to do this. So all the bathrooms got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1287.0,1293.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"converted. The 'colored' signs were taken down. That meant extra bathrooms, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1293.0,1298.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so the ladies rebelled, and they ended up with more bathrooms in the end, so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1298.0,1305.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everybody won.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1305.0,1306.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I guess that must have been true for drinking fountains.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1306.0,1311.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Yeah, but I don't recall that that was labeled.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1311.0,1315.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Can you think back on some of the diagnostic tools you used, and some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1315.0,1322.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the lab equipment that you used at the time, that people might not know about now?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1322.0,1330.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1330.0,1330.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIf we talk about polio-specific, there wasn't a lot of new equipment or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1330.0,1337.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fancy equipment that was being used. There were two things I recall at the time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1337.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that eventually became quite popular. One was the use of the rolling drum, in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1345.0,1352.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which--you put your tissue culture tubes in this drum, and by rolling the drum,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1352.0,1359.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the tissue culture media would actually cover the tissue culture to keep it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1359.0,1366.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moist. So that was fairly new. That actually came out of the vaccine production.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1366.0,1373.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this is a very small thing. The other item that was quite new at the time was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1373.0,1382.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the use of little small plates that were 96 holes, plastic plates, and that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1382.0,1389.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nreally came out of the plastic industry. That took a while to work out--some of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1389.0,1397.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the plates were very bad, some were toxic, but eventually it became the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1397.0,1404.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mainstay. So that was sort of new at the time. But basically they were fairly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1404.0,1412.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"standard techniques that were being used back in the 1960s--not that exotic at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1412.0,1419.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all. Later, of course, it's a totally different world, with all the current work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1419.0,1426.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's being done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1426.0,1428.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: What were the major changes that made the virology study more up--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1428.0,1435.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Well, let me go forward a little bit. When I became the director of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1435.0,1443.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Virology Division, later on, is when I became really more immersed in polio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1443.0,1450.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What sort of started that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1450.0,1453.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nis that there was a case of paralytic polio in Texas,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1453.0,1461.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this was a young girl whose last name was Reyes. This young girl had just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1461.0,1472.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a dose polio vaccine, and she came down with paralytic polio in an area that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1472.0,1483.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wild poliovirus was occurring. So the lawyers for the family blamed the company","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1483.0,1492.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a vaccine-associated case, and so therefore they sued the company.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1492.0,1500.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, that had other implications, particularly related to the safety of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1500.0,1508.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine and who will pay for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1508.0,1512.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nit, and so on and so forth--who will pay for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1512.0,1517.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"compensation. But for the laboratory, it was a different thing. For the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1517.0,1523.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"laboratory, the question was, Why could you not tell the difference between a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1523.0,1529.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sabin live vaccine strain and a wild strain? At that time, [Dr. James H.] Jim","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1529.0,1536.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nakano, who was running the laboratory, was using the standard sort of biologic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1536.0,1542.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"test. And these tests were not sufficiently reproducible so that you could","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1542.0,1548.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always tell the difference between them, because these were biologic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1548.0,1553.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"characteristics, and they weren't always stable. So his testimony showed at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1553.0,1559.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trial that this was a wild virus, but the jury didn't accept it because they had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1559.0,1567.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been instructed this was not something that was absolutely certain; there was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1567.0,1573.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some degree of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1573.0,1574.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n uncertainty.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1574.0,1574.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So at that time, I figured that despite all these other problems with the case,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1574.0,1581.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was just embarrassing to us that we could not tell the difference--literally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1581.0,1587.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couldn't tell the difference between a wild and a vaccine strain. So at that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1587.0,1593.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time I said, We can't continue like this. We've got to come up with some way to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1593.0,1601.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tell the difference.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1601.0,1602.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So at that time, I then put in for a position for someone who is new to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1602.0,1610.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whole field, or would bring to us the competence in the field of molecular","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1610.0,1616.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"biology, which was just at its beginning, just at its beginning. So [Dr. John","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1616.0,1622.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"F.] Jack Obijeski came in to take that position, working with [Dr.Frederick A.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1622.0,1628.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fred Murphy, and so Jack then hired [Dr.] Olen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1628.0,1632.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nKew, who you, I'm sure, will be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1632.0,1636.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hearing about more with this group. And Olen Kew came in with the competence of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1636.0,1644.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working with polioviruses and the molecular biology of poliovirus. And so Olen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1644.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very quickly--Olen and Jack and others--came up with this technique of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1650.0,1656.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"oligonucleotide testing. This was also--when you look back on it--was extremely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1656.0,1662.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difficult, very complicated, but nevertheless you could end up showing the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1662.0,1668.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difference between the strains.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1668.0,1670.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think it was about 1979, about that period, we had this outbreak among the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1670.0,1678.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Amish. And Olen used that technique at the time, and for the first time you were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1678.0,1686.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"able to really show that there were differences between strains, and this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1686.0,1692.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"technique--and you could differentiate not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1692.0,1695.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nonly wild versus vaccine strains, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1695.0,1698.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also between viral strains themselves. That was the beginning. That was an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1698.0,1703.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enormous step in the whole field of polio, just an enormous step. And I should","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1703.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"point out that when he developed this technique, he went back and ran the virus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1710.0,1717.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that had been isolated from the Reyes girl. And it turned out to be wild, which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1717.0,1724.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was exactly as we had expected--but it was now confirmed to be wild.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1724.0,1730.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: You couldn't prove it at that time, but later you were able to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1730.0,1736.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: This was in '79, whereas the Reyes case was about '73, I think. It was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1736.0,1743.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somewhat earlier, although he looked at the strain earlier.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1743.0,1747.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Were you called upon to testify at any of these other lawsuits that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1747.0,1753.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came up?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1753.0,1754.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: No. Not in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1754.0,1756.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nany. The other lawsuits--this was the only one where there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1756.0,1761.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was really a question about whether it was wild or vaccine-related. This is the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1761.0,1769.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"main one. There probably were others, but that's the main one that sort of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1769.0,1777.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"served as the history for the legal issues related to these sorts of cases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1777.0,1785.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So, moving ahead, after the Sabin vaccine was used and Salk was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1785.0,1792.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"discontinued--so the killed virus is not being used anymore, and attenuated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1792.0,1798.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"virus vaccine was being used--there started to be some cases of polio that were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1798.0,1806.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"associated with polio with the vaccine. Can you talk a little bit about that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1806.0,1814.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what the process was in discovering the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1814.0,1818.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n association?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1818.0,1819.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: The Sabin polio vaccines, live attenuated vaccines, actually were two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1819.0,1826.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"types, I think, licensed in '61, and the other type 3 was in '62. And then its","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1826.0,1836.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"use became very widespread. But within the next year or so it became very clear","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1836.0,1845.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there were people who had immune deficiencies, and people who were older","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1845.0,1853.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but somehow had escaped infection with polioviruses in their childhood years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1853.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[who] had actually become paralyzed from the vaccine itself. So this became very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1860.0,1868.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clear through CDC surveillance. CDC surveillance had been set up in 1961 and,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1868.0,1876.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again, because of Langmuir, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1876.0,1879.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nrelated to the Cutter incident. You see how it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1879.0,1883.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all is very much related. It all sort of falls into place. So through this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1883.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surveillance system, it became very clear that these were cases related to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1890.0,1896.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine, called vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis. And so the person","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1896.0,1900.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was pushing this and saying, Look, these have got to be vaccine-related, was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1900.0,1907.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alex Langmuir once again, based on the surveillance. Of course, [Dr. Albert]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1907.0,1913.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sabin was constantly denying anything, you know, always denying. He never","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1913.0,1918.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accepted the fact that the vaccine would cause paralysis, but everybody else","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1918.0,1924.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did. But Sabin would never accept it, or never admit to this. But that's one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1924.0,1931.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more step with putting CDC in the limelight.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1931.0,1935.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One thing also was occurring about that time that I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1935.0,1940.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nought to mention is that the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1940.0,1943.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MMWR [Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report] came to CDC right at that same","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1943.0,1949.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time. In January of '62 was the first publication of the MMWR. And so using that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1949.0,1956.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MMWR, which was totally different from the way it was used earlier, CDC once","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1956.0,1962.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again had really--if you will--a voice so that it was made public within the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1962.0,1968.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"scientific sphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1968.0,1969.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And MMWR stands for Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1969.0,1974.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Correct.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1974.0,1975.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Every week a report would come out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1975.0,1979.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Correct.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1979.0,1980.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Talk a little bit about that, if you would. Do you remember about when","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1980.0,1987.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that started?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1987.0,1988.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Oh, yeah, exactly when it started. I remember it even being talked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1988.0,1994.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about, about, Oh my gosh, we've got one more bureaucratic thing to deal with. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=1994.0,2000.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd at that time it was operated out of Washington, and at that time it was one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2000.0,2007.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the most boring incomplete thing[s] you can image. It was just simply","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2007.0,2012.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"statistics. And we used to always say, It's how things were instead of how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2012.0,2018.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things are or how things should be. It was so out of date, so it was just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2018.0,2025.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nothing but--you know, once in a while it would talk about--they'd report on an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2025.0,2031.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outbreak, but it was only a couple of sentences. It became probably most useful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2031.0,2037.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"during influenza epidemics, but still said very little and meant very little and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2037.0,2042.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had very little influence on anything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2042.0,2045.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But what Alex did--Alex saw once again that this was a big step for CDC, to have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2045.0,2052.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this type of thing available. And so he changed the whole thing around and made","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2052.0,2058.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it a reporting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2058.0,2059.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmechanism which would be of interest to the public health, to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2059.0,2065.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"general public, and above all to the news media. All this was happening at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2065.0,2072.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same time, and each one was just a step, one more step, in building the type of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2072.0,2080.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"respect and the type of vision that he saw CDC in the future.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2080.0,2086.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And I guess the news agencies very quickly picked up on the fact that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2086.0,2093.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is an important thing to pay attention to.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2093.0,2097.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Correct.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2097.0,2098.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Then reported on it after they got those MMWRs every week.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2098.0,2104.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2104.0,2105.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So, were there other organizations that were involved in various","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2105.0,2110.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stages of polio work that you can think of, that collaborated with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2110.0,2116.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n CDC?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2116.0,2117.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Well, of course, CDC depended on the state and local, but particularly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2117.0,2124.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the state health departments. And that partnership is what has been so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2124.0,2131.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important. It was also important [in] polio and the polio surveillance early on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2131.0,2138.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it was also important in expanding vaccine use in the population. It was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2138.0,2146.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extremely important. So I would say those would be the chief groups that really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2146.0,2154.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cooperated with CDC and really helped CDC. Others--I think there would be other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2154.0,2161.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"universities, but it happened to be who was working at the universities, and so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2161.0,2169.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm not certain what other groups. I may be not thinking specifically. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2169.0,2176.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWe have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2176.0,2177.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked in a number of occasions with vaccine manufacturers, vaccine developers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2177.0,2182.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on studies over time, but these were not things we normally did all the time or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2182.0,2189.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had as a partner in all these areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2189.0,2193.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So it was very much a collaborative effort, and it sounds like what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2193.0,2199.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened because of the leadership of CDC was that CDC wasn't forced upon the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2199.0,2205.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"state and local health departments. They offered their help, and then if the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2205.0,2211.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"local health departments wanted it, they--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2211.0,2214.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Well, that's true. It was very much collaborative, and it was very much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2214.0,2220.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"each seeing the value of the other. So it was a partnership that sometimes was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2220.0,2227.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little rocky, but it, again, depends on personalities that were involved. But I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2227.0,2233.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think there's another step we have to think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2233.0,2237.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nabout, too--is that generally if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2237.0,2239.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's a question about reporting a particular agent on a routine basis, that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2239.0,2245.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decision was made collaboratively with the epidemiologists from the states and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2245.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC. It was a joint decision that was made. It's not something that CDC said to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2250.0,2258.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the states, You have to report this. It was a joint decision which was made","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2258.0,2265.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before the actual reporting. So that was a very, very effective way of getting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2265.0,2272.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"buy-in from the states, because they were all a part of it. Then sometimes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2272.0,2279.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"states didn't agree, or they may have agreed later, but it was indeed a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2279.0,2286.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"collaborative decision.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2286.0,2287.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: That must have enhanced communication and collaboration a lot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2287.0,2292.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2292.0,2293.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I guess now we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2293.0,2295.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nshould talk about [how] CDC became involved in global","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2295.0,2300.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eradication efforts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2300.0,2301.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Well, again, so much of--once the vaccines had been developed--and these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2301.0,2308.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were by very strong personalities and strong individuals who were involved very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2308.0,2315.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"early on--and then once it became more and more of a national effort than a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2315.0,2324.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"global effort, then partnerships expand. The number of people involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2324.0,2330.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expand[s]. And so it's difficult, as time goes on, to say who was the real","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2330.0,2339.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"person who began this or began that. But the eradication program--just once,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2339.0,2346.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again, these little steps that sort of all came around. And it followed the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2346.0,2354.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"smallpox ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2354.0,2355.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\neradication program and that successful effort, which--by 1980 the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2355.0,2360.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world was declared smallpox-free.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2360.0,2362.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, in 1977 the World Health Organization had all these big events surrounding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2362.0,2369.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what was called the Alma-Ata Conference. And the Alma-Ata Conference is a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2369.0,2376.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conference that was titled \"Health for All,\" and the \"Health for All\" meant that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2376.0,2384.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they would no longer have vertical programs. The vertical program means that you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2384.0,2391.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would actually make a determined effort and plan to get rid of or reduce the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2391.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"burden of a particular disease. And the case [of] smallpox was considered to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2400.0,2408.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a vertical program. Other vertical programs would be immunization programs, for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2408.0,2414.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nexample. So they were saying there would be no more vertical programs, and WHO","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2414.0,2421.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[World Health Organization] was dead set against having any more vertical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2421.0,2426.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"programs. And yet at the same time, as soon as smallpox was eradicated, then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2426.0,2433.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was an effort to start a program eradicating polio. WHO was dead set","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2433.0,2440.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against it, dead set. So this is, again, in about 1980 when all this came about,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2440.0,2448.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the point that when smallpox was recognized as finally being eradicated, that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2448.0,2454.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WHO had no celebration. The only celebration of smallpox eradication was here at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2454.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC. That was it. WHO did nothing. So PAHO [Pan American Health Organization]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2460.0,2466.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started an eradication program itself back about '83.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2466.0,2470.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: The Pan American Health Organization.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2470.0,2473.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Pan American Health Organization. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2473.0,2475.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd this was a program that really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2475.0,2478.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came about because of the success that Brazil had had using the Sabin technique","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2478.0,2483.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of mass immunization. No one else except Cuba was using mass immunizations at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2483.0,2488.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the time. And Cuba has never had a polio case since 1960, since the vaccine was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2488.0,2494.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first used. I think they had two cases the first year. After that, they never","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2494.0,2500.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had it anymore.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2500.0,2501.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But people said mass immunization couldn't be used elsewhere--because Cuba is a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2501.0,2506.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small island, it was a Communist country, people always did what they were told","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2506.0,2511.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do, and so on and so forth, and it wouldn't work anyplace else--and so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2511.0,2517.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"therefore that whole concept had been discarded. Brazil finally ended up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2517.0,2521.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perfecting it and using it, because everything else had failed. Everything else","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2521.0,2526.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had failed. They continued to have outbreaks. So they sort of perfected it--not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2526.0,2531.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"totally, but at least to the point that it worked for them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2531.0,2536.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd this was because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2536.0,2538.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sabin was pushing Brazil really, really hard. And then when it looked like it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2538.0,2545.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was going to be very, very successful, then PAHO--Pan American Health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2545.0,2551.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Organization--picked up the concept and said, We're going to do this for the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2551.0,2558.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"entire American region, so that the region would be polio-free.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2558.0,2563.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it just so happens that Carlyle Macedo was the director of the Pan American","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2563.0,2571.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Health Organization at the time, and he was also from Brazil. So the Brazilians","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2571.0,2578.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of took over this whole concept, and, through Albert Sabin, Rotary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2578.0,2584.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[International] got involved. So Rotary started providing the money to get it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2584.0,2590.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started. CDC also contributed money to get it started. And CDC, through the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2590.0,2597.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nvirology division and through [Dr.] Mark Pallansch and Olen Kew, had actually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2597.0,2604.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"set up the plan for the virology surveillance, which meant not only surveillance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2604.0,2611.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for polio, but also for the viruses and characterization of the viruses. So that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2611.0,2619.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was set up about 1983.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2619.0,2622.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it was doing so well that--it was really doing quite well using these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2622.0,2630.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"techniques--that in 1988 there was the Talloire Conference. And the Talloire","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2630.0,2636.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Conference, which--Talloire is a little small town outside of Annecy in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2636.0,2642.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"France--and it brought together the World Health Organization, UNICEF [United","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2642.0,2648.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nations Children's Fund]--UNICEF was a big pusher of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2648.0,2653.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunization--and the World Bank. And people were there ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2653.0,2658.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nlike [Dr. William H.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2658.0,2660.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bill Foege, [Dr.] D.A. Henderson. You see the influence of CDC. [Dr. Ralph H.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2660.0,2667.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rafe Henderson, who headed up the expanded program on immunization at the time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2667.0,2674.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and others were at this meeting. And what came out of this meeting was the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2674.0,2682.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decision or recommendation that polio should be considered for eradication,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2682.0,2687.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was so surprising because [Dr Halfdan T.] Mahler, [who] was the head of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2687.0,2694.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WHO at the time, had been the one behind the Alma-Ata Conference, which says","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2694.0,2701.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Health for All,\" and no more vertical programs. So he got converted at that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2701.0,2708.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conference and began then right away immediately. The conference was in early","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2708.0,2714.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1988, and by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2714.0,2716.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nMay of '88 he had convinced the World Health Assembly to go forward","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2716.0,2723.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on polio. It was amazing. It all happened that quickly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2723.0,2728.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, when it happened that quickly, people in WHO thought this was just one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2728.0,2735.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more proposal and one more slogan and nothing would really happen. So it didn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2735.0,2742.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go very far. In 1988, when the World Health Assembly resolved that polio be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2742.0,2749.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eradicated, not a lot happened. Very little happened. CDC sent people over to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2749.0,2756.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WHO to help start the program. Still not a lot happened. It was just an uphill","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2756.0,2764.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"battle. A lot of people didn't believe in it. The opposition to it was very,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2764.0,2772.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very strong. In fact, what really got the program started was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2772.0,2778.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nCDC started","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2778.0,2779.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"holding meetings itself on eradication, and started inviting WHO people over.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2779.0,2785.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we really have to give a lot of credit to people like [Dr.] Steve Cochi and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2785.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Dr.] Walter Orenstein, people that you all know who--Bob Keegan is another","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2794.0,2801.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"person who was really pushing on this very hard. We owe these people a real debt","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2801.0,2810.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of gratitude, because they pushed the program when WHO was totally ignoring it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2810.0,2817.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it got to the point where it started moving through CDC pushing it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2817.0,2825.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly in China, which was a major step to get the program started. And it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2825.0,2833.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got to the point that about '96, I guess, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2833.0,2838.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat WHO decided it had gotten out of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2838.0,2841.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hand. So they brought the polio eradication meetings back to Geneva. But it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2841.0,2847.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still another three or four years before things really got started. But when it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2847.0,2853.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did, it did quite well. But it brought in other organizations as well, not only","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2853.0,2860.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rotary, and of course CDC got much more funding. Rotary helped CDC get funding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2860.0,2866.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through Congress, and then the Gates Foundation came in later. So it was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2866.0,2872.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wonderful collaboration that finally got started. But we talk about it, you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2872.0,2877.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know, it's taken all this long to eradicate polio, we're very close to it now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2877.0,2884.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but at the same time a lot of this is just convincing people, getting people to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2884.0,2891.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"join, and it's slow. It can be quite slow over time. So we did the low-hanging ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2891.0,2898.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfruit, but it's taken until now to get to the point where we feel eradication is close.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2898.0,2906.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However, to say that, we also have to recognize that during this time we've","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2906.0,2912.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learned a lot. I mean, from the epidemiology we've learned much better how to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2912.0,2918.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually work with populations, understand what populations want, to bring the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2918.0,2923.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people in and make people a part of it. We've also learned from the virology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2923.0,2930.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just some extraordinary advances that made the whole thing possible, because now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2930.0,2935.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the molecular biology techniques have developed and have, for a few years now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2935.0,2941.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developed to the point that you can not only tell whether a virus is vaccine or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2941.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether it's a wild virus, or, if the wild virus, where it's from, how long it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2948.0,2955.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been circulating--all of these things. Every ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2955.0,2958.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nvirus had sort of a fingerprint","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2958.0,2961.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's based on these molecular biology techniques. So that made an enormous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2961.0,2967.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difference on understanding the epidemiology and understanding better the virus,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2967.0,2972.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and understanding what you have to do in order to design the program to stop","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2972.0,2979.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transmission. So the virology has really made the major difference in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2979.0,2984.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eradication and the strategy for eradication, and it also is going to make the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2984.0,2991.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"major difference for determining that eradication has actually occurred. To be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2991.0,2996.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"able to prove that, it's all going to be based on the virology. So it's been a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=2996.0,3004.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very exciting program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3004.0,3005.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Can you say a little bit about what the arguments against it were?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3005.0,3012.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because it's hard to imagine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3012.0,3014.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Well, it's like everything else, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3014.0,3017.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthink, in public health--is that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3017.0,3019.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's never enough money to go around. So the question is, What's the top","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3019.0,3025.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"priority, and where should the money go? As the old saying is, It's not so much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3025.0,3032.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what the money is going for, but what are the missed opportunities, what is the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3032.0,3039.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money not going for? So different people have different opinions as to what is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3039.0,3045.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the major public health issues which deserve most of the money. And I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3045.0,3051.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[there is] a lot to be said about that. But at the same time, the smallpox","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3051.0,3058.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program pretty much, I think, trained the next generation of epidemiologists,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3058.0,3063.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the next generation of public health officials throughout the world. And the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3063.0,3068.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio program has done pretty much the same thing. It has trained not only ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3068.0,3074.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npeople in different areas in public health, but also your next measles managers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3074.0,3081.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so on. It's been an amazing opportunity to move public health forward worldwide.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3081.0,3089.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: It sounds like they took lessons learned from smallpox eradication and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3089.0,3096.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have applied it to polio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3096.0,3099.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Oh, absolutely. Not directly in the sense that the strategy was the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3099.0,3106.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same. The strategy was totally different, but at least the general approach, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3106.0,3113.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"technology involved and the people involved and the concepts involved are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3113.0,3119.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clearly stepping stones to polio eradication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3119.0,3122.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: In what ways did the strategies have to be different?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3122.0,3128.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Well, with smallpox, it was mostly visible. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3128.0,3133.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIf you had smallpox, you had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3133.0,3136.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"smallpox. Anyone could tell a pox. You may not be able to differentiate that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3136.0,3142.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from chickenpox, but anyway you knew you had a pox. With polio, polio only","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3142.0,3148.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"causes paralysis in about 1 to 100, 1 to 1,000 infections, and so therefore you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3148.0,3155.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can have a lot of silent infections and you never know about it. And the only","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3155.0,3162.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way you can know about it is to be able to detect the virus, whereas smallpox","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3162.0,3169.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't have that problem. And the other thing is that smallpox vaccine was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3169.0,3175.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different virus from the smallpox virus, and so therefore the vaccine only","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3175.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually replicated a few times and then it was gone. It wasn't transmitted on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3180.0,3186.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any large scale from person to person. The vaccine in polio actually is an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3186.0,3192.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attenuated live virus, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3192.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand under the right conditions can actually revert back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3193.0,3198.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to its wild stage. And so therefore it requires a totally different approach to vaccination.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3198.0,3207.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: We touched a little bit on the role that [Dr. Jonas] Salk and [Dr.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3207.0,3216.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Albert] Sabin played in all this. What were their stands on polio eradication?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3216.0,3224.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did they get involved directly?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3224.0,3227.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Well, they were very much, I think, in many ways, vocal in regards to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3227.0,3236.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the program, but they weren't major players in the eradication program at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3236.0,3244.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sabin was quite happy that his vaccine was being used, but Sabin early on--in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3244.0,3252.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the early days, his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3252.0,3254.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmass immunization, particularly in Mexico, that was being","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3254.0,3258.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"done, the work that was done in the Soviet Union at the time, was such that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3258.0,3266.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eradication was sort of obvious that it could occur in certain areas. But Sabin","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3266.0,3273.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never really referred to eradication per se, because what he was concerned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3273.0,3279.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about, I think, is what most people are concerned about--is that distribution of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3279.0,3286.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the vaccine, and acceptance of the vaccine, was a lot different in developed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3286.0,3293.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries than in developing countries. And just understanding the complexity of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3293.0,3299.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunization of the number of people that were required to eradicate the program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3299.0,3306.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in these developing countries is just mindblowing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3306.0,3310.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So Sabin never really came out--he always said it could be done, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3310.0,3316.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbut I think he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3316.0,3318.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a little sense that it may not be achievable. A lot of people thought it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3318.0,3326.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wouldn't be achievable. Salk, of course, didn't have a lot to say, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3326.0,3333.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interestingly--he died really before the program had actually gotten started in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3333.0,3339.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any extent, and Sabin, too. We'd have to look up those dates, but it was only in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3339.0,3348.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the early PAHO efforts that Sabin was involved, and Salk had very little to say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3348.0,3356.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about that. So it essentially happened after both have passed on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3356.0,3362.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: A lot has been said about their personalities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3362.0,3367.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Oh, and it's all true. They were two very strong personalities. But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3367.0,3374.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sabin could be just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3374.0,3376.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nruthless, but at the same time extremely charming. There was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3376.0,3381.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a third person in there that people tend to forget about, and that was [Dr.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3381.0,3388.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hilary Koprowski. And Koprowski was actually the first to produce an attenuated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3388.0,3394.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine, and Koprowski was the first to actually test the vaccine in human","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3394.0,3400.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"volunteers. But that vaccine was considered to be too strong to be used in a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3400.0,3407.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wide scale, and so Sabin's vaccines were chosen. But I'm sure there's a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3407.0,3414.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"politics went into that as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3414.0,3417.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I was going to ask about politics, and the effect it had on a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3417.0,3425.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the decisions and a lot of the things that happened around polio and polio eradication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3425.0,3432.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Well, the old saying is that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3432.0,3435.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npublic health is politics, and it is,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3435.0,3438.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's no question. It's the political process that generates funds, it's the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3438.0,3444.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"political process that generates support. So, yeah, it is. It's a decision","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3444.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"society has to make. Society has to decide, Do we spend this money on this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3450.0,3457.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"project or not? So it's convincing them. But what convinced, I think, most of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3457.0,3464.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the scientific community that you should go with the live attenuated vaccine as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3464.0,3470.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opposed to the killed Salk vaccine was the fact that the work that had been done","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3470.0,3478.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by Gelfand, who was here later at CDC. But before he had worked on these family","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3478.0,3486.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"projects with John Fox at Tulane University and in Washington, and they did a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3486.0,3493.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"series of family studies. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3493.0,3495.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnd in family studies you could see, in both polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3495.0,3500.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"epidemics and in trials with live vaccines, that people who had been given the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3500.0,3507.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Salk vaccine were pretty well protected, and in fact the protection was very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3507.0,3514.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good. So you were protected against paralytic polio. So that said a lot about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3514.0,3521.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Salk vaccine. But when a wild virus came through, these people were not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3521.0,3528.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"protected against infection, but they were against paralytic polio. So all the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3528.0,3534.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who were protected with the Salk vaccine were infected with either the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3534.0,3541.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"live attenuated vaccine or wild virus. There was no protection against","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3541.0,3547.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infection, and so with all that evidence it was very clear that if you're going","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3547.0,3555.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to eradicate a disease, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3555.0,3557.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nyou've got to be able to provide protection through","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3557.0,3561.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"natural infection. So that's why the live virus was accepted and considered to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3561.0,3567.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be the preferred vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3567.0,3569.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Not all countries switched. Many countries continued Salk vaccine and had no","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3569.0,3575.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problems, but they were also all developed countries with high standards of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3575.0,3581.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"living. So it was that. The other thing that made the Sabin vaccine so popular","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3581.0,3588.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that it cost one or two cents per dose and it did not require a professional","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3588.0,3596.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in order to administer it. There was no injection. You just simply swallowed the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3596.0,3603.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine and that was it. So the advantage, the field advantages, the practical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3603.0,3609.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"advantages, it was just no contest. And yet, ironically, we're now back to where","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3609.0,3616.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're using ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3616.0,3617.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe Salk vaccine and are phasing out the Sabin vaccines altogether.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3617.0,3622.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And the reason why the Sabin vaccines are being phased out is that type 2, for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3622.0,3629.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"example, no longer exists in nature. Type 2 Sabin is no longer being used. It's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3629.0,3636.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been replaced by the Salk vaccine, and the reason why is because, once again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3636.0,3643.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the whole problem of the attenuated virus being able to revert back to a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3643.0,3650.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"virulent form, and so that has to go. I mean, when you have thousands and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3650.0,3657.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thousands of wild cases, a few vaccine-related cases are a small price to pay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3657.0,3664.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But when you have no wild cases, then even a few cases of vaccine-related virus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3664.0,3671.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cases makes much more of a difference.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3671.0,3674.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: In the process of people giving the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3674.0,3678.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nvaccines in various places,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3678.0,3680.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially war-torn areas, were there people who lost their lives when they were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3680.0,3687.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doing the immunization programs?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3687.0,3689.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: I think here, more recently in the high-security areas--and I don't know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3689.0,3696.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what the number is now, but there have been a number of local vaccine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3696.0,3704.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"administrators who have lost their lives in these areas, particularly in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3704.0,3710.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Afghanistan-Pakistan areas, but also in Africa as well, particularly in northern","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3710.0,3716.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nigeria. And for CDC people, I'm not aware of anyone in particular from CDC who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3716.0,3724.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lost their lives on the polio program, although there have been others in other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3724.0,3732.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"programs. But yeah, it has been a real problem in these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3732.0,3738.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndifficult security areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3738.0,3740.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I'm interested in how they surmounted those obstacles in the war-torn","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3740.0,3747.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"areas. I know that Nigeria was one of the last places to be successful in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3747.0,3756.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eradicating polio. How did they work around that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3756.0,3761.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: The big problem in Nigeria was that somehow the word got around that the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3761.0,3770.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio vaccine was being produced with pig serum and with pig trypsin. So the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3770.0,3779.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"imams in northern Nigeria--which is a Muslim area, in northern Nigeria--had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3779.0,3786.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decided that, Well, that was it, that wasn't acceptable, could not be accepted.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3786.0,3794.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so they essentially refused to participate. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3794.0,3798.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSo the whole area of northern","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3798.0,3801.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nigeria essentially had no vaccines for several years, and that really set the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3801.0,3807.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program back. But the southern half of the country had continued to take the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3807.0,3813.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine, and there was essentially no cases unless it was imported from the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3813.0,3819.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"north. So that was the biggest problem. And so it took some while and Gates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3819.0,3825.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Foundation, World Health Organization, and a number of other agencies to work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3825.0,3830.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with these imams try to get organized, and to try to work with them to [assure]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3830.0,3837.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them that this was not a problem. And it took some persuasion, because once","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3837.0,3843.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you've made edict, to say that this is this, this, and this, you know, then [it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3843.0,3850.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is] pretty hard to go back and say, I was wrong. So how does everybody save","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3850.0,3857.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"face? It just so happens, though, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3857.0,3860.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat one of the producers of the vaccine was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3860.0,3864.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually in a Muslim country in Indonesia. And so that was a big help, to say,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3864.0,3871.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, all these vaccines will be coming from Indonesia, and so therefore there's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3871.0,3877.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no possibility of pig serum or any contamination of swine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3877.0,3881.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that was the biggest problem. As far as the security, it's amazing what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3881.0,3887.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people do. I mean, they are so committed. It's just amazing how--particularly in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3887.0,3893.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pakistan and Afghanistan--how they risk their lives to actually administer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3893.0,3897.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccines, not just polio, but other vaccines as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3897.0,3901.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So Pakistan and Afghanistan are the two remaining countries that still","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3901.0,3906.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have polio. [NOTE: since this interview, three polio cases have occurred in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3906.0,3911.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nigeria in July-August 2016]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3911.0,3913.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Correct.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3913.0,3914.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So what is being done in those countries, and what's your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3914.0,3919.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n expectation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3919.0,3920.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for those two to eradicate polio?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3920.0,3923.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Well, a lot has happened. For one thing, there is now a military escort","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3923.0,3931.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to help the vaccinators in these areas of security concerns. That's one thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3931.0,3938.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other thing that they've tried to do is just intensify the programs, which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3938.0,3945.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it has been--So we're down now to about ten cases, I think, since the first of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3945.0,3953.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the year, in the world. And it's just in those two countries. So I think we're","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3953.0,3961.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very close, and if we can just cross our fingers and hope there are not more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3961.0,3969.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"security issues that might slow things down--There's still areas we can't get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3969.0,3975.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into, but also some of these areas there's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3975.0,3979.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nissues of actually population","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3979.0,3981.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"movement, and opportunities to get to some of these populations without","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3981.0,3987.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"necessarily going into these areas of security needs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3987.0,3991.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: It's really exciting!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3991.0,3993.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Oh, it continues to be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3993.0,3996.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I guess we should wrap up, because I know you've got some time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=3996.0,4003.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"constraints here, but I wanted to give you a chance to bring up anything you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4003.0,4011.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would like to include related to polio and CDC, or specific people you'd like to mention.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4011.0,4019.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Yes. I think sort of as a postlogue, if you will, the next thing we have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4019.0,4028.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do now is that--once polio has been eradicated--is to contain the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4028.0,4034.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polioviruses in the world in the laboratories. And it's a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4034.0,4039.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhumongous problem. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4039.0,4040.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think of all the polioviruses and all the laboratories of all these years, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4040.0,4046.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the polioviruses and many specimens, many samples that have been taken that may","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4046.0,4052.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contain poliovirus, but nobody knows about it. For example, if you have been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4052.0,4058.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working in areas that have had polioviruses being transmitted for many, many","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4058.0,4063.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years, and during that period of time you've collected stool samples for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4063.0,4068.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rotaviruses or stool samples for noroviruses or this type of thing, so all those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4068.0,4074.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"samples probably have--I mean, many of those samples have polioviruses in them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4074.0,4079.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the question is, how do you deal with that? So if you've got all these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4079.0,4086.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"materials stored which could be contaminated with polioviruses, how do you deal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4086.0,4091.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4091.0,4092.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And that's the big issue right now, is how do you keep ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4092.0,4097.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthose specimens, if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4097.0,4099.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're essential, from an infection which is purely accidental, if you will,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4099.0,4105.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into a laboratory worker, into the community, and repeat transmission all over","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4105.0,4111.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again? So it's a major, major job, and that's a lot of the effort that's being","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4111.0,4119.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"devoted to right now. Again, CDC plays an important part in this whole process.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4119.0,4126.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I imagine that there's a lot of meetings involving the CDC and other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4126.0,4133.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organizations that have the virus, to work out a way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4133.0,4138.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Absolutely, and there's many, many laboratories out there that are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4138.0,4144.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so-called non-polio laboratories that have polio in their possession and don't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4144.0,4150.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4150.0,4151.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I'm glad there are people who anticipate ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4151.0,4155.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat problem and work out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4155.0,4157.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"solutions before--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4157.0,4158.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: But, I mean, what we're trying to do, basically, is to prevent any","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4158.0,4164.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inadvertent transmission. Because you can prevent transmission with the right","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4164.0,4168.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"containment facilities and the right procedures and this type of thing, but it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4168.0,4174.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a matter of getting people to recognize that they could have the virus, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4174.0,4180.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually to reduce that potential exposure as much as possible. It can be done,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4180.0,4186.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it's just a lot of work involved. But it's the type of work you feel like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4186.0,4193.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you do very happily, because it's a post-step, not part of the process of eradication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4193.0,4199.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: It's a nice problem to have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4199.0,4202.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Right, nice problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4202.0,4204.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Are there any other people that you would like to mention who you had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4204.0,4210.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interactions with or you know about still at CDC in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4210.0,4214.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npolio and polio eradication,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4214.0,4216.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we didn't talk about?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4216.0,4219.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Within CDC? Well, interesting thing. I should point out that, once","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4219.0,4226.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again, there are major heroes back during the early days just simply","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4226.0,4233.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developing--even before development of the vaccine--but developing our","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4233.0,4238.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"understanding of polio and the virus and epidemiology and all of this, that goes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4238.0,4247.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way back to the '20s and '30s, and remarkable heroic things that these people did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4247.0,4256.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the debates between Sabin and Salk over which vaccine--the person who turned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4256.0,4264.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out to be right in all of this was Joe Melnick. And Joe Melnick was, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4264.0,4273.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nat that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4273.0,4274.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, a professor at Yale University, where [Dr.] Dorothy Horstmann was. Dorothy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4274.0,4279.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Horstmann is another one of these wonderful human beings that just had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4279.0,4284.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remarkable insight to what these issues were and how they might be resolved. She","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4284.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"played an incredible role in the whole thing. But Melnick used to say there is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4290.0,4296.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no--well, I'll back up. Sabin and Salk used to say that one thing that they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4296.0,4302.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agreed on was there was need for only one vaccine. And each, of course, thought","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4302.0,4308.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was their own. Melnick used to say there's one thing he agreed on, is that it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4308.0,4315.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should be both vaccines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4315.0,4317.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So he was right. I mean he turned out to be right. Had both vaccines been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4317.0,4324.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"administered, we wouldn't have had a lot of the problems that we had in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4324.0,4330.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"process. And it took a while, once again, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4330.0,4333.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfor the learning curve, and to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4333.0,4336.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recognize that the two vaccines together would've been the best solution all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4336.0,4342.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"along, and it was just a mistake to go with one or the other, because neither","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4342.0,4349.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one by themselves would've been totally sufficient to get the job done. And when","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4349.0,4355.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bill Foege tried to introduce that concept back in about '89, '90, something","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4355.0,4361.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like that, virtually I felt he was treated very unfairly, because the whole","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4361.0,4367.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attitude of the group and the group thinking was such that it was just totally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4367.0,4374.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of the question. I think he did a very brave thing, but it just didn't get a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4374.0,4382.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot of traction at the time. So had we gone [with] Melnick and Bill Foege's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4382.0,4389.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"proposal, I think we would've been a lot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4389.0,4393.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbetter off.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4393.0,4394.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And Foege would've had a lot of credibility because of the smallpox eradication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4394.0,4400.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Absolutely, a lot of credibility. Sure, a lot of credibility in polio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4400.0,4406.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But he took more of a--he was strongly supportive, always has been, of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4406.0,4412.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program, but he took a little back seat after that, after his proposal just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4412.0,4418.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seemed to have gotten no traction and a lot of opposition at the time. But he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4418.0,4425.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4425.0,4426.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: D.A. Henderson is another name that comes up. He was, of course, a big","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4426.0,4433.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"name in the smallpox eradication. Did he have a stand on the polio eradication?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4433.0,4439.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: D.A. Henderson was head of the smallpox program in WHO, [and] was a CDC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4439.0,4446.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"employee. In fact, D.A. Henderson was the first editor of the MMWR and also had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4446.0,4453.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lot to do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4453.0,4455.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwith how it was shaped, and so we owe him a great deal for that. But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4455.0,4463.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"D.A. essentially opposed the polio program. Always did. He just fought the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4463.0,4469.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program constantly, and to the point it wasn't helpful at all. And it's too bad,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4469.0,4476.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because D.A. could've been extremely helpful in the program. But he felt like,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4476.0,4482.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much like others, that the job was just too overwhelming, it would cost too much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4482.0,4489.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money, and other things could be done, and smallpox was easily eradicated, polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4489.0,4495.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would not be, and so on. So, haven't heard a lot of D.A. in the past four years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4495.0,4503.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4503.0,4504.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So it was a matter of allocation of funds for him and for others?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4504.0,4511.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Well, it was not just allocation of funds, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4511.0,4515.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbut also the complexity of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4515.0,4517.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the job and whether or not you could actually eradicate the virus, given the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4517.0,4523.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"complexity of not only epidemiology but also the ability of the virus to mutate,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4523.0,4529.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so on and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4529.0,4531.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Very complex.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4531.0,4532.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Very complex.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4532.0,4533.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: There's one more involvement that I wanted to ask you about. I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4533.0,4539.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just reading that after the moon landing--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4539.0,4542.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Oh, yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4542.0,4543.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: You were asked to do a special job related to the moon landing. Can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4543.0,4550.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you just tell us a little bit about that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4550.0,4554.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Oh, yeah, that was quite interesting. Yeah, they decided that when the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4554.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"astronauts came back from the moon and would be landing, then the question was,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4560.0,4566.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would they be bringing anything back from the moon, or would any of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4566.0,4572.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n samples","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4572.0,4572.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the moon contain any agent--infectious agent--which may just multiply","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4572.0,4576.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"widespread here back on earth? And so we were asked to come up with programs and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4576.0,4583.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"procedures to test--not only have the astronauts in quarantine, but also to test","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4583.0,4589.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the specimens that came in. And that was one of the highlights of my life, to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4589.0,4597.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"able to take these ground-up moon rocks and put them in tissue culture. And as I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4597.0,4604.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had told them over and over again, You know what happens when you put rocks in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4604.0,4611.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tissue culture? But anyway, we went through all the procedures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4611.0,4615.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And we were all safe because--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4615.0,4618.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Yeah, we were all safe. You know, it was a thing that people said, Well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4618.0,4625.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you never know, you don't know. And so, when we had a meeting here ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4625.0,4631.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwith the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4631.0,4632.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people from Washington with NASA [National Aeronautics and Space Administration]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4632.0,4636.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to try to come up with procedures and so on, it wasn't taken very seriously.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4636.0,4642.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finally the guy said, I know. He said, But the president says we'll do it. So we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4642.0,4649.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, Okay. That was it. No more questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4649.0,4652.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: It would be interesting to see the write-up of that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4652.0,4656.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Yeah. No more questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4656.0,4658.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I want to thank you for being a part of this oral history. You've","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4658.0,4664.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"provided lots of details that we never would've had.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4664.0,4668.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DOWDLE: Thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4668.0,4669.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And I think you made it obvious why lab and surveillance and epi","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4669.0,4675.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[epidemiology] people universally respect you and like to have you at meetings,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4675.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because you're a good listener and you sum up everything beautifully at the end.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750#t=4680.0,4686.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133965/file/248750/transcript/69297/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So thank you very much, Dr. 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