{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/fn10p0zf84/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Offit, Paul"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["12429"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights to the interviews, including but not restricted to legal title, copyrights and literary property rights, have been transferred to the David J. Sencer CDC Museum.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInterviews may only be reproduced with permission from the David J. Sencer CDC Museum\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Dr. Paul Offit (Interviewee)","Karen Torghele (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2016-05-20 (Created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eDr. Paul Offit Talks about CDCâ€s role with polio and his book “The Cutter Incident”\u003c/p\u003e (Summary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Identifier"]},"value":{"en":["2016.400.2 (accession number)","OHCDCM400 (collection call number)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"]},"value":{"en":["Polio: CDC's role in surveillance, prevention and containment (is part of)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Subject"]},"value":{"en":["CDC's early years of P (local term)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Keyword"]},"value":{"en":["Poliomyelitis","Polio","Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","CDC","David J. Sencer CDC Museum","Global Health Chronicles","The Cutter Incident"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["oral history"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eDr. Paul Offit Talks about CDC\u0026acirc;\u0026euro;s role with polio and his book \u0026acirc;\u0026euro;\u0026oelig;The Cutter Incident\u0026acirc;\u0026euro;\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights to the interviews, including but not restricted to legal title, copyrights and literary property rights, have been transferred to the David J. Sencer CDC Museum.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInterviews may only be reproduced with permission from the David J. Sencer CDC Museum\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["David J. 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I will let Dr. Offit introduce himself in a minute. I will","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=7.0,14.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just say that he is a co-inventor of the rotavirus RotaTeq vaccine, along with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=14.0,20.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fred Clark and Stanley Plotkin. The rotavirus vaccine is credited with saving","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=20.0,25.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hundreds, if not thousands, of children's lives worldwide every day. He's the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=25.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"author of a number of books that contribute enormously to public health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=30.0,35.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"education, especially related to vaccines. Today we're focusing on polio and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=35.0,40.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC's [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's] role overall with polio,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=40.0,45.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how polio affected CDC, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=45.0,51.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC affected polio. So we'll focus on those years related to how both evolved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=51.0,57.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=57.0,58.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nyears, and since Dr. Offit wrote The Cutter Incident in 2005, we'll","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=58.0,62.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talk mostly with him about that book. Now, I'll let you introduce yourself and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=62.0,67.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tell your title, Dr. Offit. Thank you for being here, by the way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=67.0,72.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Sure, my pleasure. I'm Paul Offit. I'm a member of the Division of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=72.0,77.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Infectious Diseases here at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=77.0,81.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"director of its Vaccine Education Center. I'm also a professor of pediatrics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=81.0,85.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Maurice R. Hilleman professor of vaccinology, at the Perelman School of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=85.0,89.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=89.0,91.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Thank you. Now, what I'd like to find out is how you got interested in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=91.0,97.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medicine, and what led you to specialize especially in vaccines. What was your","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=97.0,102.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interest, and how did that happen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=102.0,104.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: I think my interest in medicine came from probably a series of events","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=104.0,109.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that occurred when I was a little boy. When I was five years old, I had a couple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=109.0,115.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things that happened. One is that I ruptured my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=115.0,118.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nspleen after falling from a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=118.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"height, and that put me in the hospital for a few days. And all this bigness","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=120.0,126.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and, at some level, glamour of being in the hospital and seeing all these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=126.0,131.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"physicians who saved my life. Secondly, but probably more importantly, was that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=131.0,135.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was in the polio ward for a couple of months when I was five years old. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=135.0,141.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wasn't there because I had polio. I was there because I had been born with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=141.0,146.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clubbed feet, and one of my two feet never really corrected, and so there was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=146.0,152.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surgery that was done that was apparently a difficult surgery. So I ended up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=152.0,157.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"having a fairly lengthy post-op course that was in a polio ward, as it turns","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=157.0,162.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. The other 19 people who were in that ward all had polio, and I just saw","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=162.0,168.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them as sort of vulnerable and helpless and alone. I think that drew me to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=168.0,173.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trying to work with children, and especially the draw, I guess, to infectious ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=173.0,178.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n diseases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=178.0,178.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: That's interesting. You were interested in infectious diseases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=178.0,181.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"specifically in vaccines. How did that come about?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=181.0,184.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: I think it was, I was of a time, because I was a child of the '50s, where","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=184.0,191.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my pediatrician came to our office. I'm sorry, I was of a time, as a child in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=191.0,197.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the 1950s, where the pediatrician that I had, who was Milton Markowitz, came to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=197.0,202.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our home when we were ill. When we had to get vaccines, we actually went to his","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=202.0,208.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home. He sort of pulled the vaccines out of the refrigerator and gave it to us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=208.0,214.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually in his home. It was kind of like a family affair. Dr. Markowitz became","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=214.0,220.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably the world's expert on rheumatic fever. He published a monograph on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=220.0,225.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rheumatic fever with Leon Gordis that still stands as the seminal work. He","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=225.0,230.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eventually became dean of the University of Connecticut's Medical School. I grew","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=230.0,235.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up in Baltimore, so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=235.0,237.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhe was a private pediatrician, then and I just happened to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=237.0,241.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a guy as a private pediatrician who was an enormous role model for me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=241.0,246.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Did you talk to him then about the possibility of you becoming a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=246.0,251.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"physician as well?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=251.0,252.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Yes, definitely. He made it glamorous and fun.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=252.0,255.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So he was sort of a mentor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=255.0,258.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Yes. To the degree that one can have a mentor as a five, or six-year-old, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=258.0,263.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Do you remember getting the polio vaccine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=263.0,266.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Yes. I certainly remember getting vaccines. I can't remember whether it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=266.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was that vaccine. I was born in 1951, so the vaccine came out in 1955. I can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=270.0,275.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tell you for a fact that our physician, Dr. Markowitz, specifically told my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=275.0,279.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents to wait. The Cutter incident had happened before I was going to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=279.0,284.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting that vaccine, and so he said, let's wait. Then what ended up happening","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=284.0,289.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is after a couple of years he felt then that the inactivated vaccine was safe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=289.0,294.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enough, and so I got the inactivated vaccine. Then when the live attenuated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=294.0,298.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine came out, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=298.0,299.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe Sabin vaccine came out, I got that also. I guess I was of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=299.0,305.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an age where we actually got the sequential schedule, what became known as the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=305.0,311.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sequential schedule. The inactivated vaccine followed by the oral vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=311.0,315.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I wonder now how you got interested in writing books, along with all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=315.0,321.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you were doing. What was the drive that made you write The Cutter Incident","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=321.0,327.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the…","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=327.0,328.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: So here was a vaccine that was made badly. You had this tremendous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=328.0,334.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interest in a polio vaccine. When Jonas Salk announced that, when the trial of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=334.0,340.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jonas Salk's vaccine was performed at the University of Michigan and the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=340.0,345.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"announcement was made that it was safe, potent and effective, it was dramatic,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=345.0,350.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as dramatic as D-Day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=350.0,352.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So five companies stepped forward to make it, and at least one company made it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=352.0,358.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"badly, and as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=358.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nconsequence about 120,000 were inoculated with live, fully","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=360.0,362.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"virulent polio virus. About forty thousand developed abortive or short-lived","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=362.0,365.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio. About two hundred were permanently paralyzed and ten were killed. I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=365.0,369.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you could argue that was, if not the worst, one of the worst biological","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=369.0,373.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disasters in our country's history. I just wanted to understand how it could happen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=373.0,377.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think what drove me to that was that I talked to Neal Nathanson, who at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=377.0,382.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time was a young Epidemiology Intelligence Service Officer at the CDC, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=382.0,386.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maurice Hilleman, both of whom told me that there was basically a bad actor at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=386.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cutter Laboratories. His name was Walter Ward. He was head of that program, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=390.0,394.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was a bad actor. He essentially knew that the vaccine had a problem, and yet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=394.0,399.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he let it be released anyway. I found that very hard to believe. Even though","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=399.0,403.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these two senior scientists told me that that was true, I found it very hard to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=403.0,408.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believe that at that time, in the 1950s, given what was at stake with that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=408.0,412.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine, that anybody would knowingly let a bad vaccine out there. So that set","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=412.0,416.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me on what really ended up being about an eight-year ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=416.0,419.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncourse of digging through","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=419.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"archives trying to figure out what happened at Cutter Laboratories.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=420.0,423.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Actually, that one chapter in my book called \"What Went Wrong at Cutter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=423.0,427.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Laboratories\" is my favorite chapter, because it was that much work to get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=427.0,431.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. It obviously wasn't that simple. All five companies had a problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=431.0,434.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inactivating virus, as did Wyeth, who not only had a problem inactivating it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=434.0,438.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but also made a vaccine that paralyzed and killed children. That I was able to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=438.0,442.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dig out at the National Archives and Record Administration with a CDC archivist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=442.0,446.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who really pointed to me where that particular monograph, what was called \"The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=446.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wyeth Problem.\" It was never published. Neal told me it existed. Neal Nathanson","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=450.0,454.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"told me it existed, but he didn't tell me where it was. He didn't know where it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=454.0,459.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was. Then you saw that actually it shouldn't have been called the Cutter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=459.0,463.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"incident. It should have been called the scale-up incident because that was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=463.0,466.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really what the problem was. We just had trouble scaling up that vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=466.0,470.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cutter was blamed, but I think Cutter was sacrificed really so that everybody","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=470.0,474.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could feel they were the problem, they were the bogeyman. It wasn't anything","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=474.0,478.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other than them, and once they stopped making the polio vaccine we could all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=478.0,482.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feel safe again. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=482.0,483.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIn truth, we could all feel safe again because we developed better safety","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=483.0,487.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"testing methods, both in animals and in tissue cultures. So we could feel","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=487.0,491.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"better, but I think it was Alexander Langmuir actually at the CDC who gave this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=491.0,495.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the name \"the Cutter incident,\" I think for that reason. But it was much more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=495.0,499.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"complicated than that and much greater than that, I think, of any of the books","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=499.0,503.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've written. I think The Cutter Incident was the most satisfying because it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=503.0,507.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a process of discovery, just like science is a process of discovery. When, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=507.0,511.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think, I realized what went wrong at Cutter Laboratories, it was just satisfying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=511.0,515.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to see that there wasn't a bad actor at one company, which just didn't make any sense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=515.0,520.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: The Wyeth information was suppressed for a long time. Were you the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=520.0,524.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first to discover that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=524.0,525.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: I think, well, Neal Nathanson certainly knew it existed. He wrote the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=525.0,529.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paper, he knew that it was suppressed, that it wasn't going to be put out there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=529.0,534.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I think that would have scared people that we just didn't know what we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=534.0,538.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were doing. So we blamed it all on Cutter, but it was odd that, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=538.0,542.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe archivist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=542.0,543.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who helped me at CDC was named Love, was his last name. I can't remember his","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=543.0,548.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first name. But he took me to the National Archives and Record Administration,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=548.0,552.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the southeastern branch which was in Atlanta, Georgia, and we went through this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=552.0,556.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"huge warehouse. There was this big cardboard box which was way up on a skid that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=556.0,561.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had to be, we had to elevate ourselves to pull this box down using one of those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=561.0,567.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of forklifts. And in that unmarked box, buried in this big unmarked box,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=567.0,572.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was that document, \"The Wyeth Problem,\" which I think really helped explain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=572.0,576.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things. I think it was fortunate that he was kind enough and smart enough to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=576.0,581.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"show me where it was. And Neal certainly never hid the fact that that existed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=581.0,586.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: It must have been like finding treasure!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=586.0,589.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Yeah, it was remarkable. It was just fun putting the whole thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=589.0,593.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together. Also the other thing that was really hard, and it was revelatory, were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=593.0,598.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the court cases. You couldn't really find the court cases. These were not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=598.0,602.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"criminal ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=602.0,602.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsuits. They were civil suits, so the court records weren't kept for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=602.0,606.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very long. So even though there were a number of trials, I couldn't really find","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=606.0,611.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those early trials because everybody sort of settled after the first couple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=611.0,615.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trials. So I called Melvin Belli's wife, who eventually directed me to a guy who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=615.0,620.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lived on a houseboat off of the beach in Southern California who told me, for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=620.0,625.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"$1,500 he could find these records for me because I couldn't find them in law","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=625.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"libraries, I couldn't find them in the lawyers' offices because they had thrown","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=630.0,634.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all those records away. I agreed to pay him half initially and then another half","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=634.0,639.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for when I had it in hand. He was ultimately able to find that for me. Those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=639.0,644.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"court records and all the documents associated with those court records were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=644.0,648.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also very informative.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=648.0,649.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Yes, because you include conversations in the court between lawyer and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=649.0,653.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"judge and the plaintiff. You describe it very well. It feels like you're sitting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=653.0,657.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right there with them as you read the book. The outcome was interesting. Do you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=657.0,662.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"want to tell what happened and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=662.0,664.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhow that was unique?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=664.0,665.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: It was a directed verdict. At the time, it was the birth of liability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=665.0,670.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without fault. Which is to say, at the time, you would have had to have proven","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=670.0,675.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before that that when somebody in this case, for example, made a vaccine badly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=675.0,680.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they knew that they had made it badly and that therefore they were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=680.0,685.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"culpable. Obviously, these companies didn't know that they'd made it badly. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=685.0,689.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"safety tests just weren't good enough to pick up the fact that there were still","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=689.0,694.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"live, virulent polio viruses in these batches of vaccines. They didn't think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=694.0,698.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they thought they were making safe vaccines. In fact, they gave these vaccines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=698.0,702.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to their own children. The people who did the safety testing gave the vaccines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=702.0,707.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to their own children. I think that tells you everything you need to know about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=707.0,712.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether there was an evil player at any of these companies. With that, let's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=712.0,717.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pause for one second because I just lost my train of thought. The original","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=717.0,722.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"question was --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=722.0,723.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: The outcomes and what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=723.0,725.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nchanged in law.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=725.0,726.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Law case, got it. What the judge basically said was, if you are to find","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=726.0,732.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this company guilty, if they made a vaccine that caused polio, in other words,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=732.0,737.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if a vial says polio vaccine, it is understood that it prevents polio and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=737.0,742.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doesn't cause it. Therefore, for that reason, you have to find these companies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=742.0,747.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guilty, in this case, Cutter Laboratories. It was a directed verdict, and it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=747.0,752.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the birth of liability without fault. You could be liable for something that was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=752.0,757.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made badly, even if you didn't know that you were making it badly, even if you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=757.0,763.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were making it according to all the prescriptive guidelines that were in place","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=763.0,768.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the time both by the government and others, regulatory agencies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=768.0,772.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Just to step back a little bit, these pharmaceutical companies got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=772.0,776.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their information about how to make the vaccine directly from Dr. Salk's labs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=776.0,781.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is that correct?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=781.0,782.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: When the vaccine was made for the field trial, for the big 1954 field","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=782.0,787.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trial, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=787.0,787.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe one that was run by Thomas Francis, that was made according to a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=787.0,792.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fifty-five-page document that was produced by Jonas Salk in collaboration with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=792.0,796.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the people that were making the vaccine for the field trial, which were only two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=796.0,801.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the companies, Parke-Davis and Eli Lilly, who were veteran vaccine makers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=801.0,805.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When it then became a matter of federal regulation, and this was really before","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=805.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were very good at federally regulating vaccines. It was the Division of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=810.0,814.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Biological Standards within the National Institutes of Health, but it was really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=814.0,818.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only a handful of people. They did it part-time. Really, their main interest was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=818.0,823.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their own research lab. The federal regulation of vaccines was weak. So that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=823.0,827.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fifty-five-page document really became a five-page document. You didn't even","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=827.0,830.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have to use formaldehyde to inactivate the vaccine. You could use UV light, as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=830.0,835.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the companies had asked to do. It was a much thinner, weaker regulatory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=835.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guideline. Because there was so much wiggle room in it, I think that was part of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=840.0,845.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=845.0,846.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=846.0,846.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nYou mentioned NIH [National Institutes of Health], National Institutes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=846.0,850.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Health. They were the ones who went first to Cutter Labs when there was an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=850.0,856.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inkling that there may be some trouble there. Can you tell what happened when","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=856.0,861.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they went to see Cutter Labs?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=861.0,863.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: People from the NIH, representatives from the NIH, went to Cutter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=863.0,868.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Laboratories to see if they could figure out what went wrong. They did see some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=868.0,874.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things that were wrong. So for example, a live virus was stored, for example, as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=874.0,880.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the same area as, in theory, the vaccine was, and there was worry about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=880.0,886.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cross-contamination. But I don't think it was ever really clear that the problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=886.0,891.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was largely a filtration problem. Which is to say when Salk did his filtration,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=891.0,896.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he used a Seitz filter. This filter, which was much slower, but much more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=896.0,901.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thorough at pulling out the cells and cellular debris. When it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=901.0,905.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwent to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=905.0,907.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"commercial laboratories, the filtration process was much faster, but also much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=907.0,914.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"less thorough. I think that was the problem, but I think that only was revealed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=914.0,924.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much later. I don't think that the NIH researchers really figured that out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=924.0,932.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So they passed Cutter, essentially.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=932.0,936.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Yes, that's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=936.0,939.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: What happened next?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=939.0,942.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Cutter Laboratories made vaccines for primarily people in the West and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=942.0,950.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Southwest, and there were, they made lots of vaccines, two of which were the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=950.0,959.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so-called high-risk lots that contained, that had live, virulent polio virus in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=959.0,967.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=967.0,977.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: What I'm wondering here ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=977.0,1027.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nis when CDC got involved and how, and also,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1027.0,1030.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were other people who were concerned about Cutter. One of them I'm","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1030.0,1034.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thinking of is Julius Youngner. I wonder if you could tell the story. I know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1034.0,1039.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's public now and it's been published already, but I wonder if you could add","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1039.0,1044.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that as part of the story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1044.0,1046.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: I actually had done that interview with Dr. Youngner, and, interestingly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1046.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when David Oshinsky wrote his book Polio: An American Story, and he interviewed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1050.0,1054.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me for that book, I had told him I thought he should talk to Julius Youngner","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1054.0,1059.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I think Julius had some interesting things to say. For which he, David","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1059.0,1063.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oshinsky ultimately won the Pulitzer Prize for his book, which is just a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1063.0,1067.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wonderful historical book written by a great historian. In any case, what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1067.0,1071.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Youngner believed was that when he went to Cutter Labs, because he also went","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1071.0,1075.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there on behalf of Dr. Salk to look at the way that they were producing this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1075.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine, he saw the same thing the NIH researchers had seen which was that there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1080.0,1085.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a storage of live virus in the same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1085.0,1088.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nplace as inactivated vaccine. He told","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1088.0,1090.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Salk that and regretted that he only told Dr. Salk that, and then Dr. Salk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1090.0,1095.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never really said it to anybody else. He felt that Dr. Salk had buried that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1095.0,1100.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"information and that that is what led to the Cutter tragedy. But that wasn't it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1100.0,1105.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a filtration problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1105.0,1107.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When they grew polio virus in cell culture and then inactivated it with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1107.0,1111.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"formaldehyde, if you didn't filter out the cells and cell debris, then the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1111.0,1115.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"formaldehyde couldn't get to some of those virus particles. It was essentially,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1115.0,1119.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the virus particles would be hidden in the cells and cell debris. You needed to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1119.0,1124.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"filter out that cell and cellular debris. I don't think anybody realized that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1124.0,1128.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until later. It really took time to realize. Also, you had to develop better","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1128.0,1133.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"safety methods, which is to say, you did animal inoculation studies where you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1133.0,1137.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually immunosuppressed the animals with steroids before you inoculated. You","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1137.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did direct inoculation into the animal's spinal column or spinal cord. You also","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1140.0,1144.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had in vitro studies, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1144.0,1145.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwhich is to say, studies in the laboratory where you kept","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1145.0,1148.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those cells around for much longer to pick up what would be much smaller","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1148.0,1152.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inoculum virus. That took time to realize. I don't think, I know Dr. Youngner","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1152.0,1156.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feels that he had, by not going directly to authorities, somehow led to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1156.0,1160.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cutter incident. I think he's wrong. I don't think that would have mattered.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1160.0,1164.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That wasn't the problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1164.0,1165.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: In any case, Wyeth had the same problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1165.0,1168.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: And Wyeth had the same problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1168.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And he didn't know about that one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1170.0,1172.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Yes, just at a lesser scale. They didn't produce as much vaccine, there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1172.0,1176.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weren't as many deaths. But when Cutter released its vaccine, very quickly in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1176.0,1180.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"April of that year you started to see children coming down with polio at a time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1180.0,1184.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before you would have expected to see children develop polio, number one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1184.0,1187.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because typically it's more of a summer virus. Secondly, you saw them coming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1187.0,1191.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down with polio in the limbs, in which they were inoculated. Those two things, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1191.0,1195.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think, led CDC to immediately send people like Neal Nathanson into the field to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1195.0,1199.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see what was happening. And you saw that it wasn't, this wasn't natural polio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1199.0,1203.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was polio that was being caused by the polio ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1203.0,1206.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nvaccine, and it shut down the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1206.0,1208.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program for a few weeks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1208.0,1210.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Speaking of Neal Nathanson, and being an Epidemic Intelligence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1210.0,1213.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Officer, can you tell how CDC became involved first and what that was like, what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1213.0,1218.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was done and what you know about the process of how they handled that emergency?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1218.0,1223.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Well, Neal would be the best person to talk to. He's still around. He's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1223.0,1228.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here at Penn, head of our Global Health Program. I think they very quickly, with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1228.0,1233.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a series of phone calls, which fortunately there were transcripts for, got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1233.0,1237.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved in this incident to see just what had happened, what had gone wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1237.0,1242.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And when then they did realize that there was a problem caused by the vaccines,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1242.0,1247.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they took a very dramatic step, which was to shut down the whole program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1247.0,1252.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nobody was vaccinated anymore until they could figure out what went wrong. If","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1252.0,1256.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that had happened today, I think you would have seen a much different response","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1256.0,1261.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than what happened at that time. At that time, people still trusted the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1261.0,1265.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"government, they still trusted pharmaceutical companies, they still trusted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1265.0,1268.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1268.0,1268.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we non-euphemistically call the medical establishment today, and so they waited.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1268.0,1272.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People waited, trusting that people would figure out what had happened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1272.0,1276.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Think about it, this was a vaccine that paralyzed and killed children, and yet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1276.0,1281.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people waited to see what the problem was. And when the problem was figured out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1281.0,1286.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people embraced, for the most part, embraced the vaccine again. I mean, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1286.0,1291.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Academy of Pediatrics was probably the slowest to embrace it, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1291.0,1295.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ultimately people did embrace it. If you listen to the exit interviews, even","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1295.0,1300.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with these court cases, when Cutter was taken to court, people trusted the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1300.0,1305.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pharmaceutical industry. They believed that they weren't evil-doers trying to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1305.0,1309.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hurt children so that they could make money. That's not true today. I think I'd","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1309.0,1314.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be curious what would have happened to the CEO of Cutter Laboratories today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1314.0,1319.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Probably would have been hung.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1319.0,1321.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Yes, things have changed quite a bit. When Alex Langmuir was involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1321.0,1326.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with this, do you remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1326.0,1328.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhearing about how he handled it and how he maximized","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1328.0,1331.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that experience to establish EIS in CDC in their role of surveillance and being","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1331.0,1336.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the disease detectives that they are today?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1336.0,1338.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Yes, I think this launched the CDC in many ways as the amazing detective","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1338.0,1343.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agency that it is. It gave it enormous credibility. They were able to isolate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1343.0,1348.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the problem, figure out what the problem was, ultimately then to move forward so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1348.0,1353.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we can continue to protect children against polio using a polio vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1353.0,1358.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were facing, I think, what is an enormous amount of distrust from the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1358.0,1363.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"public, and also they need to maintain the trust of the pharmaceutical industry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1363.0,1368.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those were the only groups, the pharmaceutical industry were the only ones to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1368.0,1373.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have the expertise and resources to make vaccines, so you don't want to alienate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1373.0,1378.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them by being too burdensome or restrictive, but I think they walked that line","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1378.0,1383.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well. As detectives figuring out what happened, I think this launched the CDC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1383.0,1388.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can see exactly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1388.0,1389.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhow quickly they could act and how effectively they could act.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1389.0,1393.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: These were guys, mostly guys, who had had a little bit of training","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1393.0,1398.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right after medical school and went right out into the field. I did talk to Dr.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1398.0,1404.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nathanson on Wednesday, and he said he's the only EIS Officer who didn't have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1404.0,1409.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the course because he was sent right out into the field to do that work. It was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1409.0,1415.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quite a story. No computers, no handheld calculators or anything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1415.0,1418.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: It's just sort of shoe-leather detective work, and that was done. It was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1418.0,1423.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at a time when, remember, polio was still a common disease in the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1423.0,1428.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They needed to figure it out and needed to figure it out quickly. They were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1428.0,1433.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under the gun to figure it out because we were about to enter polio season. They","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1433.0,1439.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shut down the program for three weeks and when it was reestablished again, it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1439.0,1444.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was reestablished again as a safe, effective vaccine. It was very quickly done,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1444.0,1448.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it had to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1448.0,1450.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndone quickly because polio season was about to start.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1450.0,1453.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And people were scared.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1453.0,1455.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Yes. I was born in 1951 so my mother didn't let us go to public swimming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1455.0,1461.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pools. I was able to swim with me and my two cousins in the backyard in one of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1461.0,1467.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those little plastic pools because they didn't want us, because they were scared","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1467.0,1471.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to death of polio. Actually, the birth of summer camps in the Northeast was to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1471.0,1476.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get away from the city in the hopes of avoiding polio. One thing I talk about in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1476.0,1482.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the book is, my father went to a camp called Camp Idlewild where there was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1482.0,1487.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio outbreak in the camp that paralyzed the children, and I think even killed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1487.0,1492.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a child or two. He wakes up the next morning, comes out to revelry or whatever,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1492.0,1497.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and sees that the head of the camp had actually hung himself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1497.0,1501.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Oh, gosh.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1501.0,1502.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: I think the best description, just in terms of a novelist, is Philip","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1502.0,1507.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Roth's book Nemesis, which describes the polio outbreak in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1507.0,1510.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nNew Jersey, and it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1510.0,1512.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really well done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1512.0,1513.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: It is well done. It's a very well-done book. I'm trying to do this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1513.0,1519.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sequentially. CDC then took the information that they had and it resulted in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1519.0,1525.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"report called \"The Cutter Incident.\" This is coauthored by Alex Langmuir and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1525.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Neal Nathanson. What happened as a result of that paper?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1530.0,1534.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: I think as a result of that paper, we put in place for the first time, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1534.0,1541.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guess, post-licensure surveillance systems. Now you had in place a system to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1541.0,1546.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very quickly determine whether there was a problem. I think it's funny, people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1546.0,1551.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will ask me the question all the time, why should I trust the pharmaceutical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1551.0,1557.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"industry, and it's a for-profit industry. Why should I trust them when I know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1557.0,1563.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that this is all for the purpose of making money?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1563.0,1567.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The answer is you don't have to trust ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1567.0,1570.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthem. There is in place now something even","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1570.0,1573.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"larger, the so-called Vaccine Safety Data Link that will very quickly see who's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1573.0,1578.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gotten a vaccine and who hasn't, and if there's a problem that comes up, they'll","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1578.0,1583.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see it quickly. With the RotaShield vaccine that was released in this country in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1583.0,1588.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1998, it was on the market for ten months, was found to be a very rare cause of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1588.0,1594.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intussusception very quickly. If Vioxx, frankly, were a vaccine, its being a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1594.0,1598.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rare cause of heart attacks would have been picked up much quicker than it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1598.0,1603.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there is no drug safety link. I think if there was a drug safety link","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1603.0,1609.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"similar to what we have for vaccines, you would see that more quickly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1609.0,1614.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I'm wondering now, what was the reaction of Jonas Salk during the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1614.0,1619.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cutter incident goings-on?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1619.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: When I wrote this book, I didn't interview Jonas Salk since he had passed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1620.0,1625.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away, but I talked to his wife and she said he was utterly heartbroken, just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1625.0,1630.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heartbroken ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1630.0,1630.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat this had happened. This thing he had worked so hard on now had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1630.0,1635.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come crashing down. At some level, he was always upset that this fifty-five-page","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1635.0,1640.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"document for producing vaccine, as was done in the Francis Field trial, had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1640.0,1645.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suddenly become a five- or five-and-a-half-page document that was much looser","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1645.0,1649.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he knew, feared would be too loose.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1649.0,1652.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: By contrast, what was the reaction of Albert Sabin?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1652.0,1656.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: I think Sabin, who frankly was a bastard, was probably gleeful that this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1656.0,1661.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had happened. He always had felt that his vaccine was the better vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1661.0,1666.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Although I think he was wrong because he was still under the false notion, as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1666.0,1672.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everybody was at the time, that the only way you could induce, i.e., confer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1672.0,1677.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunity, which is to say, long-term immunity, would be with either getting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1677.0,1681.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"naturally infected or being inoculated with a live weakened virus. He never","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1681.0,1685.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believed that you could develop a memory response, a so-called anamnestic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1685.0,1689.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"response, by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1689.0,1690.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ngiving a whole killed virus. He believed, as everybody did at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1690.0,1694.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, that you would need to give frequent boosters throughout your lifetime if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1694.0,1698.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you were to be protected.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1698.0,1700.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jonas Salk, if you look at his original data from the 1950s, he had proven that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1700.0,1705.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can induce a memory response. For that observation, which was groundbreaking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1705.0,1709.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the time, I honestly think he should have won the Nobel Prize, because it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1709.0,1714.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an enormous technological advancement at the time. But Jonas Salk wasn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1714.0,1718.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"embraced. He was seen as a self-promoting scientist, a scientist who was willing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1718.0,1722.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go on the airwaves, and scientists didn't like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1722.0,1725.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: You make a point of, he wasn't in any of the organizations that you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1725.0,1730.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would expect him to be elected to, like the Institute of Medicine or --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1730.0,1735.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: That's right. Never a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1735.0,1739.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Institute of Medicine, the National Academy of Sciences.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1739.0,1742.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: But never stopped working.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1742.0,1744.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: No, he was dogged.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1744.0,1746.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: When you wrote your book Vaccinated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1746.0,1748.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nabout Maurice Hilleman, he was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1748.0,1750.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also involved with the polio vaccine. Can you talk a little bit about him and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1750.0,1756.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what he did?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1756.0,1757.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Maurice trained at the University of Chicago, where he got his PhD. He","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1757.0,1762.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then actually went to work in industry, initially at E. R. Squibb, to make what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1762.0,1768.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was at the time a Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine. Then he left Squibb to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1768.0,1773.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work at Merck. His flagship product at Merck was a polio vaccine. What he found","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1773.0,1779.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the manufacture of that vaccine was that, he found a contaminating virus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1779.0,1784.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What we now know as the 40th Monkey Virus, identified the 40th Monkey Virus,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1784.0,1789.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"identified, it's called Simian Virus 40, or SV40, and he stood up in 1960 in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1789.0,1795.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"front of a group of stunned virologists and explained that these vaccines, both","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1795.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Sabin vaccine and the Salk vaccine, were contaminated with this virus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1800.0,1805.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the Salk vaccine was inactivated with formaldehyde, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1805.0,1808.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntherefore that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1808.0,1809.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inactivation method reduced infectivity of SV40 by about ten thousand fold,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1809.0,1813.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"essentially eliminating it. But not Sabin's vaccine. Sabin's vaccine was not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1813.0,1817.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"treated with an inactivating agent at all, and it contained live SV40 virus,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1817.0,1822.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was known to cause cancer in experimental animals. We didn't know whether","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1822.0,1827.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or not it was a cause of cancer of people, and Hilleman just wouldn't take that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1827.0,1833.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chance, so he refused to put out that vaccine, because he didn't know. Now we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1833.0,1838.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know that SV40 doesn't cause cancer in people, but he didn't know it then.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1838.0,1843.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So he was extra cautious.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1843.0,1845.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1845.0,1846.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: You mentioned how many vaccines he worked on and how little credit he got.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1846.0,1851.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Yes, Maurice really either did the primary research or primary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1851.0,1855.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"development of nine of the fourteen vaccines that we give to infants and young","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1855.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children today. We actually made a movie about Maurice, which NOVA's now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1860.0,1864.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"considering. It's finished. It's called Hilleman. Hilleman is the title of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1864.0,1868.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1868.0,1868.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe perilous quest to save the world's children. We have a little segment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1868.0,1873.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on polio and I'll show it to you. I have it on my computer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1873.0,1878.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Okay, yes. That sounds great. I know about him from a number of people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1878.0,1883.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and how self-effacing, what a good scientist he was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1883.0,1886.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: In October 2004 he was diagnosed with disseminated, what was thought to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1886.0,1891.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be pancreatic cancer, and felt he would only have about six months to live. With","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1891.0,1896.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that in mind, I went to interview him because I thought, he was this amazing guy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1896.0,1902.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all these stories are going to die with him. That was, of all the books I've","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1902.0,1908.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"written, I think that was a true labor of love. I just really wanted to save all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1908.0,1914.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that information for posterity, and he was very, very generous with his time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1914.0,1919.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when he was quite sick.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1919.0,1921.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: That's very apparent in your book, how you felt. It really was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1921.0,1926.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"service for everyone to document that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1926.0,1928.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nJust to change up a little bit, I know that you have been a member of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1928.0,1934.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices with CDC. Can you talk about that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1934.0,1938.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organization and how CDC and ACIP [Advisory Committee for Immunization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1938.0,1941.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Practices] work together and what they do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1941.0,1943.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: I came on in 1998. I was there until 2003, and in my first year made head","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1943.0,1949.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Polio Vaccine Working Group, actually. Becky Prevots was our liaison to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1949.0,1953.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the CDC. I knew nothing about the ACIP or the CDC. I didn't have any idea how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1953.0,1959.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any of this worked. I'd been sort of buried in a lab for years and didn't know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1959.0,1965.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything about public health or public health agencies. I was just a lab","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1965.0,1969.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"researcher. But I was really impressed. Really impressed by Becky Prevots and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1969.0,1973.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everybody who I met there, their dedication to trying to get it right,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1973.0,1977.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"protecting the public's health. I hadn't seen anything like it. I was just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1977.0,1981.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"amazed. Becky, I think, eventually went to work in Southeast Asia, I think to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1981.0,1986.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"try and do what she could to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1986.0,1988.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsave lives there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1988.0,1989.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So as the head of the working group, I felt it was time to move to a fully","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1989.0,1995.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inactivated polio vaccine program. Although we'd eliminated polio from this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1995.0,1998.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country by the '70s, we hadn't eliminated the polio that was caused by the old","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=1998.0,2003.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio vaccines, for twenty years, every year, about six to eight children would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2003.0,2007.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be permanently harmed by that vaccine. I thought, given that we have another","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2007.0,2011.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"choice, the inactivated vaccine, given that Scandinavian countries had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2011.0,2014.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"essentially eliminated polio by only using the inactivated vaccine, although it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2014.0,2018.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was going to be more expensive, it was just not fair, I thought, when you had a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2018.0,2024.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"safer vaccine, to not use it. So it was sort of the trying to herd everybody","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2024.0,2029.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into that sort of feeling.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2029.0,2031.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What was interesting was that, and I can't tell you how much respect I have for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2031.0,2036.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"D. A. Henderson, who has been on the shortlist for the Nobel Prize forever and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2036.0,2041.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certainly should have gotten it. But he was reluctant. I think one of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2041.0,2046.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reasons he was reluctant to move away from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2046.0,2049.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\noral polio vaccine was because of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2049.0,2051.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Cutter incident. There was still sort of a lingering fear that we couldn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2051.0,2057.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really fully inactivate that vaccine. That Jonas Salk's so-called straight line","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2057.0,2061.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"theory of inactivation was at best a theory and maybe not a good one, and that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2061.0,2067.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we couldn't really prove that there weren't some live viral particles at least","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2067.0,2072.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in some batches. It's interesting how fifty years later we still were feeling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2072.0,2077.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the reverberations of that. I guess forty years later, forty-five years later,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2077.0,2082.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're still feeling the reverberations of that incident.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2082.0,2085.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: It had a big impact. Since you described the sequence, the straight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2085.0,2090.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"line of, can you describe that? When you say straight line that Salk developed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2090.0,2096.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can you describe that process?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2096.0,2098.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Sure. What Salk's reasoning was the following. Let's suppose we have a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2098.0,2103.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"million infectious particles per milliliter, or roughly one-fifth of a teaspoon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2103.0,2107.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2107.0,2107.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nvaccine, of polio that we've grown in a culture. If I treat that at a certain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2107.0,2112.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pH with a certain quantity of formaldehyde for, let's say, three days, and that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2112.0,2116.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I get a thousandfold reduction. So instead of getting a million, I just have a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2116.0,2121.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thousand infectious particles. You can test that. You can see whether you have a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2121.0,2125.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"million infectious particles. You can see whether you have a thousand infectious","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2125.0,2129.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particles. Then if you treat for three more days, then you get another","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2129.0,2133.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thousandfold reduction, you would essentially have one infection particle per","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2133.0,2136.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"milliliter, which you also can test.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2136.0,2138.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But he then reasoned that it would continue to be that way. That if you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2138.0,2143.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"continued to treat for another three days, you would get another thousandfold","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2143.0,2147.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reduction. Another three days, another thousandfold reduction. So that in theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2147.0,2151.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by, let's say, nine more days, you would have for all practical purposes a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2151.0,2155.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"completely inactivated product. Which is to say you would have, say, only one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2155.0,2159.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infectious particle theoretically, say, per trillion milliliters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2159.0,2161.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Once you get to a certain point below that line, you can't test. You can't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2161.0,2166.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2166.0,2166.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntest to see whether you have, say, one infectious particle per million","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2166.0,2170.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"milliliters. That's too hard to do. So you just, that becomes a matter of faith.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2170.0,2175.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The area sort of above the x-axis is a matter of fact because you can test for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2175.0,2181.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, but you get to a certain level of dilution where you just have to believe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2181.0,2187.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it's true, have faith that it's true. And as we learned from the Cutter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2187.0,2192.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"incident, that didn't happen. That straight line inactivation curve didn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2192.0,2196.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happen. It started to level off.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2196.0,2198.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Thank you for that explanation. It really makes it clear.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2198.0,2202.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you mentioned the side effects and the people who got vaccine-associated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2202.0,2206.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paralysis, can you talk about that a little bit and how it was related to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2206.0,2212.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sabin vaccine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2212.0,2213.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: I guess what was striking for me was the ability to go interview some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2213.0,2218.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who had been paralyzed by this Cutter's vaccine, because it really made","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2218.0,2223.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it come alive for me. Anne Gottsdanker, specifically, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2223.0,2226.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwas crying when she was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2226.0,2228.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"telling me what had happened to her. I asked her if she could have any wish,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2228.0,2233.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what would it be. She said, I wish that I could meet with the CEO of Cutter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2233.0,2239.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Laboratories and he could see what it is that I have to live with, what I've","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2239.0,2244.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gone through.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2244.0,2245.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a tough time. Medicine, when you try and challenge the evils of this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2245.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world, in this case polio virus, it's a war. At some level when there's a war,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2250.0,2255.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are invariably casualties. The casualty was that we had to learn how to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2255.0,2260.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"make this vaccine and mass produce it well. There were casualties with that. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2260.0,2265.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think if you look at the early days of bone marrow transplants or heart","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2265.0,2270.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transplants or liver transplants or kidney transplants, they're brutal. We learn","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2270.0,2274.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as we go. So that's one. It's just the human face that was put on this tragedy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2274.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by people like Anne Gottsdanker who, again, were really generous about their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2280.0,2284.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, to live through this terrible event of the past.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2284.0,2287.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: She, of course, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2287.0,2288.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwas the one in the court case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2288.0,2290.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: That's right. She was the lead court case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2290.0,2293.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And she was awarded some money for it even though Cutter was not found liable?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2293.0,2298.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Well, they were found liable without fault.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2298.0,2301.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Liable without fault.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2301.0,2302.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Right. It was the birth of liability, which the jurors didn't want. They","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2302.0,2306.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanted to find Cutter not guilty. They felt that this was a bigger problem, that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2306.0,2311.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it wasn't really, Cutter was doing what they were asked to do, that we learn as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2311.0,2316.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we go. The jury got it, actually. It was the judge who directed the verdict. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2316.0,2321.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you see the tragedy of paralysis caused by a vaccine, and we fixed that. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2321.0,2326.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"straight-line theory of inactivation was correct, we just had to do a better job","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2326.0,2330.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at filtering out the cells and cell debris.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2330.0,2333.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then we go to Sabin's vaccine, which is unique among vaccines, and it's the only","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2333.0,2338.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"live attenuated viral vaccine that actually has the capacity to revert back to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2338.0,2342.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neurovirulent type or essentially wild type. In other words, the type III virus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2342.0,2346.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that he had only had two mutations that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2346.0,2349.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nattenuated neurovirulence, and that's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2349.0,2350.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"number one. So it really wasn't highly attenuated. It was attenuated for growth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2350.0,2354.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the nervous system, but it wasn't attenuated for growth in the intestine. It","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2354.0,2358.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could grow fine in the intestine. So here you have a virus that grows well in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2358.0,2363.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the intestine, that's a single-stranded RNA virus so its replication is only so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2363.0,2367.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"faithful, that only has two mutations that attenuate neurovirulence. Therefore,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2367.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were occasionally times when it could revert back to wild type and cause","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2370.0,2374.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio not only in the person who received it, but in a person who came in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2374.0,2379.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contact with a person who received it, because the virus could be shed in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2379.0,2384.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stools for weeks, sometimes months. I think Albert Sabin went to his grave never","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2384.0,2388.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believing that was true. He never believed that that was the case, but it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2388.0,2393.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2393.0,2394.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So his vaccine, which came onto the market in the 1960s, ultimately was replaced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2394.0,2398.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the inactivated vaccine by the year 2000 because the Salk idea was the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2398.0,2402.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right one, which was that we can eliminate this disease using an inactivated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2402.0,2406.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine that provides ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2406.0,2407.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nlong-term immunity and anamnestic response, and we don't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2407.0,2410.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"need to take the risk of a live attenuated viral vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2410.0,2414.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Again, that decision was made by ACIP with the support of CDC?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2414.0,2418.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Right, so the ACIP is an advisory committee. We give advice and the CDC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2418.0,2423.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"invariably follows that advice. Not always, but they did here and so we moved to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2423.0,2428.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the inactivated vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2428.0,2429.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The person who I think was the key person, that was a guy named John Salamone,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2429.0,2434.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was a true vaccine safety activist. You hear all these days about people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2434.0,2439.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like Barbara Lowe Fisher or Lynn Redwood or J. B. Handley or Jenny McCarthy call","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2439.0,2444.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"themselves vaccine safety activists, but they're not vaccine safety activists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2444.0,2447.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they're asking for vaccines to do something that they already don't do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2447.0,2451.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vaccines don't cause autism, therefore you can't make a vaccine that is safer in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2451.0,2456.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it doesn't cause autism, and the current vaccines don't cause autism. But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2456.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Salamone's son had developed polio from the oral polio vaccine, and he never","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2460.0,2464.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew that was the possible problem. He never knew that there was another ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2464.0,2468.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n vaccine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2468.0,2468.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that one theoretically could have used. So in a very respectful manner, and he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2468.0,2473.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was good at it. He had been a lobbyist for the Italian-American Association, so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2473.0,2478.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think he understood how to apply political pressure in a manner to get things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2478.0,2483.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"done without putting people off.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2483.0,2485.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I brought him onto that committee, on to our polio working group, because I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2485.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thought his voice should be on there. It kept us all straight about what was at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2490.0,2496.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"risk here. It therefore became much harder to have the conversation about how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2496.0,2501.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much money we were spending to prevent a case of paralytic polio,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2501.0,2505.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine-associated paralytic polio, which ended up being about four million","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2505.0,2509.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dollars. We spent about four million dollars per case of preventing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2509.0,2513.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine-associated paralytic polio by moving from the live attenuated vaccine to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2513.0,2517.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the inactivated vaccine. But he put a human face on that, John Salamone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2517.0,2522.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: That makes all the difference for people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2522.0,2525.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I know you have a time limitation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2525.0,2528.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI wondered if you could just touch on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2528.0,2531.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your thoughts about global eradication of polio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2531.0,2534.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: I think there will be global eradication of polio. We've already","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2534.0,2538.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eliminated type II. That's a good start, so there's only two strains, two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2538.0,2543.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"serotypes left. I think it's a challenge, but I do think we're getting there. We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2543.0,2548.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now have just two countries in which the virus is endemic, and although it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2548.0,2553.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involves countries that surround those countries I think this will happen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2553.0,2557.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there's such an enormous effort to make it happen. Obviously the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2557.0,2561.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difficulties with the infrastructure in some of these countries, difficulties","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2561.0,2565.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with war in these countries, has made this more difficult than it should be, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2565.0,2570.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we'll get there. We will. I say that because we've been able to eliminate one of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2570.0,2576.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the serotypes. Smallpox was the first human virus that was eliminated by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2576.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccines. Polio type II is the second. We've also eliminated one animal strain,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2580.0,2585.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an animal virus called rinderpest has now been eliminated by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2585.0,2589.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nvaccination. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2589.0,2590.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think vaccinations are the most powerful thing we do in medicine, and I have no","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2590.0,2595.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doubt we're going to be able to eliminate this disease just like we eliminated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2595.0,2599.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"smallpox. It's not as quickly as we had hoped, but it will happen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2599.0,2603.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Do you have any last thoughts before we wind up?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2603.0,2607.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: I would say this. I think that the Cutter incident taught us a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2607.0,2612.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things, but one thing it taught us is how quickly and effectively the CDC could","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2612.0,2617.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"act at preventing what was a terrible tragedy, which could have been a much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2617.0,2621.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worse tragedy if we had withheld that vaccine for much longer. If we had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2621.0,2625.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"withheld all those vaccines instead of for weeks but held it for months, we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2625.0,2629.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would have entered another polio season and there would have been thousands of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2629.0,2633.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children who were paralyzed and hundreds to a few thousand who would have died.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2633.0,2637.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's all because of the CDC, their ability to act quickly and effectively,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2637.0,2641.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"identify the problem and hold manufacturers to safety standards that made for a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2641.0,2645.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"better vaccine. I think it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2645.0,2647.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nan example of real heroism by public health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2647.0,2655.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agency, but unfortunately we don't like our heroes to come from public health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2655.0,2667.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agencies, but they're there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2667.0,2671.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Thank you so much. This has been a real joy to interview you, and it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2671.0,2686.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been very informative. You've clarified a lot of issues that no one else could","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2686.0,2699.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as well. Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2699.0,2705.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/transcript/69289/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Thank you. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2705.0,2708.0"}]},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/index/84933","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["content172424124420240821-522984-8ywlan.xml [English] [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/index/84933/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Background/ early education","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=67.0,260.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/index/84933/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Offit introduces himself and talks about his two early life experiences that drew him to study medicine and, more specifically, vaccines.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=67.0,260.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/index/84933/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I’ll let you introduce yourself and tell your title, Dr. Offit.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=67.0,260.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/index/84933/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Baltimore, Maryland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Perelman School of Medicine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University of Connecticut Medical School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University of Pennsylvania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=67.0,260.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/index/84933/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"F. 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","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2513.0,2528.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/index/84933/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I know you have a time limitation.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2513.0,2528.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/index/84933/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polio","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"smallpox","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"virus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2513.0,2528.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/index/84933/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"endemic","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"global eradication","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rinderpest","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"type II polio","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2513.0,2528.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/index/84933/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Final thoughts/closing ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737#t=2528.0,2667.096"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/248737/index/84933/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Offit praises CDC for their ability to respond quickly and effectively to tragedy.  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I will let Dr. Offit introduce himself in a minute. I will","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=7.0,14.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just say that he is a co-inventor of the rotavirus RotaTeq vaccine, along with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=14.0,20.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fred Clark and Stanley Plotkin. The rotavirus vaccine is credited with saving","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=20.0,25.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hundreds, if not thousands, of children's lives worldwide every day. He's the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=25.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"author of a number of books that contribute enormously to public health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=30.0,35.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"education, especially related to vaccines. Today we're focusing on polio and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=35.0,40.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC's [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's] role overall with polio,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=40.0,45.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how polio affected CDC, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=45.0,51.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC affected polio. So we'll focus on those years related to how both evolved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=51.0,57.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=57.0,58.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nyears, and since Dr. Offit wrote The Cutter Incident in 2005, we'll","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=58.0,62.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talk mostly with him about that book. Now, I'll let you introduce yourself and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=62.0,67.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tell your title, Dr. Offit. Thank you for being here, by the way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=67.0,72.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Sure, my pleasure. I'm Paul Offit. I'm a member of the Division of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=72.0,77.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Infectious Diseases here at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=77.0,81.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"director of its Vaccine Education Center. I'm also a professor of pediatrics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=81.0,85.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Maurice R. Hilleman professor of vaccinology, at the Perelman School of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=85.0,89.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=89.0,91.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Thank you. Now, what I'd like to find out is how you got interested in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=91.0,97.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medicine, and what led you to specialize especially in vaccines. What was your","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=97.0,102.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interest, and how did that happen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=102.0,104.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: I think my interest in medicine came from probably a series of events","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=104.0,109.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that occurred when I was a little boy. When I was five years old, I had a couple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=109.0,115.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things that happened. One is that I ruptured my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=115.0,118.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nspleen after falling from a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=118.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"height, and that put me in the hospital for a few days. And all this bigness","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=120.0,126.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and, at some level, glamour of being in the hospital and seeing all these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=126.0,131.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"physicians who saved my life. Secondly, but probably more importantly, was that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=131.0,135.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was in the polio ward for a couple of months when I was five years old. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=135.0,141.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wasn't there because I had polio. I was there because I had been born with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=141.0,146.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clubbed feet, and one of my two feet never really corrected, and so there was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=146.0,152.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surgery that was done that was apparently a difficult surgery. So I ended up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=152.0,157.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"having a fairly lengthy post-op course that was in a polio ward, as it turns","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=157.0,162.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out. The other 19 people who were in that ward all had polio, and I just saw","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=162.0,168.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them as sort of vulnerable and helpless and alone. I think that drew me to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=168.0,173.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trying to work with children, and especially the draw, I guess, to infectious ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=173.0,178.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n diseases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=178.0,178.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: That's interesting. You were interested in infectious diseases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=178.0,181.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"specifically in vaccines. How did that come about?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=181.0,184.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: I think it was, I was of a time, because I was a child of the '50s, where","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=184.0,191.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my pediatrician came to our office. I'm sorry, I was of a time, as a child in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=191.0,197.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the 1950s, where the pediatrician that I had, who was Milton Markowitz, came to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=197.0,202.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our home when we were ill. When we had to get vaccines, we actually went to his","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=202.0,208.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home. He sort of pulled the vaccines out of the refrigerator and gave it to us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=208.0,214.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually in his home. It was kind of like a family affair. Dr. Markowitz became","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=214.0,220.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably the world's expert on rheumatic fever. He published a monograph on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=220.0,225.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rheumatic fever with Leon Gordis that still stands as the seminal work. He","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=225.0,230.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eventually became dean of the University of Connecticut's Medical School. I grew","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=230.0,235.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up in Baltimore, so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=235.0,237.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhe was a private pediatrician, then and I just happened to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=237.0,241.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a guy as a private pediatrician who was an enormous role model for me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=241.0,246.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Did you talk to him then about the possibility of you becoming a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=246.0,251.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"physician as well?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=251.0,252.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Yes, definitely. He made it glamorous and fun.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=252.0,255.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So he was sort of a mentor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=255.0,258.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Yes. To the degree that one can have a mentor as a five, or six-year-old, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=258.0,263.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Do you remember getting the polio vaccine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=263.0,266.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Yes. I certainly remember getting vaccines. I can't remember whether it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=266.0,270.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was that vaccine. I was born in 1951, so the vaccine came out in 1955. I can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=270.0,275.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tell you for a fact that our physician, Dr. Markowitz, specifically told my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=275.0,279.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents to wait. The Cutter incident had happened before I was going to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=279.0,284.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting that vaccine, and so he said, let's wait. Then what ended up happening","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=284.0,289.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is after a couple of years he felt then that the inactivated vaccine was safe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=289.0,294.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enough, and so I got the inactivated vaccine. Then when the live attenuated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=294.0,298.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine came out, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=298.0,299.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe Sabin vaccine came out, I got that also. I guess I was of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=299.0,305.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an age where we actually got the sequential schedule, what became known as the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=305.0,311.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sequential schedule. The inactivated vaccine followed by the oral vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=311.0,315.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I wonder now how you got interested in writing books, along with all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=315.0,321.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you were doing. What was the drive that made you write The Cutter Incident","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=321.0,327.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the…","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=327.0,328.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: So here was a vaccine that was made badly. You had this tremendous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=328.0,334.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interest in a polio vaccine. When Jonas Salk announced that, when the trial of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=334.0,340.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jonas Salk's vaccine was performed at the University of Michigan and the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=340.0,345.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"announcement was made that it was safe, potent and effective, it was dramatic,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=345.0,350.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as dramatic as D-Day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=350.0,352.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So five companies stepped forward to make it, and at least one company made it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=352.0,358.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"badly, and as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=358.0,360.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nconsequence about 120,000 were inoculated with live, fully","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=360.0,362.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"virulent polio virus. About forty thousand developed abortive or short-lived","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=362.0,365.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio. About two hundred were permanently paralyzed and ten were killed. I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=365.0,369.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you could argue that was, if not the worst, one of the worst biological","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=369.0,373.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disasters in our country's history. I just wanted to understand how it could happen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=373.0,377.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think what drove me to that was that I talked to Neal Nathanson, who at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=377.0,382.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time was a young Epidemiology Intelligence Service Officer at the CDC, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=382.0,386.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maurice Hilleman, both of whom told me that there was basically a bad actor at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=386.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cutter Laboratories. His name was Walter Ward. He was head of that program, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=390.0,394.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was a bad actor. He essentially knew that the vaccine had a problem, and yet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=394.0,399.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he let it be released anyway. I found that very hard to believe. Even though","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=399.0,403.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these two senior scientists told me that that was true, I found it very hard to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=403.0,408.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believe that at that time, in the 1950s, given what was at stake with that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=408.0,412.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine, that anybody would knowingly let a bad vaccine out there. So that set","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=412.0,416.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me on what really ended up being about an eight-year ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=416.0,419.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncourse of digging through","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=419.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"archives trying to figure out what happened at Cutter Laboratories.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=420.0,423.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Actually, that one chapter in my book called \"What Went Wrong at Cutter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=423.0,427.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Laboratories\" is my favorite chapter, because it was that much work to get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=427.0,431.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. It obviously wasn't that simple. All five companies had a problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=431.0,434.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inactivating virus, as did Wyeth, who not only had a problem inactivating it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=434.0,438.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but also made a vaccine that paralyzed and killed children. That I was able to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=438.0,442.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dig out at the National Archives and Record Administration with a CDC archivist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=442.0,446.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who really pointed to me where that particular monograph, what was called \"The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=446.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wyeth Problem.\" It was never published. Neal told me it existed. Neal Nathanson","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=450.0,454.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"told me it existed, but he didn't tell me where it was. He didn't know where it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=454.0,459.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was. Then you saw that actually it shouldn't have been called the Cutter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=459.0,463.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"incident. It should have been called the scale-up incident because that was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=463.0,466.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really what the problem was. We just had trouble scaling up that vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=466.0,470.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cutter was blamed, but I think Cutter was sacrificed really so that everybody","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=470.0,474.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could feel they were the problem, they were the bogeyman. It wasn't anything","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=474.0,478.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other than them, and once they stopped making the polio vaccine we could all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=478.0,482.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feel safe again. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=482.0,483.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIn truth, we could all feel safe again because we developed better safety","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=483.0,487.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"testing methods, both in animals and in tissue cultures. So we could feel","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=487.0,491.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"better, but I think it was Alexander Langmuir actually at the CDC who gave this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=491.0,495.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the name \"the Cutter incident,\" I think for that reason. But it was much more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=495.0,499.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"complicated than that and much greater than that, I think, of any of the books","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=499.0,503.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've written. I think The Cutter Incident was the most satisfying because it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=503.0,507.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a process of discovery, just like science is a process of discovery. When, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=507.0,511.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think, I realized what went wrong at Cutter Laboratories, it was just satisfying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=511.0,515.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to see that there wasn't a bad actor at one company, which just didn't make any sense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=515.0,520.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: The Wyeth information was suppressed for a long time. Were you the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=520.0,524.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first to discover that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=524.0,525.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: I think, well, Neal Nathanson certainly knew it existed. He wrote the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=525.0,529.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paper, he knew that it was suppressed, that it wasn't going to be put out there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=529.0,534.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I think that would have scared people that we just didn't know what we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=534.0,538.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were doing. So we blamed it all on Cutter, but it was odd that, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=538.0,542.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe archivist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=542.0,543.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who helped me at CDC was named Love, was his last name. I can't remember his","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=543.0,548.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first name. But he took me to the National Archives and Record Administration,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=548.0,552.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the southeastern branch which was in Atlanta, Georgia, and we went through this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=552.0,556.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"huge warehouse. There was this big cardboard box which was way up on a skid that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=556.0,561.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had to be, we had to elevate ourselves to pull this box down using one of those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=561.0,567.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of forklifts. And in that unmarked box, buried in this big unmarked box,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=567.0,572.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was that document, \"The Wyeth Problem,\" which I think really helped explain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=572.0,576.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things. I think it was fortunate that he was kind enough and smart enough to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=576.0,581.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"show me where it was. And Neal certainly never hid the fact that that existed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=581.0,586.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: It must have been like finding treasure!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=586.0,589.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Yeah, it was remarkable. It was just fun putting the whole thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=589.0,593.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together. Also the other thing that was really hard, and it was revelatory, were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=593.0,598.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the court cases. You couldn't really find the court cases. These were not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=598.0,602.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"criminal ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=602.0,602.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsuits. They were civil suits, so the court records weren't kept for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=602.0,606.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very long. So even though there were a number of trials, I couldn't really find","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=606.0,611.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those early trials because everybody sort of settled after the first couple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=611.0,615.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trials. So I called Melvin Belli's wife, who eventually directed me to a guy who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=615.0,620.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lived on a houseboat off of the beach in Southern California who told me, for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=620.0,625.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"$1,500 he could find these records for me because I couldn't find them in law","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=625.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"libraries, I couldn't find them in the lawyers' offices because they had thrown","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=630.0,634.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all those records away. I agreed to pay him half initially and then another half","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=634.0,639.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for when I had it in hand. He was ultimately able to find that for me. Those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=639.0,644.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"court records and all the documents associated with those court records were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=644.0,648.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also very informative.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=648.0,649.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Yes, because you include conversations in the court between lawyer and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=649.0,653.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"judge and the plaintiff. You describe it very well. It feels like you're sitting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=653.0,657.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right there with them as you read the book. The outcome was interesting. Do you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=657.0,662.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"want to tell what happened and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=662.0,664.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhow that was unique?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=664.0,665.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: It was a directed verdict. At the time, it was the birth of liability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=665.0,670.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without fault. Which is to say, at the time, you would have had to have proven","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=670.0,675.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before that that when somebody in this case, for example, made a vaccine badly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=675.0,680.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they knew that they had made it badly and that therefore they were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=680.0,685.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"culpable. Obviously, these companies didn't know that they'd made it badly. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=685.0,689.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"safety tests just weren't good enough to pick up the fact that there were still","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=689.0,694.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"live, virulent polio viruses in these batches of vaccines. They didn't think,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=694.0,698.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they thought they were making safe vaccines. In fact, they gave these vaccines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=698.0,702.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to their own children. The people who did the safety testing gave the vaccines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=702.0,707.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to their own children. I think that tells you everything you need to know about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=707.0,712.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether there was an evil player at any of these companies. With that, let's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=712.0,717.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pause for one second because I just lost my train of thought. The original","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=717.0,722.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"question was --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=722.0,723.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: The outcomes and what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=723.0,725.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nchanged in law.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=725.0,726.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Law case, got it. What the judge basically said was, if you are to find","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=726.0,732.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this company guilty, if they made a vaccine that caused polio, in other words,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=732.0,737.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if a vial says polio vaccine, it is understood that it prevents polio and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=737.0,742.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doesn't cause it. Therefore, for that reason, you have to find these companies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=742.0,747.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guilty, in this case, Cutter Laboratories. It was a directed verdict, and it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=747.0,752.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the birth of liability without fault. You could be liable for something that was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=752.0,757.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made badly, even if you didn't know that you were making it badly, even if you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=757.0,763.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were making it according to all the prescriptive guidelines that were in place","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=763.0,768.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the time both by the government and others, regulatory agencies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=768.0,772.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Just to step back a little bit, these pharmaceutical companies got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=772.0,776.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their information about how to make the vaccine directly from Dr. Salk's labs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=776.0,781.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Is that correct?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=781.0,782.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: When the vaccine was made for the field trial, for the big 1954 field","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=782.0,787.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trial, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=787.0,787.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe one that was run by Thomas Francis, that was made according to a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=787.0,792.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fifty-five-page document that was produced by Jonas Salk in collaboration with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=792.0,796.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the people that were making the vaccine for the field trial, which were only two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=796.0,801.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the companies, Parke-Davis and Eli Lilly, who were veteran vaccine makers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=801.0,805.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When it then became a matter of federal regulation, and this was really before","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=805.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were very good at federally regulating vaccines. It was the Division of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=810.0,814.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Biological Standards within the National Institutes of Health, but it was really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=814.0,818.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only a handful of people. They did it part-time. Really, their main interest was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=818.0,823.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their own research lab. The federal regulation of vaccines was weak. So that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=823.0,827.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fifty-five-page document really became a five-page document. You didn't even","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=827.0,830.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have to use formaldehyde to inactivate the vaccine. You could use UV light, as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=830.0,835.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the companies had asked to do. It was a much thinner, weaker regulatory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=835.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guideline. Because there was so much wiggle room in it, I think that was part of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=840.0,845.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=845.0,846.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=846.0,846.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nYou mentioned NIH [National Institutes of Health], National Institutes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=846.0,850.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Health. They were the ones who went first to Cutter Labs when there was an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=850.0,856.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inkling that there may be some trouble there. Can you tell what happened when","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=856.0,861.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they went to see Cutter Labs?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=861.0,863.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: People from the NIH, representatives from the NIH, went to Cutter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=863.0,868.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Laboratories to see if they could figure out what went wrong. They did see some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=868.0,874.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things that were wrong. So for example, a live virus was stored, for example, as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=874.0,880.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the same area as, in theory, the vaccine was, and there was worry about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=880.0,886.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cross-contamination. But I don't think it was ever really clear that the problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=886.0,891.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was largely a filtration problem. Which is to say when Salk did his filtration,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=891.0,896.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he used a Seitz filter. This filter, which was much slower, but much more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=896.0,901.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thorough at pulling out the cells and cellular debris. When it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=901.0,905.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwent to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=905.0,907.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"commercial laboratories, the filtration process was much faster, but also much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=907.0,914.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"less thorough. I think that was the problem, but I think that only was revealed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=914.0,924.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much later. I don't think that the NIH researchers really figured that out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=924.0,932.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So they passed Cutter, essentially.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=932.0,936.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Yes, that's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=936.0,939.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: What happened next?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=939.0,942.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Cutter Laboratories made vaccines for primarily people in the West and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=942.0,950.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Southwest, and there were, they made lots of vaccines, two of which were the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=950.0,959.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so-called high-risk lots that contained, that had live, virulent polio virus in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=959.0,967.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=967.0,977.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: What I'm wondering here ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=977.0,1027.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nis when CDC got involved and how, and also,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1027.0,1030.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were other people who were concerned about Cutter. One of them I'm","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1030.0,1034.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thinking of is Julius Youngner. I wonder if you could tell the story. I know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1034.0,1039.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's public now and it's been published already, but I wonder if you could add","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1039.0,1044.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that as part of the story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1044.0,1046.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: I actually had done that interview with Dr. Youngner, and, interestingly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1046.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when David Oshinsky wrote his book Polio: An American Story, and he interviewed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1050.0,1054.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me for that book, I had told him I thought he should talk to Julius Youngner","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1054.0,1059.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I think Julius had some interesting things to say. For which he, David","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1059.0,1063.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oshinsky ultimately won the Pulitzer Prize for his book, which is just a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1063.0,1067.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wonderful historical book written by a great historian. In any case, what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1067.0,1071.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Youngner believed was that when he went to Cutter Labs, because he also went","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1071.0,1075.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there on behalf of Dr. Salk to look at the way that they were producing this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1075.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine, he saw the same thing the NIH researchers had seen which was that there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1080.0,1085.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a storage of live virus in the same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1085.0,1088.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nplace as inactivated vaccine. He told","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1088.0,1090.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Salk that and regretted that he only told Dr. Salk that, and then Dr. Salk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1090.0,1095.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never really said it to anybody else. He felt that Dr. Salk had buried that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1095.0,1100.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"information and that that is what led to the Cutter tragedy. But that wasn't it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1100.0,1105.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a filtration problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1105.0,1107.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When they grew polio virus in cell culture and then inactivated it with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1107.0,1111.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"formaldehyde, if you didn't filter out the cells and cell debris, then the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1111.0,1115.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"formaldehyde couldn't get to some of those virus particles. It was essentially,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1115.0,1119.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the virus particles would be hidden in the cells and cell debris. You needed to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1119.0,1124.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"filter out that cell and cellular debris. I don't think anybody realized that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1124.0,1128.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until later. It really took time to realize. Also, you had to develop better","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1128.0,1133.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"safety methods, which is to say, you did animal inoculation studies where you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1133.0,1137.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually immunosuppressed the animals with steroids before you inoculated. You","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1137.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did direct inoculation into the animal's spinal column or spinal cord. You also","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1140.0,1144.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had in vitro studies, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1144.0,1145.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwhich is to say, studies in the laboratory where you kept","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1145.0,1148.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those cells around for much longer to pick up what would be much smaller","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1148.0,1152.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inoculum virus. That took time to realize. I don't think, I know Dr. Youngner","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1152.0,1156.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feels that he had, by not going directly to authorities, somehow led to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1156.0,1160.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cutter incident. I think he's wrong. I don't think that would have mattered.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1160.0,1164.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That wasn't the problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1164.0,1165.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: In any case, Wyeth had the same problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1165.0,1168.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: And Wyeth had the same problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1168.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And he didn't know about that one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1170.0,1172.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Yes, just at a lesser scale. They didn't produce as much vaccine, there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1172.0,1176.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weren't as many deaths. But when Cutter released its vaccine, very quickly in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1176.0,1180.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"April of that year you started to see children coming down with polio at a time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1180.0,1184.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before you would have expected to see children develop polio, number one,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1184.0,1187.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because typically it's more of a summer virus. Secondly, you saw them coming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1187.0,1191.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down with polio in the limbs, in which they were inoculated. Those two things, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1191.0,1195.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think, led CDC to immediately send people like Neal Nathanson into the field to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1195.0,1199.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see what was happening. And you saw that it wasn't, this wasn't natural polio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1199.0,1203.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was polio that was being caused by the polio ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1203.0,1206.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nvaccine, and it shut down the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1206.0,1208.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program for a few weeks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1208.0,1210.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Speaking of Neal Nathanson, and being an Epidemic Intelligence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1210.0,1213.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Officer, can you tell how CDC became involved first and what that was like, what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1213.0,1218.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was done and what you know about the process of how they handled that emergency?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1218.0,1223.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Well, Neal would be the best person to talk to. He's still around. He's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1223.0,1228.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here at Penn, head of our Global Health Program. I think they very quickly, with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1228.0,1233.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a series of phone calls, which fortunately there were transcripts for, got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1233.0,1237.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved in this incident to see just what had happened, what had gone wrong.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1237.0,1242.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And when then they did realize that there was a problem caused by the vaccines,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1242.0,1247.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they took a very dramatic step, which was to shut down the whole program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1247.0,1252.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nobody was vaccinated anymore until they could figure out what went wrong. If","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1252.0,1256.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that had happened today, I think you would have seen a much different response","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1256.0,1261.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than what happened at that time. At that time, people still trusted the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1261.0,1265.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"government, they still trusted pharmaceutical companies, they still trusted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1265.0,1268.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1268.0,1268.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we non-euphemistically call the medical establishment today, and so they waited.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1268.0,1272.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People waited, trusting that people would figure out what had happened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1272.0,1276.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Think about it, this was a vaccine that paralyzed and killed children, and yet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1276.0,1281.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people waited to see what the problem was. And when the problem was figured out,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1281.0,1286.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people embraced, for the most part, embraced the vaccine again. I mean, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1286.0,1291.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Academy of Pediatrics was probably the slowest to embrace it, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1291.0,1295.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ultimately people did embrace it. If you listen to the exit interviews, even","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1295.0,1300.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with these court cases, when Cutter was taken to court, people trusted the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1300.0,1305.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pharmaceutical industry. They believed that they weren't evil-doers trying to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1305.0,1309.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hurt children so that they could make money. That's not true today. I think I'd","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1309.0,1314.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be curious what would have happened to the CEO of Cutter Laboratories today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1314.0,1319.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Probably would have been hung.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1319.0,1321.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Yes, things have changed quite a bit. When Alex Langmuir was involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1321.0,1326.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with this, do you remember ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1326.0,1328.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhearing about how he handled it and how he maximized","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1328.0,1331.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that experience to establish EIS in CDC in their role of surveillance and being","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1331.0,1336.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the disease detectives that they are today?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1336.0,1338.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Yes, I think this launched the CDC in many ways as the amazing detective","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1338.0,1343.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agency that it is. It gave it enormous credibility. They were able to isolate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1343.0,1348.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the problem, figure out what the problem was, ultimately then to move forward so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1348.0,1353.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we can continue to protect children against polio using a polio vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1353.0,1358.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were facing, I think, what is an enormous amount of distrust from the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1358.0,1363.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"public, and also they need to maintain the trust of the pharmaceutical industry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1363.0,1368.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those were the only groups, the pharmaceutical industry were the only ones to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1368.0,1373.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have the expertise and resources to make vaccines, so you don't want to alienate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1373.0,1378.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them by being too burdensome or restrictive, but I think they walked that line","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1378.0,1383.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well. As detectives figuring out what happened, I think this launched the CDC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1383.0,1388.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You can see exactly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1388.0,1389.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhow quickly they could act and how effectively they could act.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1389.0,1393.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: These were guys, mostly guys, who had had a little bit of training","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1393.0,1398.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right after medical school and went right out into the field. I did talk to Dr.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1398.0,1404.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nathanson on Wednesday, and he said he's the only EIS Officer who didn't have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1404.0,1409.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the course because he was sent right out into the field to do that work. It was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1409.0,1415.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quite a story. No computers, no handheld calculators or anything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1415.0,1418.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: It's just sort of shoe-leather detective work, and that was done. It was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1418.0,1423.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at a time when, remember, polio was still a common disease in the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1423.0,1428.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They needed to figure it out and needed to figure it out quickly. They were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1428.0,1433.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under the gun to figure it out because we were about to enter polio season. They","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1433.0,1439.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shut down the program for three weeks and when it was reestablished again, it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1439.0,1444.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was reestablished again as a safe, effective vaccine. It was very quickly done,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1444.0,1448.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it had to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1448.0,1450.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndone quickly because polio season was about to start.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1450.0,1453.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And people were scared.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1453.0,1455.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Yes. I was born in 1951 so my mother didn't let us go to public swimming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1455.0,1461.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pools. I was able to swim with me and my two cousins in the backyard in one of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1461.0,1467.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those little plastic pools because they didn't want us, because they were scared","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1467.0,1471.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to death of polio. Actually, the birth of summer camps in the Northeast was to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1471.0,1476.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get away from the city in the hopes of avoiding polio. One thing I talk about in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1476.0,1482.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the book is, my father went to a camp called Camp Idlewild where there was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1482.0,1487.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio outbreak in the camp that paralyzed the children, and I think even killed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1487.0,1492.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a child or two. He wakes up the next morning, comes out to revelry or whatever,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1492.0,1497.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and sees that the head of the camp had actually hung himself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1497.0,1501.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Oh, gosh.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1501.0,1502.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: I think the best description, just in terms of a novelist, is Philip","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1502.0,1507.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Roth's book Nemesis, which describes the polio outbreak in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1507.0,1510.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nNew Jersey, and it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1510.0,1512.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really well done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1512.0,1513.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: It is well done. It's a very well-done book. I'm trying to do this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1513.0,1519.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sequentially. CDC then took the information that they had and it resulted in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1519.0,1525.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"report called \"The Cutter Incident.\" This is coauthored by Alex Langmuir and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1525.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Neal Nathanson. What happened as a result of that paper?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1530.0,1534.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: I think as a result of that paper, we put in place for the first time, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1534.0,1541.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guess, post-licensure surveillance systems. Now you had in place a system to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1541.0,1546.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very quickly determine whether there was a problem. I think it's funny, people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1546.0,1551.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will ask me the question all the time, why should I trust the pharmaceutical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1551.0,1557.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"industry, and it's a for-profit industry. Why should I trust them when I know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1557.0,1563.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that this is all for the purpose of making money?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1563.0,1567.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The answer is you don't have to trust ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1567.0,1570.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthem. There is in place now something even","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1570.0,1573.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"larger, the so-called Vaccine Safety Data Link that will very quickly see who's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1573.0,1578.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gotten a vaccine and who hasn't, and if there's a problem that comes up, they'll","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1578.0,1583.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see it quickly. With the RotaShield vaccine that was released in this country in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1583.0,1588.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1998, it was on the market for ten months, was found to be a very rare cause of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1588.0,1594.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intussusception very quickly. If Vioxx, frankly, were a vaccine, its being a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1594.0,1598.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rare cause of heart attacks would have been picked up much quicker than it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1598.0,1603.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there is no drug safety link. I think if there was a drug safety link","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1603.0,1609.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"similar to what we have for vaccines, you would see that more quickly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1609.0,1614.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I'm wondering now, what was the reaction of Jonas Salk during the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1614.0,1619.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cutter incident goings-on?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1619.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: When I wrote this book, I didn't interview Jonas Salk since he had passed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1620.0,1625.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away, but I talked to his wife and she said he was utterly heartbroken, just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1625.0,1630.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heartbroken ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1630.0,1630.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat this had happened. This thing he had worked so hard on now had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1630.0,1635.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come crashing down. At some level, he was always upset that this fifty-five-page","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1635.0,1640.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"document for producing vaccine, as was done in the Francis Field trial, had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1640.0,1645.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suddenly become a five- or five-and-a-half-page document that was much looser","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1645.0,1649.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he knew, feared would be too loose.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1649.0,1652.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: By contrast, what was the reaction of Albert Sabin?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1652.0,1656.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: I think Sabin, who frankly was a bastard, was probably gleeful that this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1656.0,1661.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had happened. He always had felt that his vaccine was the better vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1661.0,1666.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Although I think he was wrong because he was still under the false notion, as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1666.0,1672.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everybody was at the time, that the only way you could induce, i.e., confer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1672.0,1677.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunity, which is to say, long-term immunity, would be with either getting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1677.0,1681.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"naturally infected or being inoculated with a live weakened virus. He never","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1681.0,1685.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believed that you could develop a memory response, a so-called anamnestic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1685.0,1689.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"response, by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1689.0,1690.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ngiving a whole killed virus. He believed, as everybody did at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1690.0,1694.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, that you would need to give frequent boosters throughout your lifetime if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1694.0,1698.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you were to be protected.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1698.0,1700.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jonas Salk, if you look at his original data from the 1950s, he had proven that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1700.0,1705.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can induce a memory response. For that observation, which was groundbreaking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1705.0,1709.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the time, I honestly think he should have won the Nobel Prize, because it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1709.0,1714.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an enormous technological advancement at the time. But Jonas Salk wasn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1714.0,1718.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"embraced. He was seen as a self-promoting scientist, a scientist who was willing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1718.0,1722.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go on the airwaves, and scientists didn't like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1722.0,1725.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: You make a point of, he wasn't in any of the organizations that you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1725.0,1730.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would expect him to be elected to, like the Institute of Medicine or --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1730.0,1735.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: That's right. Never a member of the National Academy of Sciences, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1735.0,1739.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Institute of Medicine, the National Academy of Sciences.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1739.0,1742.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: But never stopped working.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1742.0,1744.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: No, he was dogged.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1744.0,1746.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: When you wrote your book Vaccinated ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1746.0,1748.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nabout Maurice Hilleman, he was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1748.0,1750.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also involved with the polio vaccine. Can you talk a little bit about him and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1750.0,1756.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what he did?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1756.0,1757.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Maurice trained at the University of Chicago, where he got his PhD. He","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1757.0,1762.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then actually went to work in industry, initially at E. R. Squibb, to make what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1762.0,1768.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was at the time a Japanese encephalitis virus vaccine. Then he left Squibb to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1768.0,1773.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work at Merck. His flagship product at Merck was a polio vaccine. What he found","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1773.0,1779.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the manufacture of that vaccine was that, he found a contaminating virus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1779.0,1784.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What we now know as the 40th Monkey Virus, identified the 40th Monkey Virus,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1784.0,1789.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"identified, it's called Simian Virus 40, or SV40, and he stood up in 1960 in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1789.0,1795.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"front of a group of stunned virologists and explained that these vaccines, both","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1795.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Sabin vaccine and the Salk vaccine, were contaminated with this virus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1800.0,1805.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the Salk vaccine was inactivated with formaldehyde, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1805.0,1808.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntherefore that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1808.0,1809.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inactivation method reduced infectivity of SV40 by about ten thousand fold,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1809.0,1813.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"essentially eliminating it. But not Sabin's vaccine. Sabin's vaccine was not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1813.0,1817.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"treated with an inactivating agent at all, and it contained live SV40 virus,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1817.0,1822.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was known to cause cancer in experimental animals. We didn't know whether","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1822.0,1827.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or not it was a cause of cancer of people, and Hilleman just wouldn't take that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1827.0,1833.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chance, so he refused to put out that vaccine, because he didn't know. Now we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1833.0,1838.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know that SV40 doesn't cause cancer in people, but he didn't know it then.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1838.0,1843.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So he was extra cautious.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1843.0,1845.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1845.0,1846.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: You mentioned how many vaccines he worked on and how little credit he got.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1846.0,1851.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Yes, Maurice really either did the primary research or primary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1851.0,1855.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"development of nine of the fourteen vaccines that we give to infants and young","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1855.0,1860.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children today. We actually made a movie about Maurice, which NOVA's now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1860.0,1864.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"considering. It's finished. It's called Hilleman. Hilleman is the title of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1864.0,1868.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1868.0,1868.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe perilous quest to save the world's children. We have a little segment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1868.0,1873.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on polio and I'll show it to you. I have it on my computer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1873.0,1878.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Okay, yes. That sounds great. I know about him from a number of people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1878.0,1883.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and how self-effacing, what a good scientist he was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1883.0,1886.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: In October 2004 he was diagnosed with disseminated, what was thought to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1886.0,1891.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be pancreatic cancer, and felt he would only have about six months to live. With","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1891.0,1896.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that in mind, I went to interview him because I thought, he was this amazing guy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1896.0,1902.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and all these stories are going to die with him. That was, of all the books I've","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1902.0,1908.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"written, I think that was a true labor of love. I just really wanted to save all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1908.0,1914.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that information for posterity, and he was very, very generous with his time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1914.0,1919.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when he was quite sick.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1919.0,1921.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: That's very apparent in your book, how you felt. It really was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1921.0,1926.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"service for everyone to document that. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1926.0,1928.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nJust to change up a little bit, I know that you have been a member of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1928.0,1934.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices with CDC. Can you talk about that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1934.0,1938.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organization and how CDC and ACIP [Advisory Committee for Immunization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1938.0,1941.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Practices] work together and what they do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1941.0,1943.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: I came on in 1998. I was there until 2003, and in my first year made head","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1943.0,1949.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Polio Vaccine Working Group, actually. Becky Prevots was our liaison to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1949.0,1953.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the CDC. I knew nothing about the ACIP or the CDC. I didn't have any idea how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1953.0,1959.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any of this worked. I'd been sort of buried in a lab for years and didn't know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1959.0,1965.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything about public health or public health agencies. I was just a lab","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1965.0,1969.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"researcher. But I was really impressed. Really impressed by Becky Prevots and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1969.0,1973.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everybody who I met there, their dedication to trying to get it right,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1973.0,1977.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"protecting the public's health. I hadn't seen anything like it. I was just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1977.0,1981.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"amazed. Becky, I think, eventually went to work in Southeast Asia, I think to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1981.0,1986.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"try and do what she could to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1986.0,1988.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsave lives there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1988.0,1989.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So as the head of the working group, I felt it was time to move to a fully","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1989.0,1995.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inactivated polio vaccine program. Although we'd eliminated polio from this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1995.0,1998.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country by the '70s, we hadn't eliminated the polio that was caused by the old","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=1998.0,2003.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio vaccines, for twenty years, every year, about six to eight children would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2003.0,2007.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be permanently harmed by that vaccine. I thought, given that we have another","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2007.0,2011.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"choice, the inactivated vaccine, given that Scandinavian countries had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2011.0,2014.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"essentially eliminated polio by only using the inactivated vaccine, although it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2014.0,2018.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was going to be more expensive, it was just not fair, I thought, when you had a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2018.0,2024.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"safer vaccine, to not use it. So it was sort of the trying to herd everybody","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2024.0,2029.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into that sort of feeling.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2029.0,2031.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What was interesting was that, and I can't tell you how much respect I have for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2031.0,2036.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"D. A. Henderson, who has been on the shortlist for the Nobel Prize forever and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2036.0,2041.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certainly should have gotten it. But he was reluctant. I think one of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2041.0,2046.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reasons he was reluctant to move away from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2046.0,2049.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\noral polio vaccine was because of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2049.0,2051.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Cutter incident. There was still sort of a lingering fear that we couldn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2051.0,2057.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really fully inactivate that vaccine. That Jonas Salk's so-called straight line","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2057.0,2061.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"theory of inactivation was at best a theory and maybe not a good one, and that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2061.0,2067.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we couldn't really prove that there weren't some live viral particles at least","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2067.0,2072.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in some batches. It's interesting how fifty years later we still were feeling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2072.0,2077.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the reverberations of that. I guess forty years later, forty-five years later,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2077.0,2082.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're still feeling the reverberations of that incident.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2082.0,2085.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: It had a big impact. Since you described the sequence, the straight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2085.0,2090.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"line of, can you describe that? When you say straight line that Salk developed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2090.0,2096.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can you describe that process?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2096.0,2098.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Sure. What Salk's reasoning was the following. Let's suppose we have a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2098.0,2103.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"million infectious particles per milliliter, or roughly one-fifth of a teaspoon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2103.0,2107.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2107.0,2107.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nvaccine, of polio that we've grown in a culture. If I treat that at a certain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2107.0,2112.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pH with a certain quantity of formaldehyde for, let's say, three days, and that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2112.0,2116.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I get a thousandfold reduction. So instead of getting a million, I just have a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2116.0,2121.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thousand infectious particles. You can test that. You can see whether you have a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2121.0,2125.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"million infectious particles. You can see whether you have a thousand infectious","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2125.0,2129.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particles. Then if you treat for three more days, then you get another","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2129.0,2133.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thousandfold reduction, you would essentially have one infection particle per","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2133.0,2136.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"milliliter, which you also can test.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2136.0,2138.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But he then reasoned that it would continue to be that way. That if you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2138.0,2143.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"continued to treat for another three days, you would get another thousandfold","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2143.0,2147.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reduction. Another three days, another thousandfold reduction. So that in theory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2147.0,2151.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by, let's say, nine more days, you would have for all practical purposes a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2151.0,2155.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"completely inactivated product. Which is to say you would have, say, only one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2155.0,2159.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infectious particle theoretically, say, per trillion milliliters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2159.0,2161.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Once you get to a certain point below that line, you can't test. You can't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2161.0,2166.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2166.0,2166.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntest to see whether you have, say, one infectious particle per million","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2166.0,2170.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"milliliters. That's too hard to do. So you just, that becomes a matter of faith.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2170.0,2175.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The area sort of above the x-axis is a matter of fact because you can test for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2175.0,2181.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, but you get to a certain level of dilution where you just have to believe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2181.0,2187.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it's true, have faith that it's true. And as we learned from the Cutter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2187.0,2192.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"incident, that didn't happen. That straight line inactivation curve didn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2192.0,2196.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happen. It started to level off.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2196.0,2198.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Thank you for that explanation. It really makes it clear.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2198.0,2202.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When you mentioned the side effects and the people who got vaccine-associated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2202.0,2206.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paralysis, can you talk about that a little bit and how it was related to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2206.0,2212.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sabin vaccine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2212.0,2213.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: I guess what was striking for me was the ability to go interview some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2213.0,2218.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who had been paralyzed by this Cutter's vaccine, because it really made","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2218.0,2223.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it come alive for me. Anne Gottsdanker, specifically, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2223.0,2226.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwas crying when she was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2226.0,2228.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"telling me what had happened to her. I asked her if she could have any wish,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2228.0,2233.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what would it be. She said, I wish that I could meet with the CEO of Cutter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2233.0,2239.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Laboratories and he could see what it is that I have to live with, what I've","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2239.0,2244.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gone through.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2244.0,2245.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a tough time. Medicine, when you try and challenge the evils of this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2245.0,2250.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world, in this case polio virus, it's a war. At some level when there's a war,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2250.0,2255.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are invariably casualties. The casualty was that we had to learn how to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2255.0,2260.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"make this vaccine and mass produce it well. There were casualties with that. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2260.0,2265.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think if you look at the early days of bone marrow transplants or heart","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2265.0,2270.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transplants or liver transplants or kidney transplants, they're brutal. We learn","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2270.0,2274.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as we go. So that's one. It's just the human face that was put on this tragedy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2274.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by people like Anne Gottsdanker who, again, were really generous about their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2280.0,2284.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, to live through this terrible event of the past.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2284.0,2287.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: She, of course, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2287.0,2288.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwas the one in the court case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2288.0,2290.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: That's right. She was the lead court case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2290.0,2293.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And she was awarded some money for it even though Cutter was not found liable?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2293.0,2298.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Well, they were found liable without fault.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2298.0,2301.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Liable without fault.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2301.0,2302.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Right. It was the birth of liability, which the jurors didn't want. They","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2302.0,2306.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanted to find Cutter not guilty. They felt that this was a bigger problem, that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2306.0,2311.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it wasn't really, Cutter was doing what they were asked to do, that we learn as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2311.0,2316.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we go. The jury got it, actually. It was the judge who directed the verdict. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2316.0,2321.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you see the tragedy of paralysis caused by a vaccine, and we fixed that. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2321.0,2326.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"straight-line theory of inactivation was correct, we just had to do a better job","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2326.0,2330.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at filtering out the cells and cell debris.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2330.0,2333.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then we go to Sabin's vaccine, which is unique among vaccines, and it's the only","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2333.0,2338.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"live attenuated viral vaccine that actually has the capacity to revert back to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2338.0,2342.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neurovirulent type or essentially wild type. In other words, the type III virus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2342.0,2346.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that he had only had two mutations that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2346.0,2349.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nattenuated neurovirulence, and that's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2349.0,2350.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"number one. So it really wasn't highly attenuated. It was attenuated for growth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2350.0,2354.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the nervous system, but it wasn't attenuated for growth in the intestine. It","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2354.0,2358.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could grow fine in the intestine. So here you have a virus that grows well in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2358.0,2363.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the intestine, that's a single-stranded RNA virus so its replication is only so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2363.0,2367.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"faithful, that only has two mutations that attenuate neurovirulence. Therefore,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2367.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were occasionally times when it could revert back to wild type and cause","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2370.0,2374.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio not only in the person who received it, but in a person who came in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2374.0,2379.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contact with a person who received it, because the virus could be shed in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2379.0,2384.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stools for weeks, sometimes months. I think Albert Sabin went to his grave never","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2384.0,2388.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believing that was true. He never believed that that was the case, but it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2388.0,2393.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2393.0,2394.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So his vaccine, which came onto the market in the 1960s, ultimately was replaced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2394.0,2398.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the inactivated vaccine by the year 2000 because the Salk idea was the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2398.0,2402.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right one, which was that we can eliminate this disease using an inactivated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2402.0,2406.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine that provides ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2406.0,2407.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nlong-term immunity and anamnestic response, and we don't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2407.0,2410.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"need to take the risk of a live attenuated viral vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2410.0,2414.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Again, that decision was made by ACIP with the support of CDC?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2414.0,2418.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Right, so the ACIP is an advisory committee. We give advice and the CDC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2418.0,2423.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"invariably follows that advice. Not always, but they did here and so we moved to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2423.0,2428.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the inactivated vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2428.0,2429.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The person who I think was the key person, that was a guy named John Salamone,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2429.0,2434.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who was a true vaccine safety activist. You hear all these days about people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2434.0,2439.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like Barbara Lowe Fisher or Lynn Redwood or J. B. Handley or Jenny McCarthy call","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2439.0,2444.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"themselves vaccine safety activists, but they're not vaccine safety activists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2444.0,2447.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they're asking for vaccines to do something that they already don't do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2447.0,2451.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vaccines don't cause autism, therefore you can't make a vaccine that is safer in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2451.0,2456.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it doesn't cause autism, and the current vaccines don't cause autism. But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2456.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Salamone's son had developed polio from the oral polio vaccine, and he never","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2460.0,2464.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew that was the possible problem. He never knew that there was another ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2464.0,2468.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n vaccine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2468.0,2468.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that one theoretically could have used. So in a very respectful manner, and he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2468.0,2473.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was good at it. He had been a lobbyist for the Italian-American Association, so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2473.0,2478.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think he understood how to apply political pressure in a manner to get things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2478.0,2483.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"done without putting people off.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2483.0,2485.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I brought him onto that committee, on to our polio working group, because I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2485.0,2490.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thought his voice should be on there. It kept us all straight about what was at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2490.0,2496.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"risk here. It therefore became much harder to have the conversation about how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2496.0,2501.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much money we were spending to prevent a case of paralytic polio,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2501.0,2505.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine-associated paralytic polio, which ended up being about four million","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2505.0,2509.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dollars. We spent about four million dollars per case of preventing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2509.0,2513.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine-associated paralytic polio by moving from the live attenuated vaccine to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2513.0,2517.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the inactivated vaccine. But he put a human face on that, John Salamone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2517.0,2522.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: That makes all the difference for people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2522.0,2525.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I know you have a time limitation. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2525.0,2528.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI wondered if you could just touch on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2528.0,2531.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your thoughts about global eradication of polio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2531.0,2534.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: I think there will be global eradication of polio. We've already","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2534.0,2538.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eliminated type II. That's a good start, so there's only two strains, two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2538.0,2543.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"serotypes left. I think it's a challenge, but I do think we're getting there. We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2543.0,2548.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now have just two countries in which the virus is endemic, and although it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2548.0,2553.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involves countries that surround those countries I think this will happen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2553.0,2557.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there's such an enormous effort to make it happen. Obviously the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2557.0,2561.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difficulties with the infrastructure in some of these countries, difficulties","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2561.0,2565.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with war in these countries, has made this more difficult than it should be, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2565.0,2570.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we'll get there. We will. I say that because we've been able to eliminate one of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2570.0,2576.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the serotypes. Smallpox was the first human virus that was eliminated by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2576.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccines. Polio type II is the second. We've also eliminated one animal strain,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2580.0,2585.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an animal virus called rinderpest has now been eliminated by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2585.0,2589.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nvaccination. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2589.0,2590.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think vaccinations are the most powerful thing we do in medicine, and I have no","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2590.0,2595.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doubt we're going to be able to eliminate this disease just like we eliminated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2595.0,2599.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"smallpox. It's not as quickly as we had hoped, but it will happen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2599.0,2603.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Do you have any last thoughts before we wind up?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2603.0,2607.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: I would say this. I think that the Cutter incident taught us a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2607.0,2612.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things, but one thing it taught us is how quickly and effectively the CDC could","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2612.0,2617.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"act at preventing what was a terrible tragedy, which could have been a much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2617.0,2621.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worse tragedy if we had withheld that vaccine for much longer. If we had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2621.0,2625.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"withheld all those vaccines instead of for weeks but held it for months, we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2625.0,2629.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would have entered another polio season and there would have been thousands of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2629.0,2633.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children who were paralyzed and hundreds to a few thousand who would have died.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2633.0,2637.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's all because of the CDC, their ability to act quickly and effectively,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2637.0,2641.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"identify the problem and hold manufacturers to safety standards that made for a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2641.0,2645.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"better vaccine. I think it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2645.0,2647.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nan example of real heroism by public health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2647.0,2655.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agency, but unfortunately we don't like our heroes to come from public health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2655.0,2667.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agencies, but they're there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2667.0,2671.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Thank you so much. This has been a real joy to interview you, and it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2671.0,2686.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been very informative. You've clarified a lot of issues that no one else could","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2686.0,2699.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as well. Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2699.0,2705.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/transcript/69547/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"OFFIT: Thank you. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=2705.0,2708.0"}]},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/index/85116","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["content172428134120240821-522984-tki87j.xml [English] [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/index/85116/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Background/ early education","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=67.0,260.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/index/85116/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Offit introduces himself and talks about his two early life experiences that drew him to study medicine and, more specifically, vaccines.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=67.0,260.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/index/85116/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, I’ll let you introduce yourself and tell your title, Dr. Offit.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=67.0,260.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/index/85116/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Baltimore, Maryland","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Perelman School of Medicine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University of Connecticut Medical School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University of Pennsylvania","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=67.0,260.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/index/85116/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"F. Clark","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infectious disease","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"L. Gordis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"M. Markowitz","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medicine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"physician","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rheumatic fever","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"RotaTeq vaccine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"S. Plotkin","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Cutter Incident","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccinology","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=67.0,260.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/index/85116/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Personal experience receiving polio vaccine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=260.0,311.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/index/85116/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Offit talks about his personal experience receiving both the inactivated and attenuated polio vaccines as a child.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=260.0,311.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/index/85116/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Do you remember getting the polio vaccine?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=260.0,311.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/index/85116/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cutter incident","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio vaccine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio virus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=260.0,311.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/index/85116/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attenuated vaccine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inactivated vaccine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"M. 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He also talks about the conclusions he drew after writing his book “The Cutter Incident” and his belief that there was a scale-up issue that led to such high rates of polio in children inoculated with the live vaccine.  ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=311.0,513.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/index/85116/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wonder now how you got interested in writing books with all that you were doing","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=311.0,513.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/index/85116/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cutter Laboratories","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Epidemic Intelligence Service","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"National Archives and Record Administration","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio vaccine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio virus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University of Michigan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vaccine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wyeth Laboratories","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077#t=311.0,513.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133952/file/249077/index/85116/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A. 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