{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/g44hm54675/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Langmuir, Alexander D."]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1979-06-02"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Leaders in American Medicine: Dr. Alexander D. Langmuir Interviewed by Dr. Donald A. Henderson. A National Medical Audiovisual Center Production in cooperation with Alpha Omega Alpha. Atlanta, Georgia"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["oral history"]}}],"summary":{"en":["Leaders in American Medicine: Dr. Alexander D. Langmuir Interviewed by Dr. Donald A. Henderson. A National Medical Audiovisual Center Production in cooperation with Alpha Omega Alpha. Atlanta, Georgia"]},"provider":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/247/452/small/thumbnail_247452_1727920186.jpg?1727920186","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - 19790602_Langmuir_Alexander_D_faststart.mp4"]},"duration":3419.417,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/247/452/small/thumbnail_247452_1727920186.jpg?1727920186","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-globalhealthchronicles.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/247/452/original/19790602_Langmuir_Alexander_D_faststart.mp4?1722773526","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3419.417,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["[AssemblyAI Transcript] 19790602 Langmuir, Alexander D. [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e The videotape which you are about to see is one of a series in the program entitled Leaders in American Medicine. This program is a conjoint presentation of the National Medical Library, the National Medical Audiovisual center, and Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Medical Society. These videotapes are made possible largely through the generous contribution of professors David and Beatrice Siegel of Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons. Doctor Alexander D. Langmuir, formerly chief epidemiologist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=46.69,89.28"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Center for Disease Control, is interviewed by.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=89.28,93.072"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Doctor Donald A. Henderson, dean of the School of Hygiene and Public Health of the Johns Hopkins University.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=93.072,102.68"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Alex, to provide some structure for this interview, I'd like to propose we focus first on your early life, the evolution of your interests, and your directions. We then move on to deal with the major events and developments which centered around your almost 20 years here at CDC, and finally to return to two notable contributions with which the name Alex Langmuir is inextricably linked. Surveillance and the epidemic intelligence service. To begin, let me say, let me. What were Alex Langmuir's early roots?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=102.68,144.67"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e I was born in Santa Monica, California, in 1910. The third of five children went through the local schools in Los Angeles. In 1921, my father was brought to the New York office of the New York Life Insurance Company, and I, of course, moved away from California, was raised in Englewood, New Jersey, a suburb of New York City, until I entered Harvard College in 1927. I majored in physics at college.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=144.67,178.44"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Why physics, Alex?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=178.44,179.96"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, it was very simple. I was under enormous influence, very beneficial influence in most ways of my uncle Irving. Irving Langmuir, a very distinguished physicist and chemist, Nobel Prize winner of the General Electric Company, and a man who was extraordinarily good to all of his nieces and nephews who would listen. And I was one who listened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=179.96,202.644"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you a successful physicist?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=202.644,204.54"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I was interested in chemistry. It came to me just so easily that I wanted to study chemistry. He insisted that I do physics because it was more fundamental. He said, chemistry is merely an offshoot of physics. If I have a foundation in physics, chemistry will be no problem. The trouble was, I didn't like physics. Furthermore, and the influence of Harvard, I got vastly broader interests than pure science. And so instead of being a physicist, I became a physician.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=204.54,234.272"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e And knowing you, I suspect you were involved in a fair number of other activities, extracurricular activities at Harvard.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=234.272,242.64"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, actually, I was jumped a grade and junior high school, and so I entered college at the age of 17. And I think this hampered my outside activities considerably. But when I was sick with an infected ankle my sophomore year, I was elected president of the Harvard Liberal Club at the time, this was a dying organization. I actually presided over its demise. But during this period, we had a very large number of meetings. An extraordinary range of people came, among them Margaret Sanger, who filled the room to the rafters. And my interest in family planning had its origin there also. I had long been raised in an international tradition of family interests, and I became the director in my senior year of the New England Model League of Nations assembly, where over 500 students came, and we reenacted a meeting of the League of Nations. And I suspect that's an evidence of my international interests.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=242.64,309.054"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Why did you go into medicine after being so much immersed in physics? What led you there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=309.054,315.198"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, my disaffection with physics was basically because I found the advanced physics just impossible, and I realized I couldn't possibly be a capable physicist. I floundered around, took freshman courses in my senior year, enough to go to medical school, thinking that was rather attractive. But I met doctor George Bigelow, who was the commissioner of health of Massachusetts, and asked him about the possibilities of a career in public health. And he said, this is the first student he'd seen in years. He insisted on coming out to Dunster House at Harvard and spent an evening. And he, interestingly, didn't talk about public health as a career. He talked about an epidemic in Lee, Massachusetts. 500 cases of septic sore throat and scarlet fever due to contaminated milk, and added a kind of glamour to public health. But from that contact on, I had no doubts that I wanted to go to public health.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=315.198,375.444"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e It was just a brief time, not just an evening, something, disorder that one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=375.444,382.472"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Really persuaded way late into the evening. He loved the idea of getting into a Harvard dormitory. He was a former Harvard graduate, and I asked him, should I study medicine or not? I was willing to consider sanitary engineering. And he said, oh, no, get the best medical education you can get, get the best internship you can get, then get some experience, and then get some training in public health.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=382.472,408.272"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e So you went on to the best possible medical school at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=408.272,413.55"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, my father asked me to look at the New York medical schools, and if I could feel that I could get as good an education in the New York area as I could at Harvard, he would prefer it because he had five children, all in graduate training, and I could live at home. So I dutifully had expected to go to Harvard Medical School, looked over Cornell and Columbia, and although Cornell was far more inaccessible to Englewood, it was far more attractive from its morale point of view and the spirit of the student body. And I chose Cornell. And I was very happy with this decision.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=413.55,452.294"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I think you always told us that Cornell was the best possible place at that time. But you went on then.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=452.294,458.942"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e I didn't know how to compare it with Harvard at that time, but it was a hell of a lot better than Harvard is now for a medical education.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=458.942,466.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e You then went on to internship.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=466.0,468.6"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I, with a colleague, Tom Lowry, took the gamble of competing for probably the best internship in the country at the time. At Boston City Hospital, we had advice from our dean that we should try. And the man who made the decision with her was Doctor Somel Weiss, who was a former cornelian. And I think there was a little bit of encouragement, let's say. And anyway, we went up to the last intern exam and we did get two nice positions in the second medical service at Boston City Hospital.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=468.6,506.866"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e And it met your expectations?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=506.866,509.25"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, without doubt. I would say of all the things I've done, the period of my life I would live over again without any change would be my internship.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=509.25,518.5"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e When you finished internship, what were you determined to do at that point?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=518.5,524.044"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e I applied for a fellowship and was granted a fellowship of the Harvard School of Public Health to get an MPH, disregarding the previous advice, thinking I'd get that behind me. But Wilson Smiley, who had been a very close friend and advisor, arranged a summer fellowship for me before I. When I finished medical school, before internship, Wilson left Harvard School of Public Health. And it didn't seem there was very much stuff in that place at the time. That was 1937, so I cast around for a job in utter confidence that I could find a job. I had met Leona Baumgartner, an intern in pediatrics, and she had gone into New York City. She said, sure, we can find a job down here, but actually, in that depression, there was no job for me in New York City. Next choice was New York state, where I found a whole raft of jobs. Doctor Godfrey, then commissioner of health and long time the paragon of the shoe leather epidemiologist, extraordinary man, had expanded with the Social Security funds, a major training program called the epidemiologists in training, they offered me one of these, but also Doctor Edward Rogers was running a pneumonia serum program to promote the use of pneumonia serum in the state. And I had had excellent training with Max Finland in Boston City hospital. I chose that one because it had a clinical connection as well as public health. And I'm very happy I did. I got a complete opportunity to cover the whole upstate New York.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=524.044,630.384"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e So you were traveling throughout upstate New York, introducing the pneumonia sera were you investigating outbreaks or looking at other cases of illness?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=630.384,641.92"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Fundamental job was to promote the use of serum effectively throughout the state, and that meant typing and testing for sensitivity to horse serum. And I gave lectures with a movie that Ned Rogers had made to, oh, I think all but two or three of the county medical societies and more than half of the hospital staffs of the whole state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=641.92,664.616"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e You had some interesting colleagues, as I recall. At the pneumonia Control bureau, right ahead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=664.616,671.488"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Of me interning was David Redstein, who had academic ambitions, but there were no academic jobs that he would take. And I said, look, go and health, you dope. There's all the opportunity in the world and you will just excel. And he said, over my dead body. And I went off to a cruise on the USS Nantucket and came back to report to Albany, and who was sitting at the decks next to me but David Rustein, who had been intrigued into the same pneumonia job. And Ned Rogers had gone down and gotten an additional salary when he had two fast horses like Dave and me. And we had a fine time. We've been the closest friends ever since.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=671.488,713.43"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e So he had a couple of years of very active field work. At that point in time, the whole.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=713.43,720.126"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Emphasis in the New York State health department, with Ted Godfrey as the commissioner, with George Ramsey, with Ernest Stebbins, with Hollis Ingraham, was to use the facilities of the state for epidemiological studies to the maximum. So every epidemic was investigated thoroughly. This was the training ground for this large group of epidemiologists in training. And while I wasn't on the main line for this, we had epidemics of pneumonia. And then I was sent off to the polio epidemic in Buffalo. And I was thinking in terms of getting a general training to become an administrator of medical care, because the committee on costs of medical care at the time was the rage, the latest fashionable thing, and there was to be a radical change in the distribution of medical care, and I was going to be one of the people that did it. But the emphasis at New York state was not on medical care at all. It was on epidemiology also. It was totally a Hopkins oriented group and not Harvard. And so I logically ended up at Hopkins as a trainee from New York state.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=720.126,790.95"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e And you went to a very good school of public health then to get an MPH degree.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=790.95,797.486"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e You wouldn't be prejudiced, would you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=797.486,798.894"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e No, no. Very objective. What can you say of your experience at that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=798.894,805.91"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I found the statistics taught by Lowell Reid, and on personal chair over chair at the lab bench by doctor Margaret Merrill, one of the most stimulating things in the world, because my mathematics in college had been enough so that I knew more than any other student, and I could grab a probability and other things with ease. And so I just lapped this up, and it had meaning because of my past experience. I found the statistics courses superb. The epidemiology course was really that design by Wade Hampton Frost, who had died the year before. Kenneth Maxey was the professor and not perhaps the great character that Hampton Frost was. He was an awfully good teacher, and reviewing his lecture notes, realized what a profound and thorough person he was. And really part of the course was the lab. The epidemic problems that we were given the basic records to put together and to analyze and to get rates and the right denominators and draw the inference. What is the modal spread? What is the basis of this? And this is the case study method that Frost developed, which I still think is the best method of teaching, and which I've used all the rest of my life and honed to the best of my ability.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=805.91,892.942"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e This theme of epidemics and field work and shoe leather epidemiology pervades. You left Hopkins. Did you then continue this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=892.942,903.336"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e I went back in New York state as an indentured slave for a couple of years for the training, put into the regional office, and learned about the terrible problem of being a regional officer, where the people in Albany and the state office would tell you what to do and what they wanted, and you had to go, local health officers try to persuade them to do it. And the last thing in the world they wanted to do was that. And you were right in the middle between the two. And it is a job I would wish on a dog. But I got around the region, and all sorts of wonderful things happened. I started an MCH program that Myron Wegman had taught me at Hopkins to do. I ran into an epidemic of five cases of polio, and I went out and did a survey because what do you do in a polio epidemic? I collected a lot of specimens. A man named George McClure got a grant from the national 40 monkeys, and it turned out that almost every specimen I collected was positive, which turned out to be the first proof that by laboratory methods that polio had a large proportionate, mini apparent infections. This brought me notoriety. Unbelievable. John Paul, Jim Task, Albert Sabin, Lloyd Haycock, all came to see the location of this little place. I didn't at the time, but one of those first sensed that it was. There was something in field epidemiology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=903.336,987.91"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e It was one of those first nuggets you used to tell us about lying out in the field, just waiting there to be discovered. If you'd just get out of the field and doctor buddy still there, you then left, became deputy commissioner in Westchester.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=987.91,1004.742"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Doctor Ramsey had left the state and gone to Westchester county and offered me a magnificent increase in salary from $3700 a year, which was a standard and quite livable wage, to $5,100 a year in Westchester county with the very attractive thing. I wasn't under Ramsay's thumb. I was in Peekskill, a depressed area of the county that came into the program because they had set up a position. And here for 35,000 people, I was the health officer. I ran the well baby clinic, went out with the nurses. I tried to persuade patients to go back to the hospital. The buck stopped at my desk and next to my internship. That was perhaps the most valuable experience of my life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1004.742,1050.544"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e With that background, along came World War Two and what you wound up with the armed forces epidemiological board. Could you tell us briefly about your experience there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1050.544,1065.75"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, that's interesting because of the serendipity, the luck of this. In Dave Rutstein's home, John Ningle came to Albany to go and visit my uncle Irving to learn about surface chemistry. And while he was there, he saw my report on the polio he himself thought he had had polio. And he and I hit it off. We played bridge together. And he was chosen early, before, actually before Pearl harbor to be one of the consultants to the army ethnological board. And when a team was organized to go to camp where there was an outbreak of atypical pneumonia, a new form of pneumonia that nobody really knew about, John specified me, and I was included in the program. From that, the commission on Acute Respiratory Diseases was formed at Fort Braggadore and I was one of the original charter group.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1065.75,1121.34"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e That was a remarkable group, and you turned out a great many papers of great distinction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1121.34,1128.18"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, John Dingle was a magnificent leader, a rigid scientist, a good bacteriologist, a great personality. He recruited well. So that Ramelkamp was just a young intern who had worked with penicillin came down Aalto Feller, Jimmy Rugsegger. Most of this group, even the young sergeants that worked in the lab, turned out to be academicians. And now all of them, almost everyone, became a professor. We worked on acute respiratory disease recruits, which some years later turned out to be adenovirus four, I'm rather proud to say, in the epidemiology of this we wrote a paper describing this and concluded this must be a specific single virus that had a clear and lasting immunity. And when they discovered the agent, it met all the epidemiological requirements that we had specified.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1128.18,1187.18"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Many of these people went on from there to western reserve, but you left to go to Hopkins at that point as an associate professor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1187.18,1196.98"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e A very interesting reason. Here we were a group that worked and published as a group, and we had tremendous morale, high morale. After the war, I pressed that the group continue in the same pattern. John Dingle, on the other hand, had more traditional views. He would be the professor and all the rest of us would be in his department. I was not willing to do so. I withdrew from the plan that he was developing and I was offered a job as associate professor at Hopkins and in epidemiology. And I took it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1196.98,1234.51"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e When you were at Hopkins, were you engaged in field work or were you primarily teaching and instructing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1234.51,1243.83"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e The teaching load was horrific. We had double sessions for two of the four quarters and very little time to develop outside activities as one. The opportunities outside were for me, at least in my. Whatever my abilities were, were limited also. Doctor Maxie became a member of a high level, highly classified board to review biological warfare at the end of World War two. This high level commission containing John Dingle, John Enders, Walt Mungester, Callender, a very prestigious group. And I was made deputy or alternate to doctor Maxey. Shortly after that, Doctor Maxey had an attack of acute encephalitis that led to his Parkinson's disease. And I became the epidemiologist sitting for him over a full two years. And this used up a great deal of time, tremendously difficult, but I was really way over my head from the point of view of my age and experience in learning about that level in the Department of Defense. Anyway, I found that I was living on my capital of experience before I was teaching and enjoying it immensely, but not going anywhere. So I, nobody realized I was unhappy, but I was casting about and I.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1243.83,1338.166"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Gather somebody caught you in the net around 19 nine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1338.166,1342.75"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Justin Andrews, who was the deputy director, but really the effective leader of organizer, imaginative creator of the then communicable disease center in Atlanta, came to see me in a very modest way. He had been recruiting intensively for an epidemiologist. He was just working the field. He had no real hope that I would be interested. He persuaded me to go down to Atlanta and he didn't have any idea how interested I really was because this had extraordinary attractiveness to me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1342.75,1379.57"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Why? Why was this so attractive comparatively small group of people here. Atlanta was not a particularly cosmopolitan environment at that time. Why CDC at this time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1379.57,1394.13"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e I consulted all of my friends and all of them said, alex, you crazy fool, that's a rum outfit down in Atlanta. A bunch of broken down malarialogists. They believe in eradication. There's a non medical dominance. This is the last place in the world to. And as I looked it over and saw the vision, no question, Justin Andrews took me to the mountain and showed me the promised land and everything he said was there. He had already organized an epidemic aid program to the states, even though he had no epidemiologists. My job was to recruit and provide that service. He had already organized multi professional teams to go after the big problems, like NC encephalitis. CDC was breaking out of its malaria tradition of world War two to become an organization at the federal level to aid the states in the control of communicable disease. So the range of opportunity, the potential, was perfectly obvious, and my considerable self confidence even was depressed at the academic situation. I had no trouble going.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1394.13,1466.824"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, one of your first problems was the malaria and the malaria eradication program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1466.824,1472.82"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, the situation was, again, extraordinarily lucky breaks that I've had, like getting on the commission with John Dingle, like having five cases of polio. That hit the jackpot. The CDC was loaded with malaria entomologists and engineers, and they'd had a series of epidemiologists, and none of them had succeeded. They just were outclassed and outmaneuvered and extruded by the mass of non medical force. Joe Mountain, a very powerful and effective guy in Washington, had read the riot act to the group in Atlanta and said, if you don't get a competent epidemiologist and give him a major role, CDC is going to go down the drain. And when I got there, with considerable qualifications, if you think of the range of local plus research experience, this group was modified. And they really welcomed me genuinely, as I'm sure they didn't my predecessors. This is just one of those lucky breaks in human relationships so that I could immediately begin to operate. It was apparent that malaria had already been eradicated, but they still were spraying ddt in the rural areas of 13 states and not a $7 million budget. This had to be cleaned up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1472.82,1557.924"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e You say it was already apparent, but was it really that apparent? Did everybody agree to this? Did you really know?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1557.924,1565.644"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Not to those engineers, malariologists, entomologists whose jobs depended on it, and they said, we've got to keep a barrier here for five years to protect against reintroduction. And there were only 59 cases of malaria that were proven. And looking at those within the first month of my arrival, 20 were clearly relapses of old infections that had been in the South Pacific and veterans in perfectly understandable cases. 20 were clearly imported by missionaries and people who traveled to Africa and the South Pacific. 19 were Kilco classified as indigenous. And none of them tied up epidemiologically. They weren't a cluster anywhere. And I asked my one assistant, I said, find me the last epidemic of malaria where two or more cases have occurred in some relationship. And the best he could do was to produce two around impoundments of small farms in North Carolina in 1942. So that from the epidemiological point of view, I said, look, we've got to make our criterion two or more cases in association proven. And we couldn't find any.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1565.644,1639.858"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e How did you get the data from the. Did you have people out there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1639.858,1644.29"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e No, we had the engineers and the entomologists and the spray people, but no epidemiological personnel. States were pretty self righteous, self reliant and hostile to the feds except for the negotiated agreements. And two things I did, I think linking back were rather crucial. First of all, I wrote an epidemiologically oriented paper telling the story of malaria in a way that made logical sense. When Justin Andrews saw this, he just beamed. He says, alex, we can say this anywhere and hold our heads up because we argued that the mass of malaria that was being reported called for eradication. DDT could do it. It justified CDC starting, and now it was eradicated faster than usual. And so we recognize this. We changed the program and in the process of this, with adroit words, a little liaison of two or three years was lost in the text very nicely. And when the engineers found me supporting them, this was a very popular move.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1644.29,1715.71"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e You eventually set up some malaria surveillance teams, did you know?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1715.71,1719.334"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, then I came in with a proposal of using a medical officer whom we hadn't recruited, but it would give me salaries and positions, a nurse to support whom we hadn't got positions, an engineer and an entomologist who were already in the states. We make a team of four and call it a malaria appraisal and surveillance team their functions. I read very clearly and I said, whenever there's malaria, they will search it and define its limits and eradicate the focus instead of just spraying broadly. But this, you see, created positions that had job descriptions, and this was highly accepted. And they said, we can't recruit those docs. Anyway, so let's approve this plan. This is the first use, I think, of surveillance as applied to a disease in public health. Up to that time, surveillance had been contacts of plague or contacts of a known case of syphilis. It was kept under observation for developments. Well, surveillance of the disease has the same principle. Watch the community for developments and act immediately when developments occur.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1719.334,1791.386"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e I think we're going to kind of have to move along with some of the events here. Let me refer to a citation you received when you got the Bronfman Prize. And I think they stated at that time that. And Doctor Langmuir has a proclivity to seek out public health controversies. I think there were many who agreed with this, but what were some of those controversies?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1791.386,1818.96"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e The reading of the citation did bring a laugh, and when I stood up, I denied this, disavowed it, and said, the controversy sought me out, and that got an even bigger laugh.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1818.96,1831.28"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e But you were in the middle of a lot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1831.28,1832.648"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Without question, the first real controversy was epidemic aid, which was to me, vital to our program. And the NIH microbiological institute claimed that their whole history, their whole lifeblood, was the epidemics that occurred from plague in 1900 to tularemia, Rocky Mountain spotted fever. And this upstart outfit in Atlanta couldn't steal their program. And we had some very tough battles, real set tos. And it was resolved by my saying in open meeting, will you take every epidemic that comes in as a request for aid from the state? And they said, hell, no. I said, well, we will. What do you propose? We want the prior rights, because it's been ours for 40, 50 years. And I said, okay, every time we get a request, we will call you up and offer you the epidemic. If you don't take it, we'll take it. And that was the resolution of an enormously tight, real controversy. And we did this. And after a year or so, and he turned me down 35, 40 times, we didn't bother to call him anymore. And we had the epidemic aid service, and we had one enormous support because the states were getting something when the public health service they'd never gotten before.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1832.648,1916.932"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e And this was certainly well established by the time I arrived on the scene in 55. So you did this very quickly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1916.932,1923.686"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Even before we were able to recruit, we used what we had. I went on one myself in September of 49.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1923.686,1930.55"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Let us move on to some of the others. You've, I think, ran into some troubles with the gamma globulin trials.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1930.55,1940.15"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e I think it's important to briefly that part of the epidemic aid part of the justification was that biological warfare defense was a very hot issue. It was a major propaganda issue in the korean war. I was thoroughly versed, the only man in the public health service except Gene Dyer of the NIH, who was so informed. And I argued that if there was anything to this, there was need for epidemiologists. NIH was wise and knew that if there was anything here, there was going to be lots of money and they were going to get it. And so the background of that fundamental epidemic aid controversy had a very deep significance. And by winning that, we had the clear charge to recruit and train epidemiologists for civilian and military needs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=1940.15,2000.712"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e And that really was the epidemic intelligence service.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=2000.712,2004.336"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, Doctor Moulton created this term because he was deeply concerned. He says, what we need is an epidemic intelligence service. And although I don't think it's terribly well chosen phraseology, we weren't going to argue. And it stayed that ever since. The next controversy clearly was when we assigned officer to Bill Hammond to work on gamma globulin in polio epidemics. He reported success in control of epidemics. Basil O'Connor and the National foundation wanted to have a major epidemic control program. And I insisted that part of this program deal in every state health department from the beginning and then let the NFIP come in in support. And this was a head on confrontation with the National foundation, leading to a meeting in New York, deputy surgeon general, where I had to account for my sins, more or less, for challenging Mister O'Connor. And I stood up to him at our luncheon. At the end of the time he says, young man, you're all wrong, but here's 50 to prove that you're wrong. And we did an evaluation of gamma globulin that rather fully indicated that it was of no practical value.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=2004.336,2083.6"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, that's a very interesting time indeed. I think the next episode, as we've talked about it, is the cutter incident coming along in 1955 and not so inactivated polio vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=2083.6,2103.94"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, the Francis field trial was reported in April of 1955 as a success, and it made world headlines. And there was the honeymoon period for two weeks where it was used very widely until the cases associated with the Qatar vaccine brought it to a halt. No one knew the problem. Nothing in the records could explain it. And after a long confab in the surgeon general's office, I said, what we need is a surveillance. We need to request every state to appoint a polio reporting officer and send in a massive amount of detail on every case of polio. Fortunately, it was April and therefore a very low incidence. And so every state was requested, they all responded. And we got detailed, really detailed information on each case of polio. And within a week or so, it was quite apparent that this was two lots of vaccine manufactured by cutter laboratories and the vaccine by the other labs was not associated with polio. So that the epidemiology here solved the national crisis, oh, weeks before the laboratory came through with the confirmation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=2103.94,2180.97"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e I know as my own entry into CDC at this particular point in time, that was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=2180.97,2187.226"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e You came in two months later, just.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=2187.226,2189.33"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Two months too late for that particular event. But it seemed that every year we seem to have one major crisis, a major problem, one after another, with the asian flu in 1957 and the development of a national surveillance program. This was followed with a resistance, staphylococcus, the 8081 strain. We then went on to the oral polio vaccine controversy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=2189.33,2222.804"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e That was a controversy, and that was a real controversy tangled with Albert Sabin. You have a tiger by the tail.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=2222.804,2230.19"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Or he has you. I'm not quite sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=2230.19,2232.39"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I think I won, and I.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=2232.39,2235.614"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Think from that we won the. We won that. I think that led to the advisory committee on immunization practice being formed. And that was one of the events in the time. But I think I wondered if you would like to make mention of the. Describe something of the morbidity report reporting function, which transferred here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=2235.614,2260.312"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e That's an important part of it. It goes back to the beginning, the BW days and the concern, plus also the relationships of CDC to the states. We were a new outfit and the reporting system had gone on by telegram to Washington, to the national Office of Federal Statistics from back in 1910 or so, certainly after pandemic 18. And it was a routine function and a weekly report was sent out to 6000 some people on the mailing list, local health officers and others rarely any comment. Essentially, what was wired in was sent back. I had the happy thought, helped by Jim Watts, to call the state epidemiologists together and have them outline the terminology and the diseases to be reported. And this was a uniquely different approach for a federal government to turn to the states and say, what do you want us to do for you? Instead of what do we want you to do for us? They haggled for three days and prepared a list. And from that time on, I think it still goes on. Every two years they meet and review that list and change the terminology. They add german measles, they take it off. They add whooping coffin, take it off. They changed the wording of hepatitis and it is their list that we then collect from them and send back to them. And it was all sent to telegram to Washington. A reorganization committee in 1959, headed by Bill Stewart, who was a good EIS officer of the first class, later became surgeon general, recommended that the. The reporting function be transferred to CDC. And this led to all sorts of pulling out teeth by the roots without anesthesia and all kinds of internal frictions. But the recommendation stuck. And on July 1, 1960, we had the obligation, formal duty of issuing the weekly morbidity mortality report. Russ Alexander was put in charge of it, and we immediately changed it to a four page, three pages of narrative and one page of table, and then two more pages of tables. And we made it into a weekly journal of epidemiology, which immediately became popular and has been a key factor in our training and our public relations and our relations to the states and our relationships to the press. It has built this enormous constituency. It has gone all. And I think the circulation I last saw was 84,000. It's one of the largest medical journals in the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=2260.312,2430.81"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e And more than this, I think it set the pattern for the weekly epidemiological record, which W H O publishes and is something, I think, that is imitated at least, or copied in a number of different countries. I think there were other events of the time. I remember the Salmonella Derby outbreaks of 62 in the hospitals and how this led to a hospital infections program that still continues a diarrheal disease program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=2430.81,2466.36"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e And I'd like to talk about that briefly. We had a career development program that you and I cooked up one day after the EIS conference, driving home on a Friday night following the navy pattern, we said, let's get for these people after their two years of draft duty. And we planned that. And within a few hours, I was on the phone to Phil Brockman and offered him a career development assignment. And he then took his training and came back, and we took the bacterial disease activity. And after the staphylococcus problem, we had major hospital problems. And in 62, we had 18 hospitals infected with Salmonella Derby. And Phil organized a big for this. And this put us into the business of really finding out about diarrheal disease. Shigella surveillance followed, and then the whole diarrheal epidemic problem became a major concern. Gram negative organisms became a recognized problem. And this, of course, is all mixed in with hospital infections, which is now, I think, the largest infectious disease part of CDC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=2466.36,2547.02"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e And this, in part, also led on to cholera and the involvement with the DACA lab and many of the studies which Henry Moseley has been so closely linked with. What we need, Alex, is really 2 hours and not 1 hour to record this, because one could go on to discuss the various programs which grew up in epidemiology branch and have since spun off into many other activities. I think some of the notable ones being the family planning program with Carl Tyler now on this, the program for Smallpox in West Africa, malaria, the immunization program, all of these having had their home in Epi branch and then, well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=2547.02,2600.528"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Not so much their home, but by this time our career development program had succeeded. We had 1520 individuals who had been off working with John Enders, working in, getting residencies, getting training in London School of Hygiene. We gave them two years because we had had an intensive recruiting program which we haven't really talked about very much, but everybody knows about the EIS. It probably isn't too necessary. And here we had experienced people knowledgeable of our program, trained to perfection in the best places in the world coming back. And it was just logical that each of them should be given a major problem. The west african smallpox job opened up, and you took that one and made it into a major show, ending up in Geneva. With the smallpox eradication in the world. The aid had played on and off in various ways and urged that CDC take on the epidemiology part of malaria. We took Bob Kaiser and placed him in charge of a separate administrative unit outside of epidemiology, and likewise the immunization program. When the Kennedys pressed for big appropriations to eradicate measles, we set up the immunization and state services, and we had a liberal view of epidemics. And so an epidemic of leukemia in Niles, Illinois, we sent Clark Heath, and this got national notoriety. And as a result, the National Cancer Institute invited us to participate in their big campaign and against leukemia and be the epidemiological arm as a full partner in this program. They financed us. And I wrote that Clark Heath was off getting hematological training and said, there's a job here if you want it. He called up and said, I'll take it. And so we from that had a leukemia cluster. Leukemia epidemic soon became a leukemia surveillance program that was extended to childhood infant congenital defects. And the family planning program was likewise from back in my meeting, Margaret Sanger in college days, and knowing her son grant in my class at college, and aware that the population problem was the biggest of all epidemic problems, I just assigned an officer to Emory University without any authority or legality. But he was doing an evaluation of family planning. He was Nick Wright. After that, a really qualified, board, qualified gynecologist, Carl Tyler came on. And we have built the large and effective family planning evaluation program out of that. There were many spin offs, through logical development of career officers ready to take major jobs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=2600.528,2781.428"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e It was the syrian talent for identifying good people and bringing them along. And I think this had a great deal to do with it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=2781.428,2790.868"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I think the simple thing was we had positions that were attractive to a certain type of young medical graduate with an internship or a residency, namely a public health, preventive medicine, epidemiologically related kind of activity. And there were so many applicants who would prefer that to military duty. We had to discourage them and say, there will be no clinical enhancement of your clinical skills whatsoever, and you'll have to be on call at a moment's notice. Your bag will have to be packed at all times for this country, maybe overseas. I don't think we ever sent anybody overseas against his will, but we sure sent as many as we could. And that in itself was a screening device of those that were responsive to our program, and we made our program as exciting as.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=2790.868,2843.55"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Why don't you just continue on just a little bit here, Alex, on the epidemic intelligence service, this came in to be a flashback. I think we haven't got too much time, but maybe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=2843.55,2857.74"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, a little flashback in that. Our first year, I recruited intensively back in 1950 and was able to turn up two candidates. One ended up in orthopedic surgery, having done two years of good work. The other ended up as commissioner of health of Alabama, Ira Myers, that it was his ambition, and he found through us the way to do it. And then I the first real break that gave me faith that there was hope for a future here. Waltz McDermott, whom I'd known well at Cornell, approached me and said, do you have jobs for my residents who are fellows who are subsidized by NIH, and as soon as they finish with me, they lucrative jobs in commercial houses. And I'm not in the business of recruiting and training the staff of the drug companies of the world, and I want to see these people get into meaningful jobs. And I said, indeed we do. And so, simultaneously with the BW, the malaria funds, the arguments over the need for epidemiologists, I was authorized to recruit a large number. And I had hoped through Waltz McDermott that he would help. And indeed he did. He sent me Mickey Lemaitre, one of the key. Mickey turned out to be a magnificent recruiter. Jim Watt and Myron Wegman in Louisiana also. And the medical draft happened to come at this particular time. And suddenly, in September of 1950, over my desk came four applicants of highly qualified, as ideal as you could hope for. And so I then took this and said, look what I can do. And I was given a go ahead. And I wrote a letter to 500 chiefs of service, outlined the program we had. And by July 1 of 51, we had 22 fresh young officers of this quality who wanted duty. And it wasn't my power of selection so much as it was the circumstances and the opportunity in. CDC was a magnet and drew the best out of the country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=2857.74,2994.5"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e What were the elements of the program, as you see it, that really?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=2994.5,2999.18"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, number one was we were CDC. We had the mission to aid the states. To do this well, we had to be competent. We therefore had to have research programs. But they were to be related to our mission and not just free, so to call fundamental research. We assigned these. Excuse me. We got the men together and gave them an intensive practical and then assigned them out to state health departments where we had a request for them. We assigned some to consultants who would have them in epidemiological problems but always available for epidemic aid. We assigned to Mickey Lemaitre back to Waltz McDermott, and two weeks we had him down in New Mexico. And the next thing, Mickey had waltz down in New Mexico with isoniazid testing out isoniazid in tuberculous meningitis. It worked both ways, as it always has. We then immediately planned a conference in the spring where the men would present, present their work. And that was the epidemic Intelligence Service officers conference. It's been held every year since 1952, starts next week. That's why we're here today. And this was designed on the pattern of the American Ethnological society with equal time for discussion in no holds barred. And many people have said, I believe. I certainly agree. It's the most exciting medical meeting in the country because of the freedom and the freshness. Everything that's reported has happened in the last year by people who were there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=2999.18,3105.39"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e This has been a notable success and with, I think, well over 500 EIS officers of various disciplines who participated the time you were here. And many of these, including myself, are winding up in public health almost unexpectedly. I think we've only got a couple of minutes remaining. And I think we should say a word about surveillance because this is a name which has been a concept which is certainly identified with you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=3105.39,3144.89"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e With CDC. It's been picked up rapidly around the world. I've already covered a lot. It started with malaria surveillance and appraisal. It got its real national picture with the Qatar incident and polio surveillance. And then in 1957, with the tremendous concern over asian flu and the worry that it might be a repetition, 1918, there was a plan to do a major national control program, make the vaccine and so on. And we were low on the totem pole as far as flu went. The NIH had big flu programs. The army and navy, air force was all tied into the who. And our epidemiology program was way down the line. And there was great confusion in Washington. And one day, a 3 June, July 1957, a word came from the surgeon general, tell Alex Langnier to run a surveillance of flu, the polio. And so suddenly we were on top and we put out a U actually, and Fred Dunn put out a report twice a week that summarized all of the information accurately and carefully, included the formal recommendations, the committee reports, it was the document. We started the circulation, about 500 polio surveillance report circulation and anyone could get on the list and it grew to over 3000. And essentially every hospital, every infectious disease. And this gave us an extensive broadening of our constituency. And every medical school would know, every medical student would know about what the surveillance report said about this nationally deeply emotionally fearful event, which turned out to be not nearly as bad as it was feared. But CDC was in the very center of this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=3144.89,3257.814"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e And then from surveillance and influenza, you went on to surveillance and a variety.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=3257.814,3262.326"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Of other diseases, hepatitis, the diarrhea I mentioned, encephalitis, gone way beyond infectious disease. Abortion surveillance program as part of our family planning is a very fundamental part. In fact, CDC, since I left, has revolutionized the management of abortions through cooperative studies, growing out of the being in a position to have the facts, getting them accurately, interpreting them with care, making them public, correcting them when the wrong, modifying them, being the source of the information for everyone. And this idea in a free society, at least I think has been one of the great secrets. Nothing new about this. DA William Farr did this in the 19th century in Britain in the registrar general's office. And we just carried on that tradition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=3262.326,3323.69"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Said there's nothing new under the sun. But this was an idea, I think, whose time was come, application was very dramatic and eventually has come to be applied internationally and well accepted internationally as a term and an approach for disease control.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=3323.69,3344.03"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, Doctor Carl Raschka in 1968 made this a major program for the World Health assembly and he called it global surveillance of communicable diseases. And I was honored by Carroll as the chief consultant to did the preparation and in this way, the principles of surveillance got pretty well broadcasted throughout the world and are being copied to a very large degree everywhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=3344.03,3378.12"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Very good. Thank you very much, Alex.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452#t=3378.12,3381.62"}]},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132673/file/247452/transcript/68963/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/068/963/original/transcript_1765819966.vtt20251215-2593616-vqlshy.vtt20251215-2593616-vqlshy?1765819966","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/068/963/original/transcript_1765819966.vtt20251215-2593616-vqlshy.vtt20251215-2593616-vqlshy?1765819966"}]}]}]}