{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/g44hm54708/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Spira, Thomas"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["12440"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["David J. 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Today’s","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1.0,6.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"date is November 6, 2015, and we are in Atlanta, Georgia, at the Centers for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=6.0,11.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Disease Control and Prevention. I’m interviewing Dr. Spira as part of the AIDS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=11.0,15.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Early History at CDC project. We are here to discuss your experience during the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=15.0,20.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"early years of CDC’s work on what would become known as AIDS[acquired immune","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=20.0,24.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deficiency syndrome]. I must ask, Dr. Spira, do I have your permission to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=24.0,28.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interview you and to record this interview?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=28.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: You do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=30.0,31.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: For this oral history of the early years of AIDS at CDC, we’ll be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=31.0,36.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"focusing on the first several years, beginning with June 1981 with the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=36.0,40.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"publication of the first MMWR on the five cases of PCP [Pneumocystis carinii","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=40.0,44.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pneumonia] pneumonia among homosexual men. I know you worked on many aspects of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=44.0,48.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the disease, but for this interview we’ll focus on your earlier work. Let’s","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=48.0,52.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"begin a little bit with your background. Can you tell me about where you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=52.0,57.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ngrew up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=57.0,58.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and your early family life, and then where you went on to college?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=58.0,63.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: For most of my life I was raised in Detroit, Michigan. My parents had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=63.0,68.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come there with me originally from Czechoslovakia, where I was born. We left","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=68.0,73.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there when the communists took over. We were refugees in Paris, France, for a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=73.0,78.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couple of years and were able to get in as immigrants through Canada. After a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=78.0,83.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couple of years in Canada, we were able to get into the United States. So as I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=83.0,89.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say, I was raised primarily in Detroit, Michigan. I went to elementary and high","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=89.0,94.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school there, and then I went to the University of Michigan for undergraduate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=94.0,99.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school, followed by Wayne State University for medical school. Then I went to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=99.0,104.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chicago, Illinois, to do my training at Michael Reese Hospital, doing an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=104.0,108.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"internal medicine residency and then an infectious disease fellowship in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=108.0,112.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"joint Michael Reese/University of Chicago program. Then after that I came down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=112.0,116.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to CDC in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=116.0,117.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n 1975.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=117.0,117.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Can you remember who inspired you about going into medicine? Was that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=117.0,122.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from early childhood or just came up with a major in college?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=122.0,126.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: I think earlier I wanted to be an archaeologist, because I was very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=126.0,131.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interested in ancient history and that sort of thing. But I realized I wanted to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=131.0,137.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"make more of an impact in the world than I think an archaeologist does, so I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=137.0,143.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decided on medicine. I didn’t have any real role models. I had an uncle who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=143.0,149.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a psychiatrist, but I always said he was crazy, so I don’t think he was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=149.0,155.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"role model. But as I went on, I was interested in sciences, in high school,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=155.0,161.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"though less so, but more in college. I did a major in cellular biology, although","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=161.0,167.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was also taking courses in Near Eastern Languages and Literature, so I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=167.0,172.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maintaining that at the same time. I think I shocked the Chairman of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=172.0,177.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Department of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=177.0,178.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nNear Eastern Languages and Literature by asking for a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=178.0,181.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recommendation for medical school, because I was taking a seminar course with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=181.0,185.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him with three of us in Ancient Babylonian and Assyrian Cuneiform.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=185.0,189.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Fascinating.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=189.0,190.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: It was fun. It was a busy schedule. I was taking like 27-1/2 hours per","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=190.0,196.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"semester, but that’s what I wanted to do, so I did it. In medical school, or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=196.0,202.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even in undergraduate school, I was interested in genetics as one of my science","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=202.0,207.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"areas. I took a lot of courses in genetics, human genetics, microbial genetics,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=207.0,212.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the like, but when I got to medical school the person who was doing genetics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=212.0,218.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there wasn’t the one I wanted to work with. So I got involved with infectious","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=218.0,223.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diseases with [Dr.] A. Martin Lerner, who was a big herpes expert in Detroit at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=223.0,228.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the time. From there I went on and kept up that interest in infectious diseases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=228.0,233.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"While I was doing my residency, I was going to infectious disease conferences","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=233.0,238.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=238.0,238.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nultimately was offered a fellowship there as part of the program as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=238.0,244.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I’ve been doing infectious diseases since then, along with immunology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=244.0,249.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Somewhere along the line it looks like you did an immunobiology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=249.0,255.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fellowship at Memorial Sloan Kettering.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=255.0,257.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: That was I think just before this period, in ‘79 to ‘80.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=257.0,263.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: What got you interested in immunobiology?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=263.0,266.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: I was also interested in immunology, because even while I was doing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=266.0,272.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infectious diseases I was interested in congenital and acquired immunodeficiency","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=272.0,277.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diseases, because they predispose people to opportunistic infections. So I had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=277.0,282.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"done work in medical school on that during my fellowship. Then in the years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=282.0,289.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before this I was involved in the pediatric immunodeficiency clinic at Grady","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=289.0,295.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hospital with Dr. Andre Nahmias. One of the researchers, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=295.0,299.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\none of his fellows, who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=299.0,301.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went on to be a practitioner in Newark, New Jersey, [Dr. James] Jim Oleske, was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=301.0,307.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved with the early pediatric AIDS patients. We reconnected there when we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=307.0,312.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went up to investigate the early pediatric cases in New York City and New Jersey.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=312.0,318.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Dr. Stephen] Steve Schwartzman, one of the infectious disease practitioners at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=318.0,322.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emory, founded an adult immunodeficiency clinic at the Emory Clinic. So about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=322.0,327.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"once a month I was going over there to see patients with him, although there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=327.0,333.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were a lot fewer patients with adult acquired immunodeficiencies, at least at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=333.0,338.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that time, compared to the pediatric cases we saw down at Grady as part of that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=338.0,344.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunodeficiency clinic. When I came to CDC, I was working in an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=344.0,349.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunology-related lab with Dave Gordon as part of, at that time, parasitic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=349.0,354.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunochemistry. Later it became its own Immunology Division and then part of a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=354.0,359.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Host ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=359.0,359.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nFactors Division along with hematology and pathology. So it was then, in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=359.0,364.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1981, that the first AIDS cases hit. My sabbatical in New York at Sloan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=364.0,370.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kettering was working with [Dr.] Robert Good, and he was like the grandfather of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=370.0,376.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunodeficiency diseases here in the United States. At that time Jim Oleske was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=376.0,382.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sending over some patients with possible Nezelof syndrome, which I think were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=382.0,387.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of the early pediatric AIDS cases that he was seeing there. So I did work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=387.0,394.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Immunodeficiency clinic while I spent a little over a year at Sloan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=394.0,400.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kettering as well, and I’ve continued that interest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=400.0,403.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: It’s almost like you were primed to work on AIDS, but who could have known.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=403.0,410.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: Fated or cursed, whichever way you want to put it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=410.0,415.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: What actually made you decide to go to CDC?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=415.0,419.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=419.0,419.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAt the time it was somewhat of an ulterior motive. There was the Vietnam","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=419.0,424.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"War and there was the possibility of being drafted, although my draft number I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=424.0,429.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think was 365, so the likelihood would have been low. At the time I looked into","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=429.0,435.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Public Health Service fellowships under the CORD Program [Commisioned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=435.0,438.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Officers’ Residency Deferment], getting a deferment for that for two years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=438.0,442.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were options of doing it at NIH [National Institutes of Health]. In","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=442.0,447.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medical school I had done a three-month immunology elective at NIH, working in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=447.0,452.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the different institutes there, so that appealed to me. I didn’t know as much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=452.0,457.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about CDC at the time, but I ended up coming to CDC and working in an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=457.0,463.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunology-type laboratory. I came in the Bureau of Laboratories as opposed to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=463.0,467.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bureau of Epidemiology, which were the two divisions at that time. I took the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=467.0,472.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EIS, the Epidemic Intelligence Service, course along with the others, but there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=472.0,476.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were I think five of us in my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=476.0,479.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ngroup that went into the different aspects of lab work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=479.0,483.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So you were in the Lab division or the Lab Bureau.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=483.0,488.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: Bureau of Labs at the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=488.0,491.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Bureau of Lab Services. Was that part of another center or those were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=491.0,497.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the bureaus--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=497.0,498.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: They didn’t really have centers at the time. That’s a later development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=498.0,504.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So in the very early days, weeks and months when CDC started working on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=504.0,511.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what was the Task Force just after June of ‘81, how did you get involved in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=511.0,518.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that and what were you exactly doing?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=518.0,521.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: Well, it became clear early on that these manifestations, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=521.0,526.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opportunistic infections and Pneumocystis, even the Kaposi’s sarcoma, were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=526.0,530.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things associated with immunodeficiency. At least in the past, the only patients","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=530.0,535.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that were requiring medications from CDC for a Pneumocystis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=535.0,539.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ninfection were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=539.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who were immunosuppressed, either naturally, or more commonly, because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=540.0,544.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they had diseases for which the diseases themselves were immunosuppressive, or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=544.0,548.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were receiving immunosuppressive therapy that knocked out their immune","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=548.0,552.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"systems. So early on I saw, when we first got the reports, that this was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=552.0,558.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something that might interest me, so I volunteered for the Task Force that was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=558.0,564.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forming at that time. I was, I think, the sole immunologist for a long time on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=564.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that Task Force.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=570.0,571.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Who were you working with?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=571.0,573.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: At the time [Dr. J. Steven] Steve McDougal was one of my colleagues. He","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=573.0,579.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started at CDC about a year before I did, and we worked very closely together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=579.0,585.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We shared a lab together in the early years. He was involved later on in some of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=585.0,592.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the other aspects of this, which we may discuss later. Dave Gordon, as I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=592.0,598.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mentioned, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=598.0,598.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nlater left CDC and went on as a hematologist oncologist; he went on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=598.0,603.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do some work at Emory University. Those were the main people. Then there were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=603.0,609.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certain lab techs that we worked with. Marjorie Hubbard was here for many years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=609.0,614.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and [Dr.] Linda Martin. Those are the two early ones.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=614.0,618.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: How did you connect with those working on the epi [epidemiology] side?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=618.0,623.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: I can’t tell you exactly how, because I don’t remember, but I became","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=623.0,628.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interested, and I contacted them or my supervisor contacted them. They were more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=628.0,633.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than accepting at the time, because this was more manpower to work on this and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=633.0,639.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also more expertise. So I actually looked back at my calendar. I began to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=639.0,645.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved and went to the first meetings in the middle of July of 1981, and I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=645.0,651.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think I saw my first AIDS patient here in one of the hospitals in late July of 1981.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=651.0,658.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So what was your ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=658.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ninitial reaction as you’re starting to work on this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=660.0,664.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"new disease?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=664.0,665.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: I could say in retrospect that I said this is obviously an infectious","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=665.0,671.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agent that’s causing this immunodeficiency, but I don’t think any of us were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=671.0,676.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that smart at the time. As time went on, itbegan looking more like something","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=676.0,682.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was transmitted like hepatitis B, as we began seeing different risk groups,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=682.0,687.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"IV drug users, recipients of blood transfusions, and patients with clotting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=687.0,691.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disorders, as we used to call them, hemophiliacs, but we can’t do that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=691.0,696.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anymore. It began looking more like a hepatitis B-like illness, at least by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=696.0,701.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transmission, although we were still looking at other possible routes, other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=701.0,705.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"possible causes. In the early years we were involved in some studies with people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=705.0,711.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at NIOSH [National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health] looking at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=711.0,715.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nitrous oxide, which was used in poppers, which were used by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=715.0,719.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nMSM [men who have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=719.0,721.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sex with men] as a sexual stimulant, just to see whether they would depress the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=721.0,727.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immune systems. We did a fairly complex study with immunologists in NIOSH in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=727.0,732.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Morgantown and people in NIOSH in Cincinnati, looking at exposure of mice to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=732.0,737.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nitrous oxide for I think six hours a day for several weeks, and looking at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=737.0,743.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their immune systems to see if it did cause any problems. Luckily it didn’t,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=743.0,749.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and if anything it was better, but at least it ruled out one of the potential","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=749.0,756.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"theories of what was causing this epidemic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=756.0,759.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So NIOSH being the National Institute for Occupational Safety \u0026 Health,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=759.0,764.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"part of CDC, located both in Cincinnati and Morgantown [Pittsburgh and Spokane].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=764.0,769.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can you describe the atmosphere at CDC among colleagues working on this disease?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=769.0,774.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: Well, with any epidemic I think everyone’s ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=774.0,777.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nexcited when they’re doing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=777.0,778.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. Very often when we send people out on epidemic investigations, by the time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=778.0,782.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they get out there it’s over. This was not the case. I don’t think anyone of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=782.0,787.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us predicted that we would still be working on this epidemic, and now we’re in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=787.0,792.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the 30-something year of it. I used to joke that we had a disease development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=792.0,797.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"branch, and every few years the Office of Management and Budget was thinking of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=797.0,801.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"closing it down, but CDC would come up with a new disease. You know, they came","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=801.0,806.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up with Legionnaire’s and any number of things. I said with this one they put","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=806.0,811.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"themselves out of business, because we don’t need that office any more.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=811.0,815.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Apparently I was wrong, because they came up with SARS [Severe Acute Respiratory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=815.0,819.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Syndrome] and MERS [Middle East Respiratory Syndrome] and a number of other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=819.0,823.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things since then as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=823.0,825.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: How did CDC organize people working on lab aspects of this disease? Did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=825.0,829.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you eventually become a defined unit?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=829.0,831.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: I think that was much later. We did a lot of this work under our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=831.0,836.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n existing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=836.0,836.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organizational structure. I personally participated in the Task Force meetings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=836.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was involved with the first case-control study and subsequent studies as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=840.0,845.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was an unfunded mandate at the time, so there wasn’t the ability to set","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=845.0,851.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up separate units or even the knowledge in advance that we would need this in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=851.0,857.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the long run. We sort of went at it with the resources we had.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=857.0,863.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: How was that? I mean you were the sole laboratorian working on this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=863.0,869.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: With the support staff, but there were other laboratorians. I was the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=869.0,874.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only one in immunology, but we had virologists involved with this, we had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=874.0,879.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pathologists involved with this, and they did a lot of work. Even some of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=879.0,885.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"laboratory workers, one of them was [Dr.Donald P.] Don Francis, who came from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=885.0,890.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Phoenix where our hepatitis lab used to be, that was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=890.0,894.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nclosed out and moved to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=894.0,896.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta. [Dr.] Paul Feorino was another prominent virologist who was working on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=896.0,901.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this at the time. Among the pathologists, there were [Dr.] Ed Ewing and [Dr.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=901.0,907.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Francis Chandler and others. So there were quite a few of us involved. There","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=907.0,913.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were other people in virology who were looking at serological tests trying to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=913.0,919.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"develop assays, trying to find an infectious agent in terms of the pathologists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=919.0,925.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and looking at electron microscopic analysis of material from either biopsies or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=925.0,930.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"autopsies from infected patients, trying to see whether we could see anything","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=930.0,935.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would suggest an infectious agent.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=935.0,938.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Was there a collaborative atmosphere between all the different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=938.0,942.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"laboratorians? It sounds like it was very complex bureaucratically.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=942.0,946.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: It was. As we went along there was someone, [Dr.] Gary Noble possibly if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=946.0,952.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember right, who was put ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=952.0,955.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin charge of this on the laboratory side. I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=955.0,959.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was an atmosphere of trying to work together to get to the bottom of this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=959.0,965.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I didn’t feel that we were really competitive in any real way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=965.0,970.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You mentioned the case-control study, and that was a big event for the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=970.0,975.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very early years, and you were involved in the lab component. Can you describe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=975.0,980.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your role in the study as the immunology expert?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=980.0,983.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: We were doing the studies on the immune systems of patients, primarily","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=983.0,988.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looking at CD4 cells and CD8 cells, the normal cell markers that we use to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=988.0,994.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"identify different cells of the immune system. At the time we knew from some of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=994.0,1000.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the early studies that CD4 cells were depleted in these patients, at least the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1000.0,1005.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"AIDS patients. Then later as we studied other, earlier forms of disease like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1005.0,1010.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lymphadenopathy syndrome, we saw that they had lesser degrees of abnormality. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1010.0,1014.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe case-control study studied AIDS cases from one of four cities: Los Angeles,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1014.0,1019.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"San Francisco, New York, or Atlanta. In Atlanta we only had two cases, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1019.0,1025.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually I saw those cases and was involved in interviewing them for the study","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1025.0,1031.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and drawing materials from them for our laboratory studies. There were others","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1031.0,1036.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the epi side that went out to the various cities. I think [Dr.] Harold","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1036.0,1042.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaffe went out to San Francisco and [Dr.] Peter Drotman went to Los Angeles, if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1042.0,1048.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember right, and [Dr.] Mary Guinan went to New York City. They were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1048.0,1054.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved with some more extensive investigations because there were more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1054.0,1058.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patients there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1058.0,1059.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My lab was looking at using some of the early techniques that we had for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1059.0,1065.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"identifying these subsets of lymphocytes and also looking at other things like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1065.0,1070.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunoglobulin levels in these patients. The virologists were at the same time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1070.0,1075.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looking at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1075.0,1076.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nvirological testing and serology for various things. Since there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1076.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were a lot of patients, there was a large data set that needed to be analyzed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1080.0,1086.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so we had some data managers and statisticians working with us; Dennis Bregman","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1086.0,1091.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was one of them at the time. So all of us were working together on this over a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1091.0,1098.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"period of time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1098.0,1099.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Can you comment a little bit on what was the state of the art in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1099.0,1105.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clinical immunology at that time? I mean so much has changed, partly due to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1105.0,1111.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"AIDS epidemic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1111.0,1112.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: It was just the beginning of flow cytometry being used for identifying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1112.0,1117.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"subsets of lymphocytes. Before, when I first came to CDC in ‘75, we had to use","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1117.0,1123.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very tedious tests: erythrocyte-rosetting, erythrocyte antibody complement [EAC]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1123.0,1126.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rosetting, and surface immunoglobulin staining to identify B cells from T helper","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1126.0,1131.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and T suppressor cells. It was lucky that this was the beginning of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1131.0,1136.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmore common","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1136.0,1137.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"use of flow cytometry, which made these cells much more easily identifiable. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1137.0,1142.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we geared up to do many more patients, and over those first few years we did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1142.0,1149.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quite a few. I can’t remember the actual numbers, but there was a real","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1149.0,1155.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"increase in terms of the numbers of tests we were doing. It kept the laboratory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1155.0,1161.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"technicians very busy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1161.0,1162.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So were you primarily working with blood, or you mentioned lymph node tissue?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1162.0,1168.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: Initially it was primarily blood, but then later we were receiving","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1168.0,1173.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reports of patients with what we call lymphadenopathy syndrome. They had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1173.0,1178.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disseminated lymph node enlargement in the neck, under the arms, in the groin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1178.0,1183.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was happening in the same populations as were being infected with, I mean","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1183.0,1189.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being diagnosed with what we now call AIDS. These were men who had sex with men","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1189.0,1196.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[MSM], ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1196.0,1196.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsometimes IV drug users, but primarily MSM. We were getting reports from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1196.0,1201.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some clinicians who were seeing these patients in San Francisco, I can’t","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1201.0,1206.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember their names offhand, but [Dr.] Donna Mildvan in New York at Beth Israel","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1206.0,1212.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hospital was one. I gave a grand rounds there on the early years as part of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1212.0,1218.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going up there to look at some of these cases. I was beginning to see some of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1218.0,1225.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these patients in our immunology clinic and from referrals from local physicians","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1225.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who had large populations of MSM in their clientele. Similar patients were being","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1230.0,1235.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"referred to me, so we were studying them as well. In some cases when they were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1235.0,1241.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to be biopsied, we asked for fresh biopsy material from them, which then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1241.0,1247.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went into being studied. Primarily we were doing electron microscopy in some of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1247.0,1252.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those patients, but also regular pathology, looking for possible infectious","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1252.0,1256.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agents. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1256.0,1256.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWe found some structures which I think were associated with infection,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1256.0,1261.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we published on that back at the time. We didn’t see clear virus in those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1261.0,1268.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cells, unfortunately, so it was easier to say we should have found something in retrospect.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1268.0,1275.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So can you describe some of the thinking as far as what was happening","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1275.0,1282.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunologically? You were looking at T lymphocyte subsets.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1282.0,1286.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: We saw that CD4 cells were being depleted, and this is the major","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1286.0,1292.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"subpopulation of T lymphocytes. We know that these cells are important in terms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1292.0,1298.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of helping B cells make antibody to various things. They’re also important in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1298.0,1304.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fighting off many of the opportunistic infections that we see in these patients","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1304.0,1310.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as well. Pneumocystis is one, certain fungal infections, toxoplasmosis, or other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1310.0,1315.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parasitic infections. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1315.0,1316.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSo the lower the numbers of CD4 cells, the less likely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1316.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they are to be able to prevent the reactivation of these infections if you have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1320.0,1326.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been exposed to them in the past. Many of these infections were reactivation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1326.0,1331.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infections, which normally wouldn’t cause any problem in a person with a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1331.0,1336.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"normal immune system but just manifested themselves when the immune system was depressed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1336.0,1341.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Was this new? Had this been seen in other diseases and syndromes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1341.0,1346.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: Well, there are other T cell deficiencies. There’s DiGeorge syndrome,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1346.0,1350.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is a specific T cell deficiency in children who are born without these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1350.0,1355.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cells, where they come down with similar infections. There’s combined","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1355.0,1359.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunodeficiency, that has defects both on the T cell side and the B cell side.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1359.0,1365.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it wasn’t unknown before, but to see so many people having the same thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1365.0,1371.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of the blue, without any family history, without any manifestations in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1371.0,1376.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"childhood, was very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1376.0,1377.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nunusual, and certainly without any other underlying causes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1377.0,1380.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: It sounds like you handled a lot of specimens; blood and tissue and so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1380.0,1386.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on. Were you or your colleagues worried about handling these lab specimens?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1386.0,1391.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: At the time I don’t think we were smart enough to worry about it. As","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1391.0,1398.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time went on and it became clear that there was an infectious agent involved,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1398.0,1404.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of the technicians became more concerned. I remember one of them became","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1404.0,1409.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pregnant, and she was concerned about any risk to her newborn or developing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1409.0,1414.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"child, I should say. We did a lot of things that in retrospect we might have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1414.0,1421.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been more careful about. I remember when I started my lymphadenopathy study I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1421.0,1426.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was doing physical exams on patients, feeling under their arms for lymph nodes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1426.0,1431.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We weren’t using gloves at the time, and later as the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1431.0,1436.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nvirus was identified, we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1436.0,1438.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were worried about where it might be found, whether it could be found in things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1438.0,1446.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like sweat. I even wanted to do a study in gay men just to see if we could find","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1446.0,1456.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it in sweat. We were trying to get a sauna or a place where we might be able to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1456.0,1466.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"collect it in an efficient fashion, but none of the places we approached were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1466.0,1473.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"willing to volunteer. I think they didn’t want to be involved. But we knew it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1473.0,1481.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was in blood. Later there were studies on saliva, showing that saliva was not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1481.0,1488.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that infectious, because there were antibodies in the saliva that would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1488.0,1494.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inactivate or prevent it from causing infection.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1494.0,1498.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1498.0,1499.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSo some of the academic centers and, of course, NIH were working on the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1499.0,1505.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunology of this disease as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1505.0,1507.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: I think that was a little later. The first time that we were involved, at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1507.0,1514.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"least that I remember being involved with NIH, I think it was in ‘82, if I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1514.0,1521.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember right. We had a conference at NIH on Kaposi’s sarcoma that the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1521.0,1526.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"National Cancer Institute sponsored. A number of us went up there to discuss","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1526.0,1531.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these cases. I think they were at the time more interested in the KS [Kaposi’s","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1531.0,1537.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sarcoma] side of it because it was a malignancy, than they were in the epidemic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1537.0,1543.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aspect of it or the infectious side of it. It was only later that more people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1543.0,1550.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became involved, in terms of similarities between this and other tumors that are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1550.0,1555.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"associated with retroviruses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1555.0,1556.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: How was the interaction with NIH? ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1556.0,1559.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWas there collaboration there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1559.0,1561.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: I wish there had been more collaboration at the time. There were times","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1561.0,1568.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we sent up to them large groups of specimens from our patients that we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1568.0,1575.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"collected serum specimens from for testing, but often we didn’t get back the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1575.0,1581.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"results. Alternatively when they did publish the results, they published other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1581.0,1586.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people’s results, other people that submitted specimens to them, but not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1586.0,1591.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"including ours. We had much more collaboration with the French group, Luc","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1591.0,1597.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Montagnier and his colleagues there. When we sent material to them, they were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1597.0,1603.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more readily responsive and sent back results, and that was very useful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1603.0,1609.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Can you describe CDC’s contribution to, we’ve got the 35-year","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1609.0,1614.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"“retroscope” here. How do you see CDC’s contribution in those early years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1614.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1620.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n immunology?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1620.0,1620.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: I wouldn’t restrict it to immunology. Maybe that’s my area, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1620.0,1625.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certainly in epidemiology CDC was the primary institution working on that. As","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1625.0,1630.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we’ve done in other epidemics, I think we were very good at that. We also were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1630.0,1636.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good in terms of identifying the risk in terms of blood transfusions, and we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1636.0,1641.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were trying to push the blood bankers to screen patients once the tests were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1641.0,1646.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"available. That wasn’t always easy. Even at the conferences we had here in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1646.0,1651.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"early years, presenting to blood bankers cases that we had collected that seemed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1651.0,1656.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have acquired the infection or acquired the disease through blood","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1656.0,1660.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transfusion, they didn’t want to believe it. I think there were a number of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1660.0,1665.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"issues, maybe cost and others that I may not be as aware of, that influenced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1665.0,1671.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. But it was even later, I remember giving a talk at Yale, where one of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1671.0,1677.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heads of the blood group, blood ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1677.0,1679.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbankers, Dr. Bove, was located, that there were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1679.0,1683.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still some issues. They didn’t want to believe that this was caused by an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1683.0,1689.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infectious agent that could be transmitted through blood transfusions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1689.0,1693.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You mentioned working with the French, Luc Montagnier. How did that come about?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1693.0,1699.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: I’m not sure who made the first contact. I don’t think it was myself,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1699.0,1706.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I know that for a fact, but I know we sent them a lot of material. I gave a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1706.0,1715.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talk, I think in ‘83, at the Institut Pasteur on epidemiology when I was over","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1715.0,1722.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there, and they were very welcoming and very supportive. I think there was just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1722.0,1728.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good relations between the two groups.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1728.0,1731.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: There was a meeting at WHO [World Health Organization] I think in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1731.0,1737.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"early years that you attended.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1737.0,1739.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: WHO?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1739.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1740.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1740.0,1740.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: I remember a WHO-sponsored meeting on this that Dr. Maxime Seligmann of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1740.0,1746.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paris organized. I remember it was in, I’m trying to remember the first one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1746.0,1752.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were actually two of these meetings. One was in a chateau outside of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1752.0,1758.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paris, and there was a lot of discussion on these cases. That wasn’t the only","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1758.0,1765.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing being discussed, but we came up with a document of recommendations that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1765.0,1771.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WHO supported on the immunology of this disease. Certainly, I was in a group of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1771.0,1778.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very eminent immunologists at the time, so it was very exciting to have these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1778.0,1784.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"discussions with them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1784.0,1785.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Was some of the U.S. work path finding, or was there quite a bit of work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1785.0,1793.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being done in Europe at the time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1793.0,1796.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: I think the group in the Institut ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1796.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nPasteur was very active in the early","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1800.0,1803.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years and subsequently. They were very interested, and I was involved with a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1803.0,1808.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"group of pathologists from Europe that were interested in some of our work with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1808.0,1814.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lymphadenopathy syndrome and the earlier manifestations. So I had gone to a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1814.0,1819.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meeting in Hamburg, I think that was also in ‘83, where we had discussions of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1819.0,1825.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that and how to approach the problem. They had a future colleague who visited us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1825.0,1831.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here in Atlanta in those years, a pathologist from the Tropical Medicine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1831.0,1836.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Institute in Hamburg who helped set up that meeting, Dr. Racz. He was Hungarian,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1836.0,1842.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I could relate to because I speak Hungarian from my background; we spoke","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1842.0,1848.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hungarian at home. So we formed a friendship. He and his wife were both","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1848.0,1854.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pathologists in Hamburg, so I visited with them there, too. And I remember","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1854.0,1859.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"giving a talk at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1859.0,1861.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nRobert Koch Institute in Berlin. No, it was at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1861.0,1865.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bundesgesundheitsamt in Berlin, which was the Federal Health Office there. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1865.0,1869.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Koch Institute was in Munich, where I also gave a talk on one of my trips there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1869.0,1875.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But I think there was a lot of interest at the time and certainly in France.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1875.0,1881.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They were beginning to see cases in other countries as well, in people who had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1881.0,1887.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contact with Africa, or indigenous cases who had contact with the United States,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1887.0,1892.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or other places where there were cases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1892.0,1895.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You were fairly young. That must have been quite an exhilarating time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1895.0,1900.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: It was, and it was very different from our previous work in the lab.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1900.0,1906.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Usually lab people stay in the lab. At least at CDC, they were lucky if they got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1906.0,1912.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go to one meeting a year, and that wasn’t always a given. This allowed a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1912.0,1918.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot more interaction with people at a number of meetings. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1918.0,1922.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWe had our first","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1922.0,1924.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"AIDS-related conference here in Atlanta in those years, and then they began the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1924.0,1930.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"international AIDS conferences. I went to a number of those. Unfortunately, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1930.0,1935.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was one of the ones canceled by Congress in the Florence AIDS meeting, when they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1935.0,1941.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decided too many people were going and they canceled 200 people at the last","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1941.0,1947.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"minute. Te following year I gave my presentations at the International","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1947.0,1952.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immunology Conference in Budapest rather than going to the meeting in Amsterdam,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1952.0,1957.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and what I was working on at the time was the big topic of interest in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1957.0,1964.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Amsterdam. It was idiopathic CD4 T-lymphocytopenia, which looked like HIV but wasn’t.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1964.0,1969.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You also worked on pediatric cases. In December of 1982 there was an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1969.0,1975.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MMWR published on four possible cases of question mark pediatric AIDS from New","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1975.0,1981.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"York, New Jersey, and California. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1981.0,1983.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nCan you describe a little bit about the early","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1983.0,1986.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work on pediatric AIDS?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1986.0,1988.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: We worked with [Dr. Pauline A.], Polly Thomas who was working at the New","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1988.0,1994.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"York City Health Department at the time, plus others, [Dr.] Gwen Scott was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1994.0,1999.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pediatrician in University of Miami. I’d say it was probably after that first","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=1999.0,2004.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MMWR we went to New York to collect further cases of pediatric HIV/AIDS. These","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2004.0,2009.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were often children born to mothers who were infected. When we were up there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2009.0,2014.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was a case at Cornell. Her mother was an IV drug user who died of HIV, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2014.0,2021.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her child was infected or was showing signs of infection. We went to Newark to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2021.0,2027.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"collect the cases that [Dr. James] Jim Oleske had there. We went to the Bronx to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2027.0,2033.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, where Arye Rubinstein collected some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2033.0,2037.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pediatric cases, and we put those all together and summarized those. Polly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2037.0,2042.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thomas was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2042.0,2043.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ninstrumental in doing that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2043.0,2044.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then I went down to the University of Miami to try to get data on their cases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2044.0,2050.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they had cases in Haitian children at the time. Unfortunately, I spent a day","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2050.0,2056.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down there while they were deciding whether they would release the information","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2056.0,2060.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to us, and they finally decided they didn’t want to. So it wasn’t a very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2060.0,2066.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pleasant interaction. I had better interactions with the people there studying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2066.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"adult HIV, with [Dr.] Art Pitchenik and [Dr.] Margaret Fischl and some of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2070.0,2075.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"others, [Dr.] Gordon Dickinson. They were much more forthcoming, and we received","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2075.0,2079.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lot of material from them from Haitian patients in Miami, along with similar","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2079.0,2084.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patients in Brooklyn from SUNY Downstate Medical Center. We did a lot of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2084.0,2089.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"early work in terms of the immunological testing in the early Haitian patients","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2089.0,2094.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who were involved in papers that both the institutions published on that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2094.0,2098.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So now in 1982 before the virus has been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2098.0,2102.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n identified,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2102.0,2102.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: Not till ‘83.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2102.0,2104.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So what was the thinking? You know, all these kids, they’re not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2104.0,2110.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"primary immunodeficiency syndromes that you might see. But why not, and why in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2110.0,2116.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Haitian young children? So what was the thinking? It’s easy in retrospect to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2116.0,2122.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say, well yes, but how did it start formulating itself?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2122.0,2126.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: I can’t give you details, because my mind is not detailed, but as time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2126.0,2132.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went on there was just more and more evidence that it was something","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2132.0,2138.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transmissible that could be transmitted vertically from mother to child, as well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2138.0,2143.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as horizontally between individuals through certain routes. That all started to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2143.0,2148.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fit together, and we were just trying more and more to find that agent. It","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2148.0,2154.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wasn’t until the French first reported on their LAV,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2154.0,2158.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lymphadenopathy-Associated Virus, that it all came together and became much more ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2158.0,2163.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n clear.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2163.0,2163.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You talk about your work with the Haitians and primarily in Florida, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2163.0,2169.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I guess they were also in New York.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2169.0,2172.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: In Brooklyn.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2172.0,2173.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Can you talk a little bit about the collaboration that you had with the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2173.0,2179.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"folks in Brooklyn and Miami on the Haitian patients?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2179.0,2183.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: Well, at the time they didn’t really have the immunological support","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2183.0,2188.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they needed to study these patients well, so we volunteered our services","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2188.0,2194.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for doing that. We received material, blood samples primarily, through overnight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2194.0,2199.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"delivery from these patients from the clinicians in both of these areas. We were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2199.0,2205.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also receiving some material from Haiti itself. Peter Drotman had made a trip to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2205.0,2211.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Haiti to try to see if there were cases there as well, and he brought back serum","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2211.0,2218.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"specimens from there that were later tested. We also ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2218.0,2222.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndeveloped collaboration","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2222.0,2223.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with one of the clinician pathologists there in Haiti, Dr. Elie, who continued","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2223.0,2228.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to send us patients over a period of time that he thought were infected. We did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2228.0,2235.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunological studies on those patients. So I think that was a very profitable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2235.0,2240.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to both sides, a win-win situation for collaboration there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2240.0,2244.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Can you talk a little bit about the atmosphere among the Haitian","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2244.0,2249.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patients and community at that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2249.0,2251.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: Obviously we weren’t talking to them directly. I think later as this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2251.0,2256.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became more political and the stigmatization of Haitian patients was occurring,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2256.0,2261.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it became more of an issue. Then CDC reclassified that risk group from patients","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2261.0,2267.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coming from countries where there was heterosexual transmission of HIV, rather","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2267.0,2272.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than make them a single group. In the same way hemophiliacs didn’t like to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2272.0,2278.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"classified as a risk group by itself, so it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2278.0,2282.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbecame patients with blood","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2282.0,2284.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disorders. I think it wasn’t until the hemophiliacs came onboard that this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2284.0,2289.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became much more a noticeable issue, because they were much more connected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2289.0,2294.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"politically and could get more resources applied to this problem through the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2294.0,2299.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"government and other sources as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2299.0,2302.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So the patients receiving blood products, were they wealthier or just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2302.0,2307.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more politically connected?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2307.0,2308.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: I think they were just more politically connected. It wasn’t an out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2308.0,2314.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"group, if you will. It wasn’t a stigmatized group like IV drug users or MSM or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2314.0,2321.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sex workers or the like. I think it was then that it became much more well known","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2321.0,2329.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and wasn’t given names like GRID or Gay Related Immuno-Deficiency, which was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2329.0,2334.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not a very useful way of describing it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2334.0,2338.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Do you recall ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2338.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndiscussions as to the early thinking as to why these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2340.0,2345.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Haitians were a risk group early on?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2345.0,2348.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: I can’t say how early I remember, but I think it just fit together. At","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2348.0,2355.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that time we didn’t realize that this may have come from overseas. It was only","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2355.0,2362.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later when we began to do some studies from Africa from our group in the Congo.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2362.0,2369.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had a lab there. The connections became a little more clear as time went on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2369.0,2376.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but I don’t think in those early years we could really make the connection.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2376.0,2382.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: One of your major efforts in the early years was studying patients with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2382.0,2388.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lymphadenopathy syndrome, and you were involved in the longitudinal study of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2388.0,2393.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"homosexual men with the syndrome of unexplained lymphadenopathy. Can you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2393.0,2398.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"describe the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2398.0,2399.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsyndrome a little bit and why you did a longitudinal study on this group?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2399.0,2404.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: At the time we were getting reports and actually seeing patients here in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2404.0,2409.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta of men who were MSM who had developed lymphadenopathy out of the blue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2409.0,2414.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without any other illness necessarily, although some of them were symptomatic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2414.0,2418.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when they first developed it. This was noticeable to them or even noticeable to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2418.0,2423.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who were looking at them, you know, pointed out by others, because it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2423.0,2429.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"often in the neck. Sometimes these were very massive, 2-3 inches in diameter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2429.0,2434.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sometimes, and they weren’t happy having them. So some of them consulted their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2434.0,2439.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"physicians to see what was going on. This was happening at the same time as the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2439.0,2445.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HIV AIDS cases were occurring elsewhere in the same cities. I mentioned that we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2445.0,2450.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were getting reports from some of the clinicians in San Francisco and New York","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2450.0,2455.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"City of similar cases. We thought it would be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2455.0,2458.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nuseful to try to see what the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2458.0,2460.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"natural history of this syndrome at the time was, beyond doing the immunological","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2460.0,2464.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"studies to see if their immune systems were suppressed. They were to varying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2464.0,2468.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"degrees, some of them were not so much, some of them were more so. But we wanted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2468.0,2474.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to see what would happen over time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2474.0,2476.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We weren’t doing a Tuskegee syphilis study type thing, because as agents","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2476.0,2480.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became available to treat these patients, they did go on those treatments. We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2480.0,2484.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn’t do anything to prevent that. In fact, one of my patients in the study","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2484.0,2489.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became the first patient on DDC [Zalcitabine [2?-3?-dideoxycytidine, ddC], also","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2489.0,2492.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called dideoxycytidine, the third antiretroviral to be approved by the Food and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2492.0,2496.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Drug Administration, which was one of the early HIV drugs, and he developed a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2496.0,2500.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"massive rash. This was up at NIH where we sent him for that care. But at that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2500.0,2506.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time we just weren’t sure what was going on; was this something different, or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2506.0,2511.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was this something similar, part of the same spectrum of disease. So we began","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2511.0,2516.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"studying these patients. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2516.0,2517.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nOver a year and a half or so, I began in November of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2517.0,2522.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"‘81 enrolling these patients in the study, and there were seventy-seven in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2522.0,2527.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"study. Of those seventy-five were HIV positive when the first test became","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2527.0,2532.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"available. So our case definition which we used at the time was very good I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2532.0,2538.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would say, and we followed these patients. About every three months they would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2538.0,2543.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come in to see me at CDC. At first I was seeing these patients by myself, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2543.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then some others joined me. [Dr. Daniel B.] Dan Fishbein was one, and [Dr.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2550.0,2555.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Robert Janssen helped in terms of doing, he was a neurologist by training so he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2555.0,2561.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did some neuro-psych testing, psychometric testing of these patients to show","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2561.0,2565.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there were aspects of mental involvement with these patients as well, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2565.0,2570.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he published some papers on that. [Dr. Jonathan] Jon Kaplan, who I still work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2570.0,2575.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with now, was also helping me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2575.0,2577.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfor a period of time following these patients as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2577.0,2581.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So what were you collecting on these patients? Was it doing routine exams?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2581.0,2586.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: We were doing routine exams, physical exams, looking certainly at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2586.0,2591.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lymphadenopathy but also looking at things like splenomegaly, hepatomegaly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2591.0,2594.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going through a symptom review with them to see if anything else had come up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2594.0,2600.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of these patients did go on and develop HIV/AIDS with an opportunistic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2600.0,2605.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infection or Kaposi’s. We were doing immunological studies of CD4 and CD8","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2605.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cells, the spectrum there. We were also doing some serological studies when","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2610.0,2615.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"viral load tests became available. We were looking at the crude or viral load","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2615.0,2620.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"test that we had at that time. We were doing P24 antigen, which was one of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2620.0,2627.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"early tests as well. There was a variety of things that we had available over","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2627.0,2633.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, and we followed these patients for about 12 or 14 years. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2633.0,2638.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nOver that period","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2638.0,2639.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of time a lot of the patients unfortunately succumbed to the infection, because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2639.0,2644.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we didn’t have the best of agents at the time. Of the others, some of them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2644.0,2650.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"left town, went on to other places, as you might expect in a mobile population.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2650.0,2656.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So were you seeing them in an office at CDC or did you move to a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2656.0,2662.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clinical setting?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2662.0,2663.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: We had an occupational medicine clinic here at CDC in Building 1--well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2663.0,2668.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it wasn’t in Building 1, it was in one of the smaller buildings. We got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2668.0,2674.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"permission, although a grudging permission, from the staff there, the doctor in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2674.0,2678.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"charge there, to use one of their examination rooms and schedule patients there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2678.0,2683.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that’s where we saw them later as it built up. I think originally I saw","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2683.0,2689.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them in my office.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2689.0,2690.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So you must’ve gotten to know these patients quite well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2690.0,2694.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: Very well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2694.0,2695.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So how was that in terms of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2695.0,2698.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nearly years? There must have been a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2698.0,2701.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of patients that died, especially in the early years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2701.0,2704.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: It was very depressing. Certainly with the study patients I built up a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2704.0,2709.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relationship over many, many years. It was very difficult not to be able to give","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2709.0,2714.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them something that would help them. I think one of the reasons they came in to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2714.0,2720.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC was the expectation that being part of the study would be beneficial to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2720.0,2725.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them, although obviously we couldn’t guarantee that up front. Even within that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2725.0,2729.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"population, plus I was seeing patients at the VA [Veterans Administration","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2729.0,2733.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital] and the infectious disease clinic, in the early years it was very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2733.0,2738.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"depressing because patients were coming with opportunistic infections. You could","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2738.0,2742.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"treat those to the extent that we could, but they would often die of other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2742.0,2747.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things that we couldn’t treat.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2747.0,2749.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So some of these illnesses were quite complex. I guess then patients","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2749.0,2754.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were admitted to the hospital.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2754.0,2756.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: We did not do any primary care ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2756.0,2759.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nof these patients here. They all had their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2759.0,2762.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"private physicians who took care of their care. Obviously, we don’t have a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2762.0,2767.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clinical facility here like the clinical center at NIH, so we can’t do workups","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2767.0,2772.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and hospitalize patients here. We did report out the basic findings to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2772.0,2777.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clinicians on a routine basis after we saw the patients, so they had that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2777.0,2782.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"information as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2782.0,2783.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So this went on and then the virus was identified and then slowly there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2783.0,2789.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"began to be treatment protocols. So I guess you saw the whole spectrum.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2789.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: We saw the beginning with AZT [zidovudine, a nucleoside analog","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2794.0,2798.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anti-retroviral drug, the first HIV/AIDS drug] and then some of the other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2798.0,2803.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Later, as more drugs became","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2803.0,2807.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"available and multidrug therapy became useful, we saw that the AZT patients","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2807.0,2812.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sometimes after eight or nine months would develop resistance to that drug. We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2812.0,2817.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn’t do resistance studies. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2817.0,2819.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWe didn’t get that far, but we did see that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2819.0,2823.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their immune systems wouldn’t improve after that. That was disappointing, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2823.0,2828.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"must say.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2828.0,2829.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Again, I assume you were drawing blood from these patients. At that time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2829.0,2835.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were you concerned about your own risk for acquiring the disease?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2835.0,2840.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: Up front I wasn’t. I think we were all in denial. I did have some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2840.0,2847.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"needle sticks I think on two occasions, which was worrisome. There were certain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2847.0,2852.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things I didn’t do for a period of six months after that, just because I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2852.0,2858.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn’t want to risk exposing anyone else to this. So it was worrisome. It","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2858.0,2864.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wasn’t hazard free.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2864.0,2865.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Was the Public Health Service testing for HIV when you had routine exams?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2865.0,2871.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: We didn’t have routine exams, but being in the lab at some point, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2871.0,2877.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can’t remember exactly when, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2877.0,2879.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthey would collect baseline serum or blood on us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2879.0,2883.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and freeze it down, in case there was any exposure later on, to see whether we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2883.0,2890.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were positive before the exposure or if anything untoward developed it was only","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2890.0,2895.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after exposure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2895.0,2896.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You worked also with colleagues, I think you mentioned this, to try and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2896.0,2902.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"find an infectious causative agent in lymph node biopsies. Can you describe what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2902.0,2907.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was involved in doing that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2907.0,2909.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: I think primarily the pathologists were doing electron microscopy. Dr.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2909.0,2914.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gorelick was involved in that. He was the electron microscopist here. As I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2914.0,2919.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mentioned, they found some tubular structures that were found in some other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2919.0,2924.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diseases that maybe might have been associated with this that were in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2924.0,2929.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patients and not in other normal tissue. But we didn’t unfortunately find the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2929.0,2934.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"virus itself. On the other hand, we were also doing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2934.0,2938.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nstudies in animal models","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2938.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the virologists. We were exposing marmosets and also some retired","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2940.0,2945.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chimpanzees from the hepatitis studies that came in from Arizona. They were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2945.0,2950.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brought here, and these were giant chimpanzees. I don’t know how old they were but,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2950.0,2956.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: But we know they were retired.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2956.0,2959.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: They were scary. I actually had my finger squashed when the cage gate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2959.0,2965.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came down on my thumb or something. But when we had to get blood on them, we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2965.0,2972.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn’t do the actual draw, but I was there to get it immediately. It was not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2972.0,2979.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an easy thing to do. The marmosets we followed over a period of time to see if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2979.0,2986.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they would show any immune deficiency over time. Unfortunately, they didn’t.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2986.0,2991.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This virus didn’t seem to affect them. It was only later that we found out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2991.0,2997.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that chimpanzees, although they are probably the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=2997.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsource of this, don’t show","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3000.0,3002.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any manifestations. What we did originally was inject them with infectious","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3002.0,3007.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"material from patients, infected cells, to see if we could replicate the disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3007.0,3013.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in that model.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3013.0,3014.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Can you say more about that? Were others doing this as well? Was CDC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3014.0,3021.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of filling a niche that wasn’t filled elsewhere?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3021.0,3025.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: I’m not aware of anyone else doing it at the time, but I may not have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3025.0,3033.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been aware of everything going on elsewhere. But it was one of the ways CDC was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3033.0,3041.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trying to see if we could show an infectious agent as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3041.0,3047.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Very exciting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3047.0,3048.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: It was interesting, if not exciting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3048.0,3051.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So where were these chimps kept?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3051.0,3054.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: These were actually kept here. There were two floors ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3054.0,3059.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin, I forget the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3059.0,3061.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"building number since it’s no longer there, where they had animal facilities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3061.0,3066.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mainly mice and rats and maybe some rabbits. I think they had to make special","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3066.0,3072.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"provisions for these. They had two chimpanzees and I can’t remember their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3072.0,3077.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"names, though I should.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3077.0,3079.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You just had two?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3079.0,3081.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: Only two. Chimps are very expensive to keep up, and I think for whatever","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3081.0,3087.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reason there were only two.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3087.0,3089.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Okay. So looking at the lab in general, how would you say the early work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3089.0,3096.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on AIDS affected the labs? First of all, there musthave been budgetary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3096.0,3101.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"constraints. Were there necessary supplies? How did that work?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3101.0,3105.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: Luckily we were able to cover what we needed in terms of getting reagents","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3105.0,3111.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for doing this work. I don’t remember any time when we were short, although","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3111.0,3117.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the money came ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3117.0,3119.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfrom and what budget it came from I’m not sure. There","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3119.0,3123.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wasn’t a specific mandate at the time for that, but somehow someone was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3123.0,3128.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"allocating the funds for this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3128.0,3130.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So you had test tubes and gloves and reagents.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3130.0,3134.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: We had no shortages.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3134.0,3136.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Did the labs grow under the demands of AIDS?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3136.0,3140.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: It had to. Originally there were just a few of us working on it, but then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3140.0,3147.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it expanded and more people were drawn into this. That’s both, not just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3147.0,3152.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunology but virology as well. I’m not sure if pathology had additional","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3152.0,3157.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"individuals, but certainly more of their time was spent on this. We also had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3157.0,3163.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people in our group. Linda Martin was involved in looking to see what would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3163.0,3169.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deactivate the virus, once it was found that it was a viral disease, because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3169.0,3175.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were concerns about surfaces in the lab. You know, could you get it ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3175.0,3181.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3181.0,3181.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being around a place where blood had spilled. So there were some very nice","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3181.0,3187.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"studies done there to address that issue as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3187.0,3191.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Can you say a little more about the lab precautions? Were these things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3191.0,3197.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"done under a hood?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3197.0,3199.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: Initially we were doing them out on open counters, and it was only later","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3199.0,3206.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it became more likely to be an infectious agent that we started doing work in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3206.0,3213.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"laminar flow hoods.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3213.0,3214.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So there was no discussion of consideration of doing this in higher","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3214.0,3220.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"containment labs, after we’ve all been re-sensitized after the Ebola outbreak?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3220.0,3225.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: No. If it had been a more readily transmissible agent, let’s say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3225.0,3231.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through aerosol, then we would have seen more cases in people around them that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3231.0,3237.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had no direct ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3237.0,3238.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncontact with individuals who had the infection. We weren’t","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3238.0,3242.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seeing that. In the initial case-control studies, some of our controls were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3242.0,3247.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends with the patients; others were MSM with the same age and from the same","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3247.0,3253.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city as the patients, so we didn’t see anything like this in necessarily","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3253.0,3258.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends. We did see some patients who were MSM but were just the same age from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3258.0,3265.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the same city that were likely infected, but earlier on in the disease and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3265.0,3271.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weren’t aware of it. So there was no evidence to be worried about anything","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3271.0,3277.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more readily transmissible at the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3277.0,3279.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So looking back again now from a number of years later, are there any","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3279.0,3285.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aspects of CDC’s response where you feel that we fell short or could have done","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3285.0,3291.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a better job?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3291.0,3292.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: Well, you know, the early people that were involved in the Task Force","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3292.0,3298.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3298.0,3298.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncoming from the sexually transmitted diseases group, who were dealing with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3298.0,3303.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gonorrhea and syphilis epidemiology. That was very good. Jim Curran and Harold","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3303.0,3308.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jaffe were coming from there. It certainly exposed some of us who weren’t as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3308.0,3314.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well versed in those areas in terms of how to ask questions about different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3314.0,3320.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"types of sexual activity. It was an education for me. I think I had led a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3320.0,3327.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sheltered existence before then. But I’m not sure what I would have done to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3327.0,3333.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"make this work better. I think Jim Curran did a very good job in terms of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3333.0,3340.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leading the Task Force and advocating for additional resources and the like, to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3340.0,3346.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the extent that not all of us were involved and were aware of what was being","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3346.0,3353.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"done. At least, as I said, we didn’t feel any major deficiencies there. So ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3353.0,3359.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\noffhand I can’t say I would have changed things necessarily.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3359.0,3363.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Well, in closing I’d like to ask a few questions about the personal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3363.0,3369.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aspects or impact of your work on AIDS. You were obviously a huge part of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3369.0,3375.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something that changed the history and course of public health. How would you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3375.0,3380.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say that’s affected you personally?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3380.0,3382.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: Well, I’m still doing HIV AIDS work in the 34th year of this. I don’t","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3382.0,3389.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think anyone could have predicted that. Certainly I couldn’t have. About eight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3389.0,3394.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years ago I switched from the lab, let me take it back a little further. In","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3394.0,3401.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"2005, I retired after 30 years in the Commissioned Corps of the US Public Health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3401.0,3407.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Service, and I had the option of either staying on the domestic side of the lab","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3407.0,3414.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or going to the international side of it. I decided to switch to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3414.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"international. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3420.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut after a couple of years, I decided to go to programmatic side","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3420.0,3425.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and do adult HIV treatment, since I’m a clinician as well. I’ve enjoyed that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3425.0,3431.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immensely. I feel that at this point in time I’m having more of an impact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3431.0,3437.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there than I would have if I’d stayed necessarily in the lab. All along I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3437.0,3443.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think I’ve worked with a very good group of people, dedicated, hardworking,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3443.0,3448.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think that always makes things easier. That’s certainly the case now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3448.0,3453.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there’s never a shortage of things to do. We have had some increase in our","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3453.0,3459.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"staffing which is good. PEPFAR funding is maybe better and more predictable than","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3459.0,3464.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was in the past than other areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3464.0,3467.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: PEPFAR being the,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3467.0,3469.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. We’re in our third","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3469.0,3473.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five-year plan of funding, so that’s I think what was nice to know: that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3473.0,3479.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nyou’re valued and people are willing to put money behind that value.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3479.0,3484.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Can you say a little bit more about actually what you are doing now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3484.0,3490.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which is so interesting?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3490.0,3492.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: I provide liaison for certain countries overseas in terms of their adult","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3492.0,3497.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"treatment program. So I’m liaison for Ukraine and central Asia, which are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3497.0,3502.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"focal epidemics primarily among IV drug users, and also for Kenya and Tanzania","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3502.0,3507.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Mozambique, which are more generalized epidemics. So there are a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3507.0,3512.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"areas that have been changing over the years in terms of the eligibility for HIV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3512.0,3518.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"treatment or antiretroviral treatment. Right now the WHO is recommending","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3518.0,3522.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shifting to ‘test and treat,’ meaning everyone who is found to be infected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3522.0,3527.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should be treated as soon as possible, so that’s an exciting time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3527.0,3532.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Viral load testing, which wasn’t available in the past due to cost and other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3532.0,3538.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infrastructure aspects, is now becoming ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3538.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmore available in countries and is being","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3540.0,3543.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recommended as the means of following patients to make sure that their virus is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3543.0,3548.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suppressed. WHO came out with a 90-90-90 program, where you want 90% of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3548.0,3553.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who are infected to know their status, 90% of them to be started on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3553.0,3559.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antiretroviral therapy, and 90% of them to have their virus suppressed, meaning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3559.0,3564.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have an undetectable viral load. Working to achieve that has been very exciting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3564.0,3569.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our previous division director, Dr. Birx, is now the Global AIDS Coordinator in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3569.0,3574.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Washington, and she’s instituted a lot of major changes in how we approach","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3574.0,3579.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this, emphasizing the use of evidence to see where we put our funding and using","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3579.0,3585.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"data to evaluate the impact of that funding to try to concentrate on geographic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3585.0,3590.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"areas where we’ll have the greatest impact. So it’s been an exciting time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3590.0,3595.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just in the past year trying to keep up with that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3595.0,3599.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand put into practice what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3599.0,3601.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"she’s been recommending.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3601.0,3602.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it’s an exciting time here. Because we’re using data much more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3602.0,3607.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"frequently, there’s much more data to look at and it’s coming in on a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3607.0,3613.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quarterly basis. So there’s a lot more work both for our headquarters teams","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3613.0,3619.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and our in-country teams to keep up with this and also to maintain the quality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3619.0,3626.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the services that we’re providing. We’re doing much more these years to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3626.0,3632.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"monitor the quality of our programs overseas as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3632.0,3636.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: It’s been fascinating, Tom. Any closing thoughts?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3636.0,3639.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SPIRA: Well, it’s been an exciting 30 or more years. Before I started HIV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3639.0,3645.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work, I was working on other immunodeficiency diseases, but those are few and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3645.0,3651.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"far between. I think that work helped in terms of being easier for me to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3651.0,3658.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually transfer into this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3658.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\narea and have some contributions here, and I hope to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3660.0,3681.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be able to do that for a few more years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3681.0,3702.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Well, I do too. Thanks very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3702.0,3719.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/transcript/69292/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=3719.0,3721.0"}]},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/index/84936","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["content172424179320240821-522984-nh9lup.xml [English] [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/index/84936/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Background/education","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743#t=54.0,249.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133958/file/248743/index/84936/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Spira talks about growing up in Detroit, Michigan and what drew him to study medicine and immunology.  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