{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/g73707zf1b/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Denley, Malcolm"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["2011-11-30"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Dr. Denley describes being a part of the Army Specialized Training Program during medical school and being recruited to the EIS (Epidemic Intelligence Service) program by Dr. Alex Langmuir to fill his military obligation. Interviewed by Karen Torghele"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["audio"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["oral history"]}}],"summary":{"en":["Dr. Denley describes being a part of the Army Specialized Training Program during medical school and being recruited to the EIS (Epidemic Intelligence Service) program by Dr. Alex Langmuir to fill his military obligation. Interviewed by Karen Torghele"]},"provider":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/247/439/small/Denley_Malcolm.jpg?1727919151","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - 20111130_Denley_Malcom.mp3"]},"duration":3878.43142,"width":640,"height":40,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/247/439/small/Denley_Malcolm.jpg?1727919151","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-globalhealthchronicles.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/247/439/original/20111130_Denley_Malcom.mp3?1722773369","type":"Audio","format":"audio/mpeg","duration":3878.43142,"width":640,"height":40},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["[AssemblyAI Transcript] 20111130 Denley, Malcom [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, so I'm here with Doctor Malcolm Denley in Alexandria, Louisiana. It's November 30, 2011 and Doctor Denley, is it okay if we record this conversation to say yes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=4.6,25.014"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=25.014,29.75"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e That was perfect. Yeah, that was great.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=29.75,33.062"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=33.062,33.742"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e I knew the tape recorder wasn't understanding your nod. I knew the tape recorder couldn't understand your nod.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=33.742,41.134"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't think you can.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=41.134,43.91"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e But it says it's recording. See the lines there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=43.91,47.926"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=47.926,48.238"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e See, and these little microphones pick up amazing eyeballs. Isn't that nice?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=48.238,52.894"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=52.894,53.326"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e And then you can transfer it to the computer onto a music strip and then anyone can hear it. So I can send it to you if you wanted to hear or your kids or whatever. So. But what I wanted to talk about is the beginnings of CDC. And you know that this was doctor sensor's prize project and he died before he got to see the fruition of it. He got the start though. He got to record the beginnings of how the smallpox eradication project went and how it ended. So he was able to do that much. But now he wants to document, he wanted to document how CDC actually got started and some of that first ten years because he knows that there's not familiar much information available and he knows that in the future researchers will want to have that information from authentic sources like you who were there. So that's why we were so thrilled when you agreed to be interviewed and we got your pictures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=53.326,127.224"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e No, but I told some of what you're asking me in this book. But you want me to repeat it, is that what you're saying?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=127.224,134.4"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e I want you to pretend that I know nothing about it and just tell the story from the beginning and I'll ask you questions to prompt you and sort of lead you down the sequence of events and I'll. And if you don't know, that's fine or so. But just I wanted to give you a little bit of background on the project and tell you that it's funded by people who thought so much of doctor sensor and so everyone is thrilled that it's continuing and we couldn't do it without people like you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=134.4,173.08"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you want me to just launch into it or you want to ask.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=173.08,175.624"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e I'll ask you some questions so you'll know and you won't have to. Just freelance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=175.624,179.728"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Is it recording now? Good.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=179.728,183.6"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay, so just to, just for the beginning, tell me how you got into medicine and tell me where you went to school and sort of how that path developed in your life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=183.6,200.94"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Pretty bad. Well, I came from a family of doctors. Several uncle, three uncles were doctors. Way back in 1819, the late, late 19th century, early 20th century, and one of them lived when I was a young man, and he was kind of one of my idols. And I also liked science in school. I liked biology, zoology and all that. And I just, it's just a natural thing for me to go into medicine. I thought about other careers, three or four other careers, but I chose this path. I went to LSU in Baton Rouge, undergraduate, and I started school in September of 1941. Pearl harbor was December, 3 months after we started, and they formed something called ASTP, army specialized training program. The navy had v twelve in which you would get deferred as long as you were in a premed or a pre engineering course, and they would put you in uniform once you got to med school, which we did. I joined the army, and being colorblind, I was in the Navy for about a day, but then they discharged me as a color blind person. Anyway, I was in the army during my med school days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=200.94,316.09"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e And what years was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=316.09,319.21"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e I finished pre med in December 1943 and started med school in January 1944 at LSU Med School in New Orleans. In New Orleans. And we had a large class, about 120 patients, 120 students, initiates, pubicites. Anyway, it was pared down to about 60 by the time we finished med school. I don't think you want to hear about the trials of med school. But anyway, after I finished med school in 40 719 47, I interned at charity Hospital in New Orleans. And by the way, charity had the largest contagious unit in the country. So more cases of tb and meningitis and various things than anywhere in the country. Cook county was second, I think. But we got a strong dose of infectious diseases during our med school and first year of pediatrics. At the time I finished my internship, there were just gillions of doctors coming back from the service that had been yanked from residency programs, and they had priority, naturally, to fill the spaces. Spaces were pretty well filled. But there was an opening for an internal medicine residency in Tucson, Arizona, which I took, was accredited. And while there, while there, the internal medicine resident did the pediatrics, too. And I suddenly found that I liked pediatrics a lot better. The dynamics of children, growth and development, more so than older people, a lot of Indians and so forth, artistic grosses, tb and so forth. So I applied back to LSU pediatric department for residency. Pediatrics, they happened to be full, still full of veterans. They offered me a fellowship for a year with a promise of a residency after that. So I took that. I took a year of research and acid base balance, metabolic diseases. And just as I was ready to start my first year, actually, June 30 is when the cold Rio wall broke out. I was supposed to start July 1, and all doctors that were deferred during the war were subject to first call, naturally. So we started our residency with the idea that we probably wouldn't finish the first year. Meanwhile, Doctor Langmuir, there was great fear of germ warfare at that time, and either germ or chemical warfare, some major event could occur. And he had the vision and maybe some other people did, too. But it was his, his leadership that talked them into allowing the formation of an epidemic intelligence corps of doctors that were mainly specialized in pediatrics or internal medicine. They didn't have really infectious disease residences in those days. He happened to be good friends of our chief. Our head of the department was Doctor Myron Wegmandhae. He had a masters in public health besides his MD, from Michigan, I believe, maybe not from Yale. And he was very public health oriented. Doctor Langmuir was a very good personal friend of his. So Doctor Langmuir came to LSU to give a symposium, and at the same time, he talked to all the residents and staff, young staff members at LSU. And he recruited, out of the 21 or 23 people that started the class, five of them were from LSU. One of them was, well, one of them was just a year ahead of me, and one of them was a year behind me and so forth. But those five, plus Doctor Paffenberger, who was on loan del issue at the time, from Johns Hopkins, I believe. So by signing up, saying in early in the year, which ran from July to July, we would be deferred until the end of our residency period. Otherwise I would get my first year of residency in. And that appealed to me greatly because I had three children at the time to support and very little income. Anyway, so Doctor Langmuir made a beautiful presentation and we signed up. The first class began July 1, trying to get my year straight. 474-848-4949 519 50. July 1950, is that correct? I can look in here, but July 1951, I think it's 51 because I had the year fellowship. It was July 1, 1951. I have my orders still. I was ordered to report to Atlanta to be indoctrinated into this program. We had to get Navy uniforms, which never wore, but we had to have a uniform that was required. And we all met there, people from various parts of the country, California, New York, I think, Yale and different places. And two months indoctrination in epidemiology. They brought faculty from Johns Hopkins to teach the course, you know, that I'm familiar, but it was a very, very. None of us had had any experience in epidemiology, so this was a new field for us. We knew a lot about public health and about pandemics and this and that. But as far as how do you get the data, how do you collect the data, how do you approach a situation? How do you realize whether it. It's really an epidemic? Although they told us not to use the word epidemic, just say outbreak, because epidemic causes. But we got as good as they could do. In two months, they fed us this epidemiology. Then we went to Montgomery, Alabama, where the CDC viral lab was. It's still there. Yeah. Anyway, and they had some outstanding pathologists and virologists. They gave us a two week course on how to collect viral specimens for viral analysis and how to transport them back to CDC on ice and so forth. And this was important because about most of the diseases we were working on were viral diseases. The bacterial diseases had been pretty well worked, overd, and they could be. They could be tested in a state lab or private hospital lab, but the viral labs were few and far between. I can't name, I think NIH had one, but it was just not many viral labs around the country. Texas state health department had a good viral lab, by the way, at that time. Anyway, after this period, we went back to Atlanta, and we were given our assignments. Most people were sent to state health departments to work under the state epidemiologists. And some went to the state headquarters. Some of them went to med school, had a strong public health service. But I didn't really care where they sent me, but they sent me to Texas, and I signed up in Texas. But Texas people talking about that resistance, Texas had a reputation for being, it is the Lone Star state in health. It wanted to be left alone by the federal government. Absolutely. They turned down federal money. They turned down federal programs in those days. And I was kind of thrown to the wolves. They said, it may be pretty hostile there, but I said, oh, I can handle that. And being from Louisiana, I mean, it wasn't like it was a strange country. And so I went there, and they were very cool at first, but as time went on, I became very good friends with the state epidemiologists and his boss and his boss and so forth, down the bureaucracy. Being the low man in the totem pole, my job there, they just assumed I knew more than I knew, I guess. But my job when I got there was to get out in the field. I would leave almost every Monday or Tuesday and come back on Friday. And you want me to talk about experiences? The very first week I was there, the Texas State Dermatologist society had asked the state health department to give them some assistance in a ringworm outbreak in the state, but mainly in the Rio Grande Valley, which is almost the end of the world from Austin. So I went down there and tried to put my things that I learned into practice. And you want the details of what I did? Anyway, I went to the school board, and I went to the school nurse, and we set up interviews, and I. You want statistics or not? I just vague, general. Anyway, we went to innumerable schools and classrooms, and most of the students spoke very little English, but I had to collect hair samples for many. I had to examine the children, and then I had to take samples and label them for any of the suspicious cases. And in epidemiological fashion, you try to find a common source where they got their hair cut, where they did this and that and the other. And the state health department in Texas had a wonderful lab. Doctor irons was head of it, JV Irons. And he did the fungal cultures right there with cultured about four or five different species, and found some common sources of common barber shops. A lot of the barber shops, we expected them to, didn't use sanitary methods. So this was really education for the sanitarian at the health department. He would be able to go back and tell them, this is where these cases originated. And anyway, they asked me to write up, and I wrote it up in the Texas public health publication. And then every week, there was something. Almost every week, the doctors in Texas at that time had cards that would fill out of any contagious, what they call reportable diseases. At that time, they were having smallpox, real smallpox, in Mexico. But in the United States, there hardly had been a confirmed case in the last, so many years before. But a lot of the doctors would see a case. They thought it was smallpox, and they would check smallpox. Well, every one of them had to be investigated. And some of them went down the valley, some of them went north Texas, here and there. And I would go there, and I would. I could diagnose chickenpox with my. You know. And I knew what smallpox looked like, and so I would go there. It was a long drive. I would say, it's not smallpox, it's chicken fox, and come back. It was sort of a. It would have been nice to have an airplane, but anyway, it was a lot of driving. Texas is a big state, but there was also real cases, polio cases, and there was an epidemic in Houston and culpus Christie. When I first got the Texas, it was on the Wayne, but it was one of those deaths in Texas. I investigated pretty thoroughly and took samples for viral analysis and so forth. And polio was a real serious thing in those days. The number of iron lung patients in Houston was just astounding. And the number of deaths from world war polio. And then, I don't know, he mentioned different things, but I went, there's a place called turkey, Texas, up in north Texas. I investigated some cases of not tax supplies, I'll do it later, trichinosis from eating raw pigs. And there were quite a few cases there. And I interviewed each person that had symptoms, and we did skin tests and agglutination tests. Interesting enough, the chiconella extract that we used, skin tests, was developed by Doctor McCoy, who was my professor of public health at LSU. Anyway, that was a pretty big outbreak. And then one of the, by far the biggest outbreak I investigated was epidemic of ornithosis, or psittacosis. And we got a town of Giddings, Texas. It's close to Austin, about not more than 20 or 30 miles. They reported that had four deaths over just a very short period among the turkey pickers, plus a lot of them were in the hospital with pneumonia. We, and I say the epidemiologists and doctor irons, they had previous experience with turkey pickers having some respiratory disease. Could have been sitcosa. It never had been confirmed, never had been investigated thoroughly. But anyway, that was a tentative diagnosis even before I went there. And it was a long, drawn out investigation. First we got blood on all the people that survived and had it analyzed for gluten nations, for the cytosine virus. And then we, the epidemic ended abruptly, but it was just a lot of people were sick, all in the turkey picking plant. And of course, we did a breakdown of what part of the process they were working in. As I remember, as you go through a turkey picking plant, they hang them up by their feet, and the first person picks the feathers off. He's called the picker. The next one eviscerates the turkey. He's called the eviscerator. And there's a lot of blood and tissues get in the air and on his hands and all. And then you have the ones that begin to cut off different parts of the turkey, and then the ones that ship box it and ship it, and the ones that died were all eviscerators. And it was just obvious that the risk was where the risk, greatest risk was. And so anyway, after we got, after we finished this part of the research, I interviewed the. Did I seen that picture? Yeah. Interviewed the people of the ones that died as whether cross infection occurred, whether any of the other people in the family had gotten sick. And actually there weren't any secondary cases. But then the big problem was trying to find out what day the turkeys were picked, what day they were picked, and where the Turkish, what form they came from. And that was the biggest chore. And I don't think I sensed that. But we put together timelines, focused down on one farm, and then we had to go. These turkey people didn't much want you coming on their farms, talking about the turkeys. And it wasn't strong state law at the time. I think that we could just walk in, but we did it like gentlemen. I'd go in and talk to them a little bit and then tell them what was going on. And I think they worried about a lawsuit, too. So they would let us draw blood on the turkeys, chickens, guinea hens. And I was being a pediatric resident, I was very adapted in drawing blood on hard veins. And the hard thing was to catch the guineas and turkeys we could catch. All right, I. But guinea hens, you have to look off in the distance and reach down. But anyway, we drew the blood and we found that this farm was badly infected. And of course, they had to destroy those turkeys. There was another farm that had several cases, and they went to a lot of farms just to see if there was any hidden reservoir. And we didn't find that. The virus had never been isolated from turkeys before. It had been isolated from parakeets, of course, and possibly some other foul. But anyway, the Texan M worked in conjunction, their veterinary department worked in conjunction with doctor irons. And I think Doctor irons isolated the virus, or maybe both of them isolated simultaneously from. From some of the tissue, some of the livers and spleens and so forth, of the turkeys. And that was kind of a pretty big event, kind of like yours, that they found it. And so they had a big symposium in Rutgers and of psittacosis in general. But one chapter of the. They wrote a book, and one chapter was about this outbreak. And I was a co author with Doctor Irons of that chapter. I'll show you the book if you want to see it. And then, of course, we had to present it at different conferences, state health department conference. And it was written. It was written up in. I have one of the infectious disease publications or the lab publication. So can you put that on mute hold? Brucellosis, tularemia. Just almost any disease you can think of. He wrote me the best letter, if I can find it. This is my wrong date. I didn't send you that. Did you have time to read that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=319.21,1717.89"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e I have that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=1717.89,1718.49"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Did I send you that? Already sends you. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=1718.49,1722.61"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e He's thought a lot of you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=1722.61,1726.13"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Oscar. You probably don't remember that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=1726.13,1728.874"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e I do notice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=1728.874,1730.324"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e I think you've got all this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=1730.324,1732.62"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Uh huh. But it's interesting to hear you talk about it, what your typical week was like. So you didn't see your family very much?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=1732.62,1742.356"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e I saw them on weekends. We heard that occasionally. I didn't stay over the weekend, but usually I'd come home one on Friday. She was born. I probably sent you that by Diane. Yeah. The best thing that happened was when.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=1742.356,1756.918"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, born in Austin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=1756.918,1758.278"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e She had never read it. It wasn't bad. Well, off the record, you mentioned about the value it was to me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=1758.278,1774.838"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=1774.838,1776.71"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay. And thinking back on the years I spent in the epidemic intelligence service and going into pediatrics, I think it was just a perfect fit. It really changed my attitude about diseases and how to control them and things other than individual patients, but how the community can respond to drives for immunizations of polio or hepatitis or whatever came next. And it was very valuable. All the experience I had with each of these diseases, some of them I'd never seen before. So I think my pediatric training helped me in the public health service. The public health service helped me in my practice of pediatrics. After I finished this public health stint, I took another year of pediatric residency. They asked me to come back as a chief resident, which I enjoyed doing. And then I went into practice and actually utilized a lot of the things I learned in public health. It was a valuable two years to me, and I think I was very fortunate. I was very fortunate to be in that program. It just happened to be in the first class, but I'm sure the classes gotten larger and so forth. But it was kind of a little bit of each time you'd hear something, you'd worry whether the germ warfare started. We didn't really relax. I think that's when people were building underground shelters and so forth, because the Russians were making threats, and we didn't really know what might happen. So I think Doctor Langmuir had, his vision was more in the country's interests in case of a catastrophe. But I think in the back of his mind, he thought it would really be good to have some trained epidemiologists. They really didn't have that many at the time, that people would learn the technique and explain it to other people and expand. I don't know what percent of the people now stay in public health, but the majority of our class stayed in either faculty or med school, and I think only one of them became surgeon general. Doctor Stewart was in my class, but only five or six of us, I believe, went into private practice. But that had been my. That had been my ambition since I went into Madison, was to work in a small city.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=1776.71,1957.88"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Very small. Can I ask a question? What year did you start practicing here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=1957.88,1964.056"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e 19. 54.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=1964.056,1965.336"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e 54. Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=1965.336,1968.178"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Seven years after I finished med school.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=1968.178,1970.394"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Wow. Wow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=1970.394,1971.746"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Takes a long time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=1971.746,1972.85"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e It does, yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=1972.85,1975.45"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e So now you can ask some questions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=1975.45,1978.65"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e I was wondering what it was specifically that Doctor Langmuir said that made you make the decision to come to Eis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=1978.65,1989.65"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e He. I honestly can't remember exactly what he said, but he made it sound like it was a challenging job, that we were needed. Not necessarily me, but that needed this corps of doctors. So you felt somewhat patriotic about it. He was a good speaker, and I think it was selfish in one way, so I could get to finish my year, which the army didn't guarantee, but it was unselfish in a way that I thought would be good maybe for the country. I could serve the country better there than I could as an army doctor somewhere. And I've never regretted. I've always been proud of my service there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=1989.65,2044.43"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e What was Doctor Langmuir like as a person?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2044.43,2048.41"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e He was very likable, I'd say kind of serious. He wasn't. He didn't joke like some of my professors did, but he was very kind to his own staff as well as us. He had us over to his house one time, everybody to relax. He was so knowledgeable, and he liked it done correctly. And I thought he was just a fine gentleman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2048.41,2086.81"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e And he was one of your teachers and others came from Johns Hopkins. Other teachers that you had during your eis course came from Johns Hopkins.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2086.81,2100.32"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't remember the names. That what you asked me. I don't remember the names. There was an article in Saturday Post. Did y'all ever look that up? I have it in here. Not long after we started the. Turn it off.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2100.32,2134.01"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2134.01,2134.866"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e The living room was $20.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2134.866,2138.49"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e So I didn't have it on. It's okay. It's all right. Anyway, they all know it. You know, that's part of the history, though that may not be known, is, you know, how it was that you developed that working relationship because there was that sense of the federal people and the state people who were so possessive of their own territory. And so you must have really been good to work with for them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2138.49,2170.02"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e I can make friends pretty easy. I'm not saying I'm Superman, but I can make friends with almost anybody, and if they like me, and we develop a relationship. And so in Texas, people I really wanted to be friends with, we got to be very good friends. We would not do anything dramatic. We might have more for cell phone or something. But I think they gradually respected the fact that I was well trained up to that point, and I was sincerely trying to do a good job and not just trying to mark time, because I really, really wanted to learn things and do things right. But I never was lazy. I mean, I'm sort of a type a, I guess. So you have energy. You got to expand it somewhere. That's why I took a painting in golf after I retired. But anyway, if somebody doesn't want to have anything to do with you, you can only go so far. But they would meet me halfway. I don't mean to think that they were bad people. They were just self sufficient in Texas. I think Texas is still that way, in a way. She lives in Texas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2170.02,2264.03"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e So when during your work, it sounds like you didn't hear much about bioterrorism and about what about bioterrorism and the whole reason that did that sort of die down during those years? Fear?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2264.03,2281.146"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e No, that was, I guess, at the peak, we thought about it a lot, but, you know, you just can't make everything into that. We just. The smallpox, if they'd have been true smallpox, that would have been something we would have really zeroed in on. But most things, we found the source, like the trichinosa. We found the butcher shop that was using sloppy technique, epidemiology. So we never had too much. We had some leptospirosis, but they weren't talking about it being it was more from contaminated water and psittacosis. We had our sores. It wasn't something flowing in. It was endemic in the area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2281.146,2333.35"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e So in each investigation that you did, did you have to evaluate whether it was a possibility that it was used for bioterrorism?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2333.35,2342.654"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e I didn't have to do it in writing, but we were told that was a whole assignment. Our assignment wasn't to go to Texas, to just run here and there. It was to try to, if anything suspicious happened, we would be there on site and know how to deal with the local people, probably. So it was implied that we were there for a purpose in the different parts, California, different critical states, but they never did hammer it at us to, did you think of this? But it was part of our thoughts. And then I guess over the years, when the Berlin Wall fell down and cold war kind of cooled off, I assumed that epidemiology was more just public health measurement than a war scare, but it was definitely born out of the warfare. I mean, I don't know whether it would have started anytime soon, but that was the reason. And that's what got the money from the Congress, I guess, to fund it. I don't know the intricacies of how they funded it, but I know they have to allot their money in different ways. And a lot of money for 24 guys, even though we didn't make that much. It had to come from somewhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2342.654,2442.09"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e So during those years, President Eisenhower was president 52 and 53 at least. And when were the McCarthy. When did the McCarthy era start?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2442.09,2462.7"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't remember. I remember everything about it, but I don't know whether it was dirt. Eisenhower's term.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2462.7,2472.156"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, it seems like that's when the fear of communism.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2472.156,2479.14"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, he was worried about communists in the government, infiltrating in the government. Actually. I know exactly when it started, come to think of it, because one of the professors at LSU, one of my teachers, was accused of being a communist. And he wouldn't deny it, he wouldn't agree to it. He was a super guy. He and I wrote a paper together, in fact. But he had a russian name. And he finally was drummed out of the med school because the pressure came from somewhere and he had to move somewhere else. And he was the best teacher and he was constantly voted the best teacher in pediatrics as far as lectures. But that would have been in probably 49. Yeah. When did eyes now become prudent? 52.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2479.14,2546.076"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e 52.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2546.076,2547.62"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e But McCarthy didn't affect us because he was talking about internal. As far as public health service, I never heard anything about it being infiltrated, but he may have said it. But our focus was coming from the outside, not from fifth column or anything like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2547.62,2566.146"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e That's a good clarification.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2566.146,2567.322"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Maybe we should have thought of fifth column, but we were more thinking about dropping germs in or whatever. We were a little bit naive probably at that time, and just like most Americans were, they were scared about this and that, and the cuban missile crisis came and. And we came close to different things. I think it was. Some of it was legitimate. Does that answer your question? Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2567.322,2597.928"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e No, that was a good clarification. For me, I wanted to ask you when you had your course and before you actually started your work as an EIS officer, what did you know about the organization before you came? Were you given any instruction about that or how it got started?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2597.928,2619.89"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I knew nothing about it. Basically, CDC didn't have any kind of recognition in the field. I don't believe they weren't issuing any kind of regulations or recommendations. Rather, everything I learned, I guess I learned after I got into the program. I didn't know it was as big as it was in Atlanta. I mean, it was sort of a secret as far as the general public concerned. But when we got over there, we saw that nice building, different layers of care and so forth. I mean, it's just blossomed since it was. I don't even know when CDC started.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2619.89,2670.43"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you know when it started as the malaria control? Malaria control, that was 1941, and that ended in 1946. And then they wanted to continue, and so they named it the communicable Disease center. So it's always had the same initials, CDC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2670.43,2694.81"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e So it wasn't too long before I went there, right? I mean, I know they had all kind of commissions during the Panama Canal building for malaria control, and mosquito control was a big thing. And the federal money, federal government, I think, was passing out money to the states. I know Texas was getting a lot of money to spray. The head of it thought mosquitoes caused all kinds of things. He thought cockroaches caused things, and mosquitoes and flies. He really hated them. But I kind of knew that. Well, I knew this was a new program, and I knew public health service hadn't been in the news too much before during my med school day. But we did have a good public, we had public health course in med school. Doctor McCoy was head of it, and he, when we talked about epidemics that occurred, cholera epidemic, bubonic plague, in other words, we studied about epidemics, but not thinking it would be us having it. So we understood public health, but we didn't understand the intimacy you get with the individual patient.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2694.81,2778.42"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember malaria cases in the south before the 1940s?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2778.42,2785.252"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Remember what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2785.252,2785.876"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember the threat of malaria in the 1940s?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2785.876,2790.364"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I do. I remember that. Yeah, it was. I mean, we saw malaria a lot, and we learned how to diagnose it on a blood smear. You can see the little mare. And it was fairly. Is that what you mean? It was fairly common when I was in med school, residency, rather, because we had a contagious disease thing. But I know there was eradication programs to try to get. I'm trying to remember what other public health services. I mean, malaria control was a big one, though, and ever saw when they would come by spraying SDDT?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2790.364,2844.2"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah. And so you talked about that in your medical school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2844.2,2849.884"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, we were taught about that. Yeah. It was a big, actually, it was a big topic because they knew a lot about it, whereas polio. They talked about it, but they didn't really understand polio when I was penicillin either. Wow. It came out while I was an intern.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2849.884,2873.98"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e So this when the process of you getting assigned, you were assigned to different states, your first class, or did the states request an EIS officer?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2873.98,2892.99"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e I really don't know how to answer that. I kind of think that they just, I never heard them say, we asked for you, we're glad we got you, whatever. I think they were glad to. You may not want. I think they were glad to have me. If this federal government would pay my entire salary, travel expenses, etcetera, they wouldn't have taken me if they had a share of their expenses. It was a gift from the federal government to Texas. And whether other states were the same way, I don't know, but I was looked on as a federal guy and not part of them at all. I was attached to them, and it took, I was there two years, but it took a while, maybe six months, to break down a lot of the resistance. My immediate superior was hospital right away. He had been and practice in east Texas, near Louisiana, and he had a lot of friends in Louisiana, and we just bonded right away. But I don't know about other states. Some of the other people, I don't even know if they knew, but we had no idea. We didn't request Texas. I mean, I didn't request Texas. They just said, doctor Denley, Texas doctor so and so, California. And it was kind of like almost like a luck of a draw where you got it. And I'm not sure they thought, because I think I've always thought, because I was from Louisiana, they put me there. But maybe another reasons I do think, and I've heard them say that Doctor Langmuir said they wanted to get their foot in the door. Texas. They really wanted to get into Texas, and they knew the head guy wasn't going to live forever, and they knew it was time for modernization to occur, and it did, after Doctor Pivot became a state health officer, and he did a wonderful job. So I don't understand all these political medical politics, but I think that's probably the way it evolved, that they really wanted to get their foot in the door, and they offered a person to them for two years. Then they sent somebody else after that. And I know he wanted me to make a good impression. He said, don't antagonize them and don't flaunt your federal status. We know more than you know, and therefore, blah, blah, blah. So I know how to do that pretty well. Is that halfway answer your question?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=2892.99,3060.104"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, it does.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3060.104,3060.896"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Okay.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3060.896,3061.768"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e I bet you. I bet you spoke their language, too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3061.768,3065.52"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e I spoke their language, yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3065.52,3069.04"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e That must have helped.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3069.04,3070.488"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e It makes a big difference. Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3070.488,3078.72"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Now, I had some specific questions for you. When you started to learn epidemiology, was that a brand new field to you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3078.72,3093.99"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e In public health? Like I told you before, we had talked about. We studied epidemics, how they occurred, why they occurred, but not in the same way with learning CDC. They just really taught you the bottom line. But in med school, we did learn how sanitation plays a part in the plague or whatever, the vectors, and the different things that you want to know about an epidemic and how they started and also how they ended after, you know, so many people have been infected, it just naturally dies out. I'm trying to remember that big epidemic. I guess it was a flu epidemic. We started a lot about the 1918 flu epidemic, and that was part of our training, too, was to watch for flu. Unusual number of deaths. Not initially germ warfare, but just because flu was such a. Couldn't be such a bad thing. So, okay. I never had any other training in epidemiology, and we didn't get any. We didn't have any textbooks. It was all done with notes, taking notes. Handouts, too. I.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3093.99,3185.46"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Using examples, I suppose. Did they use examples of outbreaks?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3185.46,3190.18"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, yeah, that's what they did mostly. That's what techniques and outbreaks they would take. They were not very knowledgeable. The faculty was very good. I wish I could remember who they were, but it was Johns Hopkins mostly, and I guess they had a very strong public health department, kind of like Yale did, too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3190.18,3210.412"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Mm hmm. Did you. Had you had any exposure to surveillance, disease surveillance before you took this class?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3210.412,3227.43"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e No. You mean gathering data? Well, I did that. It's a little bit different. I did that year of research on acid base balance, where we took patients really sick and did a complete analysis of all that blood and tissue, all the things we could, urine, species, everything. And very precise, very exact, because we were checking potassium levels in the blood and sodium. And so I had. I had, you know, good training in the scientific method, but not necessarily in surveillance. I guess by surveillance you mean going out in the community and surveying people? No, I never had the occasion to do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3227.43,3280.13"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you have any experience with quarantining people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3280.13,3288.1"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Actually, we would. At the hospital, of course we would. That was my main way I worked at the hospital. We would quarantine patients that really were without, could transmit something back, say measles. I said they had real severe measles. People died from measles in those days. But from that point of view, we knew all about as far as going to the home and putting. I know that's what you mean. That wasn't our department. That was a local health department's duty. And we would report them to the health department charity group of people from all over Louisiana, particularly south Louisiana. So they had a mechanism set up to let the local people know. The residents didn't have to do that. Clerical staff did most of that. I mean, we would certify some positive diagnosis or suspected this and that. Like if you had a meningitis patient, it was very important to get all the contacts and not necessarily find a way. You can find a way around. But you also knew that it was so highly contagious that if they started taking some medicine. So we did have a. It's not surveillance, but it would be an alert system to be sure everybody was contacted. It should be. And then we did, I guess, some epidemiology. We would try to find out where, say we had a. Say we had a meningitis patient or some sort of parasite. We would try to trace it back from our clinical setting. We didn't have the ability to go out into the community because we were stuck at the hospital. But we could ask questions and talk to family and so on. I mean, that was a big part of surveillance, I guess, in a way. We did not just look at the one patient. We did try to get the whole spectrum of how he got it, where he got it, how long incubation period, so where he was and such and such. Nobody was ever on an airplane, but say he was on an airplane. Contact anybody on the plane. That would be done, I'm sure. So is that answer yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3288.1,3436.84"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Can you remember people who stood out in your mind as being very influential? Influential on the organization of CDC as a whole, other people who were exceptional leaders in your mind? And what was it about them that you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3436.84,3457.94"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e You know, they sent me out in the field. We communicated about letter, and once a year we would go back and have a conference. But as far as somebody guiding me, I was on my own. I really was on. We were all on, even when we were sitting out, we sent reports from everything we did. But hardly ever did they write back and say, why didn't you do this and that. It would have been nice from a tutorial standpoint, but I really felt like I was on my own. I was cocky enough to think I could do it. That if I needed help, I would ask for help. But we had enough people. Doctor irons particularly, but he wasn't in CDC. But we did have some sanitarians from CDC that they had accepted because. Same reason they paid the salaries. And I was part of that cleanup. But I. I enacted of them some. I don't remember them's names, but they were CDC. But as far as Atlanta, I mean, we weren't encouraged to call. We weren't encouraged to do any more than just send in a report. And at times you felt like, am I really contributing? But then other times you felt like you were doing something, some good. But Doctor Langmuir is the only one I can remember. I'm trying to remember. The head of the virology department at Montgomery. He was really good, too. He gave us a very good course in virology, but I don't remember his name. That was 50 years ago. Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3457.94,3571.81"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Did you ever know Joe Mountain?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3571.81,3574.85"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Joe?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3574.85,3575.658"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Joe Mountain.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3575.658,3577.77"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e M a n s o n. No.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3577.77,3580.474"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e M o n o M o u n t I n. He was. He and Doctor Langmuir were sort of the visionaries. The visionaries who got Eis started was also veterinarian.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3580.474,3597.41"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e One day there was Doctor Steele.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3597.41,3599.898"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Doctor Steele?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3599.898,3600.49"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, it just came back. Just popped in my hand. Was it Ronald Steele?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3600.49,3605.314"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e It was James Steele.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3605.314,3606.594"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e James Steele. And what was her name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3606.594,3609.49"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Her name?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3609.49,3610.514"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e He said. He's Doctor Langmere's assistant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3610.514,3613.29"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e I didn't know her name. Mae Melvin? No, I don't know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3613.29,3619.218"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e I just don't remember anybody but him talking to him. He was a hands on guy. I mean, he didn't just turn us over to somebody. He was there every day listening to the lecture and talking. Because it was limited time. We only had six weeks, I guess, to learn all that stuff. There's a lot to learn. We thought he'd love to talk about shoe leather.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3619.218,3646.66"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e About shoe leather. Working hard, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3646.66,3650.548"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, doing a lot of walking. Epidemiologists. I think I put that quarter somewhere. Shoe leather, doctors. Shoe leather medicine. Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3650.548,3659.676"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Interesting. That's where the symbol comes from. There's a shoe with a hole in the bottom of it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3659.676,3664.684"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3664.684,3665.204"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, that's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3665.204,3667.34"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e I didn't walk. I rode.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3667.34,3673.02"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Now, do you have anything that I didn't cover that you think would be important for people to know about the beginnings of CDC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3673.02,3693.51"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you. I just remember that when we first got together, we didn't know we knew some of them, but most of them we didn't know. And you kind of got the idea that these guys are way up here and I'm down here. But then you gradually got to where you realize you were about on the same level. But there was. I think there was some unusually smart people. I'm not talking about myself at all, but unusually bright people in that first class. And I'm sure all the classes since then have been that way. But this was a. I think was a selective process. Doctor Langmuir interviewed us. We didn't just sign up like he signed up for an army commission. We got recruited. But then he interviewed us and decided whether they weren't. I don't know whether they turned anybody down. But he did make you. He had to explain what you had in mind and how much fervor you had and how much you were willing to put into the program. Are we just going in to get time served? And so he's way up there, in my opinion. As far as I know, Doctor Steele was very up there because he kind of got into the psittacosis thing, veterinary part. I want you whether he was federal. Orlando, Texas. But he was federal. I think I've already said it, but I think that whoever put the program together, Johns Hopkins, and whoever did a remarkable job of covering so much material, which usually, I guess, would take a semester or a year to college to cover it in six weeks, and feel like we were ready to go out in the field and not half train. We were not necessarily great, but we were capable of doing right, doing the job right. And I give them credit, a lot of credit for their time and effort.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3693.51,3830.58"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e That's a wonderful place to end. Thank you so much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3830.58,3834.26"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I'm not very good with words, but.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3834.26,3837.636"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, you're a great storyteller.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3837.636,3839.98"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e What?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3839.98,3841.54"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah. And thank you so much for sending the pictures and the descriptions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3841.54,3847.132"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't think. Can we go through this briefly? Yeah. She lost her husband. Yeah. He was one of the eviscerators.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3847.132,3857.936"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, really? Wow. That was the.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3857.936,3863.36"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e That's when private, you know, being when you have to one on one, you're not talking about publicity, talking about her laws.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3863.36,3870.528"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eA:\u003c/strong\u003e That's so true. So true.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3870.528,3873.68"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eB:\u003c/strong\u003e Is that book that, uh. I'll show that book. You know what that book is?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439#t=3873.68,3881.18"}]},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132660/file/247439/transcript/68950/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/068/950/original/transcript_1765557208.vtt20251212-2593616-44mcu6.vtt20251212-2593616-44mcu6?1765557208","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/068/950/original/transcript_1765557208.vtt20251212-2593616-44mcu6.vtt20251212-2593616-44mcu6?1765557208"}]}]}]}