{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/gf0ms3mq6f/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Wenger, Jay"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["12478"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["David J. 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We are at the Bill \u0026 Melinda Gates Foundation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1.0,7.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to record an interview with Dr. Jay Wenger for the Global Health Chronicles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=7.0,12.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polio Oral History Project. I am Karen Torghele, and I will be interviewing Dr.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=12.0,17.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wenger for this project. Welcome, Dr. Wenger, and thank you for agreeing to talk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=17.0,22.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to us today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=22.0,23.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WENGER: Nice to meet you and glad to be here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=23.0,27.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Just to get started, would you tell us a little bit about your story,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=27.0,33.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about your background, and how you became involved in public health and CDC specifically?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=33.0,38.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WENGER: And CDC specifically--okay, I can do that. You're right, one hardly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=38.0,43.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knows where to start here, but I guess I started out as a child. My dad was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=43.0,50.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doctor, actually, so I had a little bit of a medical inclination. When I was in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=50.0,56.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medical school, I became interested in not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=56.0,59.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\njust treating patients, but also the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=59.0,61.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"public health aspects of things, how you could get the most bang for your","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=61.0,66.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"healthcare dollar. When I was in medical school, I did a couple-of-months-long","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=66.0,70.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fellowship. It was actually done by Reader's Digest. Reader's Digest had a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=70.0,74.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fellowship at that point, and the local guy who was the coordinator was [Dr.] C.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=74.0,79.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everett Koop, before he became Surgeon General of the United States. So I got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=79.0,84.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"selected for this thing, and I went off to Thailand and got to work in a mission","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=84.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital for a couple of months. There was probably my first real inkling that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=90.0,95.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yes, I could see how a little bit of healthcare dollar [going] into a population","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=95.0,100.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that wasn't very developed and needed a lot could actually go a long way and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=100.0,105.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"give you a lot of healthcare benefit. So that's where I got interested in it initially.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=105.0,111.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then as I went through medical training, I got more and more interested in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=111.0,116.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infectious diseases and how we could use that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=116.0,119.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto deliver health in a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=119.0,121.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cost-effective way. So then I became an infectious disease fellow and went","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=121.0,125.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through my fellowship and did some lab work for a while, but I didn't really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=125.0,131.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think that was the direction I wanted to go. Out of my fellowship I had a friend","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=131.0,137.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who had been at CDC the year or two before in the EIS [Epidemic Intelligence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=137.0,143.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Service] program. He said, oh no, you should try this, this is great, because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=143.0,148.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then you can go out and do big things with big populations and prevent stuff. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=148.0,154.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thought, that sounds sort of neat, so I applied for that. I got into the EIS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=154.0,160.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program and then went to work in a group that worked on bacterial meningitis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=160.0,165.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just around that time a vaccine [became available] for Haemophilus influenzae","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=165.0,169.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"type b [Hib], which at that time in history was the biggest cause of bacterial","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=169.0,175.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meningitis in kids in the United States, with ten to fifteen thousand cases ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=175.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=180.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bad disease a year. So there were new vaccines coming out, and the group I went","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=180.0,186.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to, [Dr.] Claire Broome, who was the chief of the group, was in charge of that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=186.0,192.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I got assigned to do the national surveillance for the Haemophilus influenzae","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=192.0,196.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"type b vaccine. Although initially I was a little disappointed because it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=196.0,201.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just a domestic thing and it wasn't overseas and all that jazz, it turned out to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=201.0,207.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be a big deal. The Haemophilus influenzae vaccine was wildly successful and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=207.0,211.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease almost went to zero, and we got to monitor that and measure the impact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=211.0,217.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the different vaccines. So that was a lot of fun.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=217.0,221.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"From that point, I then got loaned to WHO [World Health Organization] because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=221.0,226.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WHO got interested in introducing Hib vaccines overseas, and they needed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=226.0,230.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody to be the technical support for that. So I went over there with my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=230.0,236.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family. We spent six years in Geneva working with the global ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=236.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n immunization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=240.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program there, the EPI [Expanded Programme on Immunization]. [The experience]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=240.0,244.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was again very interesting, and I was really convinced that immunization in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=244.0,249.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"third world was a great way to deliver a lot of health for really not that much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=249.0,255.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money. So it looked like a great thing to do, and I was there for about six","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=255.0,261.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years, which if you know anything about the U.S. Public Health Service and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=261.0,266.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"donating people overseas, there's a bit of a limit there after four years. So I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=266.0,272.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had to change my venue.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=272.0,274.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I knew at that point that they still needed some technical experts to work with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=274.0,280.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the polio program, and so they sent me from Geneva to India. India was in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=280.0,286.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"middle of--they were actually just having a polio outbreak that year. I think it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=286.0,291.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was 2002, and I stayed there for five years as head of their polio surveillance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=291.0,297.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unit. That was also the unit that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=297.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nprovided technical advice on not only finding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=300.0,303.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio cases but also doing the immunization campaigns that you needed to get rid","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=303.0,308.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of disease there. So I did that for about five years, and we made a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=308.0,314.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"progress and a lot of innovations. But after about 11 years overseas--and this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=314.0,319.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is just totally how it goes--my kids were all growing up, and they were all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=319.0,325.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going back to college in the United States. So it was long enough, I think, for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=325.0,331.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me and my family. We decided we'd come back to the United States for a couple of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=331.0,337.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years. I worked again with CDC in Alaska in the field station, working, again,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=337.0,342.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on vaccine-preventable diseases. Then when the opportunity to come here to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=342.0,346.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gates Foundation polio program arose, I thought that that would be--it seemed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=346.0,350.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like a good slot for me at that point, given my experience in India and the need","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=350.0,356.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for increased activity on polio eradication in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=356.0,359.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe last phase of the program. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=359.0,362.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I came back here, and I've been here for five years doing that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=362.0,368.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: It sounds like another EIS officer recruited you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=368.0,372.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WENGER: Well, yes, another EIS officer. That's how I found out about the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=372.0,378.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program, I guess. This was a guy I actually had known in medical school, and we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=378.0,385.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had stayed in contact over the residency years. He said basically he was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=385.0,391.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"convinced that the EIS program was good, and it was great for me. It was a great","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=391.0,399.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"entry into public health, and it's been—I mean it's interesting to see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=399.0,404.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how--I'm sure everybody says this, but in my iterations globally and all over","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=404.0,410.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the place, the impact that the EIS program has had in implementing public health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=410.0,416.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"programs, and especially immunization programs ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=416.0,418.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nglobally, has really been stunning.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=418.0,421.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: How did CDC work with WHO when you were there? CDC loaned you to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=421.0,429.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World Health Organization. How does that work?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=429.0,433.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WENGER: Well, loan is a bad word. What's the official word? Seconded. I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=433.0,440.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seconded to WHO. I don't know if this is politically correct, but I think WHO","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=440.0,448.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has a mandate to be representative of the world and actually operate throughout","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=448.0,455.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the world, so they have their own mechanisms for identifying folks to work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=455.0,462.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. I think [of] CDC as a reservoir of a lot of technical expertise. In a way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=462.0,471.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC, I think, is an organization that is unique in the world in terms of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=471.0,479.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bringing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=479.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntogether the biggest mass of technical experts with a focus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=480.0,484.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"specifically on public health. So it's a logical source for a lot of technical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=484.0,490.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"input. I think that at that juncture there was--and there still is--a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=490.0,496.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good interaction between the immunization folks at WHO and the immunization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=496.0,501.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teams and groups at CDC. So there was, I think, good back-and-forth. As the WHO","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=501.0,508.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"folks identify a need for technical resource here or technical resource there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=508.0,513.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC is just one of the places that they know they can go to for people to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=513.0,520.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"potentially fill those needs. I think their relationship has been good, and it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=520.0,526.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been--I think a lot of folks have gone from CDC to provide specific technical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=526.0,532.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"support that's been pretty useful there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=532.0,535.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: When you first went to the World Health Organization, what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=535.0,540.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwere the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=540.0,541.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things you worked on the most?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=541.0,544.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WENGER: This wasn't polio, actually. When I went there at first, I went as an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=544.0,552.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expert in Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine, but then we branched out and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=552.0,559.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was a quote \"new\" vaccine. When I went there, WHO and the EPI program had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=559.0,567.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been pushing, basically supporting the implementation of the EPI program, which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=567.0,573.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was primarily DTP [diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccine], measles, BCG","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=573.0,578.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[bacille Calmette-Guérin] and polio vaccine as routine immunization. So, those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=578.0,583.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"six antigens. At that same time in the developed world, many new vaccines were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=583.0,590.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being developed, and they were relatively expensive. But they were being","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=590.0,596.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developed for the developed world for diseases that were occurring ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=596.0,601.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthere, like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=601.0,602.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hib disease and hepatitis B and pneumococcal disease. Those diseases all occur","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=602.0,606.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the United States, and it was important to get vaccines for them. But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=606.0,611.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually, the biggest global burden of those diseases, of course, was in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=611.0,615.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developing countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=615.0,616.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those countries were not first on the list to get these vaccines, one reason","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=616.0,621.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being they were quite expensive. Of course, when you make vaccines initially,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=621.0,625.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you don't make enough for the whole world, usually because that costs a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=625.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money. There was an issue about both awareness of the vaccines and then being","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=630.0,635.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"able to make it clear how much vaccine was needed and who was going to pay for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=635.0,641.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. So part of my job for the Hib vaccine was to first make countries out there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=641.0,647.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developing countries, aware and provide knowledge and information about the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=647.0,651.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"availability of these vaccines; and then to work with them to figure out how, if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=651.0,656.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they thought it was appropriate, to introduce them, how we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=656.0,660.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwould pay for it and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=660.0,662.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how we would identify that funding. That was my job for about six years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=662.0,667.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Initially I focused on Hib vaccine, but eventually we ended up organizing a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=667.0,672.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"group of not just me but one person in each of the WHO regions: one in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=672.0,678.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"European office, one in the Southeast Asian office, one in the Western Pacific","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=678.0,683.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"region, one in EMRO [Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office], and one in AFRO","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=683.0,688.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[African Regional Office]. They were specifically involved in assessing their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=688.0,692.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries for new vaccine introductions and helping them see what was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=692.0,696.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"appropriate for their country. Then [they] tried to work with donors and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=696.0,701.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"manufacturers and everybody to see how we could do that, and also develop the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=701.0,706.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guidelines for introducing a new vaccine into developing countries. So that was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=706.0,711.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what I was doing for about six years, but I was working very closely at that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=711.0,717.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"point with the routine immunization folks and also somewhat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=717.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwith polio folks in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=720.0,722.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"terms of what we were doing. I saw moving to polio eradication in India as just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=722.0,729.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a distal end of the spectrum of what you could do with the vaccine. We weren't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=729.0,736.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just trying to control the disease and drive cases down to almost nothing. We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=736.0,742.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were actually trying to make it extinct and drive them to zero. That's a unique","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=742.0,749.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kind of goal, and also it could really highlight what you can do with vaccines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=749.0,756.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and how you can permanently improve health. So I think those were the attractive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=756.0,762.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parts of the polio program, at least initially to me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=762.0,767.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So you went from Geneva to India.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=767.0,771.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WENGER: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=771.0,772.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Where in India?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=772.0,774.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WENGER: We lived in New Delhi for five years. New Delhi was where the National ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=774.0,781.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nPolio Surveillance Project, NPSP, was headquartered and that was a phase that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=781.0,787.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a WHO/Government of India collaboration, so it was run as an adjunct of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=787.0,795.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WHO office in that country. But we also had links with the government, so we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=795.0,803.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interacted daily basically with the government folks who were in charge of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=803.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunization program. We worked very closely with them in terms of a whole range","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=810.0,817.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of activities. NPSP had about 300, around 300 offices. We had one big office in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=817.0,825.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Delhi with about 50-70 people or so, and then we had 250 to 300--it changed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=825.0,833.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of oscillated a little bit--offices sprinkled throughout the entire","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=833.0,838.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country. The reason we had so many ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=838.0,842.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\noffices was that we had a system where we had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=842.0,847.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a surveillance medical officer, who was an Indian doctor, and a driver and an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=847.0,854.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"office manager-administrative assistant person. So that three-person team was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=854.0,859.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"responsible, each team like that was responsible for monitoring surveillance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=859.0,864.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"data and looking over the immunization activity for polio in a given area,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=864.0,871.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"usually a district or maybe a couple of districts, with populations ranging from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=871.0,878.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a couple hundred thousand to a million or two. But if you took a map of all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=878.0,887.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those offices and all those areas of coverage, it totally covered India.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=887.0,893.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we had an officer responsible essentially for everybody in India, and that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=893.0,900.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"system was--actually there was no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=900.0,903.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nother system like it in India. Their job was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=903.0,906.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make sure that their medical officer was in contact with every hospital in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=906.0,911.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his or her given area. In every hospital they would have a contact person; it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=911.0,916.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"might be the doctor in charge of neurology or the nurse in charge of infection","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=916.0,921.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"control or something like that. They would check with them every so often and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=921.0,926.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say, did you have any cases of paralyzed kids that came in? Or, tell me when you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=926.0,932.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get a case of a paralyzed kid. When they saw a paralyzed kid, then the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=932.0,937.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surveillance medical officer would either go himself or herself, or contact the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=937.0,941.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"local public health person there to go get two stool samples from that kid and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=941.0,946.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get a little bit of information. Then the stool samples were sent up the line to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=946.0,952.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"laboratories in India, and they got processed for polio. So that was the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=952.0,957.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surveillance system. In a typical year they would identify forty or fifty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=957.0,961.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thousand ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=961.0,961.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npossible cases of polio and analyze the stool samples from everyone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=961.0,964.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's how we figured out where the polio was and what was going on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=964.0,968.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"By the time I got there, the system was already there. I didn't make the system,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=968.0,973.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but pretty much the system was there. It took a lot of work to keep it up. You","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=973.0,979.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had to make sure that people stayed doing their job and they really visited","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=979.0,983.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these hospitals, and the hospitals knew what they were supposed to do, and they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=983.0,987.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't miss kids and all this kind of stuff. So there was a lot of work to keep","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=987.0,993.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it together. By the time I got there, polio had already been driven out of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=993.0,998.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"south of India, where medical care is actually pretty good and people get the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=998.0,1002.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccinations they're supposed to get. But up in the north, where most of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1002.0,1006.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people live and where it's the poorest and the least well served, there was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1006.0,1010.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still a lot of polio all over the place. So we worked for those five years to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1010.0,1015.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"identify where the polio was, and then worked with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1015.0,1018.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nlocal folks there to make","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1018.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sure that every kid got vaccinated in these big campaigns.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1020.0,1024.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the way we did that was, theoretically every kid in India, just like every","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1024.0,1030.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kid here, is supposed to get three doses of polio vaccine in their routine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1030.0,1036.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccinations. But in the north of India, there were states up there where","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1036.0,1041.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"essentially 10% of kids got three doses and 90% of kids didn't get anything,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1041.0,1047.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they got no vaccines. In order to make up for the gaps in kids who didn't get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1047.0,1054.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"routinely vaccinated, and to top off the ones who did get routinely vaccinated,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1054.0,1059.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we ran these national immunization days. Generally, they're called supplementary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1059.0,1063.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunization activities, meaning big campaigns where we would go out and try to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1063.0,1068.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccinate every kid in an area. About twice a year they would do a national","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1068.0,1074.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunization day. It wasn't really one day, it was like three to five ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1074.0,1079.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndays. Each","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1079.0,1080.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"area would identify vaccination teams whose job it was to march around to every","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1080.0,1084.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house in their area and knock on the door and ask if there were any kids less","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1084.0,1089.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than five who lived in that house. If there were, they would put two drops of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1089.0,1094.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the polio vaccine in their mouth and mark their finger with a little indelible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1094.0,1098.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ink marker, a little purple ink thing. They'd say thank you and go to the next","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1098.0,1103.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house and the next house and the next house. A team could reach maybe a hundred,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1103.0,1108.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe a little more, houses a day, so it worked out. We worked on these micro","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1108.0,1113.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plans, as they're called, where each team would have three or four days; they'd","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1113.0,1117.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go to this area on day one, go to the next area on day two, go to the next area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1117.0,1123.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on day three, the next area on day four, and it would be finished.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1123.0,1127.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Once again, each of those plans linked in with the plan next to it, so that we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1127.0,1132.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would cover a whole state or actually a whole country in three or four days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1132.0,1137.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This involved--when I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1137.0,1138.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthere--it would involve 1.5 million vaccinators, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1138.0,1141.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most of these vaccinators were like moms and dads. They were just normal people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1141.0,1146.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it doesn't take--you don't actually have to have medical training to get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1146.0,1151.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this little tube and squeeze two drops into a kid's mouth. So they were just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1151.0,1157.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"regular people who had their little plan. What our men and women did was make","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1157.0,1163.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sure that these plans were right, that the plans really did touch every area and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1163.0,1169.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people went to every village and people went to every refugee camp and wherever.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1169.0,1174.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had to get every kid, and 'every kid' was the mantra. You needed to reach","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1174.0,1180.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every kid. That took a lot of work, because people, you know, near the end of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1180.0,1186.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the program when I was there, we were going from not just reaching people who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1186.0,1192.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were in houses but also setting up at transit stations. So at every train ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1192.0,1197.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nstation we would have little booths where people would pull the kids out of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1197.0,1201.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trains and pull them out of their mom's arms and do them--didn't pull them out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1201.0,1206.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of mom's arms but, you know, identify them and vaccinate them at train stations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1206.0,1210.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and at big crossroads in towns.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1210.0,1212.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another big problem was that people in India, big groups of people actually,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1212.0,1216.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would tend to move. There would be migrant populations, so some people like the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1216.0,1220.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cattle herders up in Bihar or near Calcutta, they would move from one state to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1220.0,1225.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the next, depending on the season. So those people are people that would tend to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1225.0,1230.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get missed, at least at certain parts of the year, because they'd be there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1230.0,1234.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sometimes and then they wouldn't be there. Then they would be new, so they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1234.0,1238.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wouldn't be on these people's plans over here because they weren't there when","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1238.0,1242.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they made the plans. The people over here were going to vaccinate them, maybe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1242.0,1246.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were in their plans, but then the people had moved, so those kinds of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1246.0,1251.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people fell through the cracks. Then we had a big program to identify, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1251.0,1255.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwell, who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1255.0,1256.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are the migrants, and where they are this time of year and where are they that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1256.0,1261.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time of year, you know, making sure that everybody was identified. So basically,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1261.0,1265.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[we were] going through the country and trying to figure out, are we getting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1265.0,1269.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everybody every time, and are the vaccination units actually going where we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1269.0,1273.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think they're going, and who's vaccinated and who isn't?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1273.0,1276.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a big operation, and so it was that I was involved with it for like five","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1276.0,1282.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years. We had the surveillance chunk of it, which was identifying paralyzed kids","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1282.0,1286.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and getting the stool samples and seeing where the polio was. We had the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1286.0,1290.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunization part of it, which was making sure these teams were organized and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1290.0,1294.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did go to the right place. Then we also had the monitoring of the immunization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1294.0,1299.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"part, which is another end of the program. We had the immunization teams of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1299.0,1304.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moms and dads who went out from house to house and did the thing, but then the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1304.0,1309.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day after they did that we would send monitors out. These were people that we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1309.0,1314.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"usually ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1314.0,1314.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhired, and they would go to some houses. They would take a random sample","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1314.0,1318.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of houses, and they would knock on the door and say, could I see any kids less","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1318.0,1323.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"than five? And they would say, okay, could I see their little fingers? Then the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1323.0,1328.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kids would come out and then they would check and see all the kids' little","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1328.0,1333.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fingers, were they all purple or were they not purple? Then we would get that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1333.0,1338.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"data and say, oh no, here in this village only 39% of kids had purple fingers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1338.0,1343.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, that's bad. They didn't do a very good job there, so send the team back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1343.0,1348.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then if you got a 98%, they said, that's great, they can go home and everybody's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1348.0,1353.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fine there. That monitoring thing and trying to get that data together and in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1353.0,1357.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time enough to correct it, at least correct it for the next round that they do,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1357.0,1362.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was another big component of the program. So it was a constant job to keep all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1362.0,1367.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those lines of work moving in order to get a better and better program and to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1367.0,1372.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"drive the polio down and down and down. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1372.0,1374.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThat was a job.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1374.0,1376.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: When you got there and you saw what the situation was, what were your thoughts?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1376.0,1383.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WENGER: It's funny, back in the 2000s the polio program had made a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1383.0,1390.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"progress. Since it was declared a global project in 1988, cases went from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1390.0,1396.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"350,000 a year to less than 5,000 within about 15 or 20 years. So it got down to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1396.0,1404.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost like a plateau, a very low plateau, but it was in four countries. You've","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1404.0,1411.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heard this probably 97 times. In Nigeria, in India, in Pakistan and Afghanistan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1411.0,1417.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we couldn't--the program was stuck. There was a long plateau where in those four","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1417.0,1423.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries polio just continued. We could drive it down. I mean, the number of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1423.0,1429.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cases had dropped precipitously, but it was still around in these areas, like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1429.0,1435.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1435.0,1435.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsaying, in the poor areas of northern India.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1435.0,1438.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What people would say--at that point in the 2000's what I would hear, and of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1438.0,1443.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"course I was in India, maybe I was just hearing it louder there. People were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1443.0,1448.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saying, oh, you'll never get finished in India, there are just too many people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1448.0,1453.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the routine immunization program misses too many, and there's no sanitation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1453.0,1457.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was another big thing, because up in northern India in UP (Uttar Pradesh)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1457.0,1462.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Bihar, which are the two--well, UP is the most populous state in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1462.0,1467.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country. When I was there, and I think it hasn't changed much, about 95% of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1467.0,1473.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people did not have a toilet, which meant that they would just excrete either in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1473.0,1478.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the street or in the field or in their house, where it would just leak out into","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1478.0,1484.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a little alleyway. So you could just go anywhere, any city in UP and walk down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1484.0,1490.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the street and see a little--you know, the gutter on the side ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1490.0,1494.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwould be sewage.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1494.0,1495.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That, compared with the other prominent issues, was that there were just so many","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1495.0,1501.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, and the population density in those areas was very high. High population","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1501.0,1507.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"density, no sanitation, not getting good vaccination; that's like a triple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1507.0,1512.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whammy against polio, because polio will travel very easily if you have open","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1512.0,1518.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sewage running around and you have a million kids per couple of miles. So it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1518.0,1525.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just a very tough place to get rid of polio. I think when I first went there, a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1525.0,1533.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot of those things struck me as being indeed true. The population and the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1533.0,1539.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sanitation and the lack of routine immunization were just really daunting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1539.0,1544.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problems. But I think that one of the things that helped was that even though","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1544.0,1551.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was true, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1551.0,1552.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwe were already seeing in big parts of India that they could do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1552.0,1556.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. Like I said, in southern India they didn't have polio any more. It's the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1556.0,1561.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same kind of people but--I mean some things were a little better and they did a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1561.0,1566.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"better job at some things. The idea was we just have to do a better job in these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1566.0,1572.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other places, and we can do it there, too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1572.0,1575.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So there was a lot of--I think my initial impressions were, this is going to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1575.0,1580.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really tough. As I said, there were people globally who were saying that India","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1580.0,1585.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the toughest place in the world to get rid of polio, and you won't do it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1585.0,1591.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. So there was a lot of that nay-saying, which continued while I was there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1591.0,1596.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was a little tough to deal with, but I think we could see that even though","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1596.0,1602.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"progress was slow, we were continuing to make progress. We could see how, for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1602.0,1607.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"instance, just before I got there the last case of--you know, polio is in three","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1607.0,1612.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"serotypes, type 1, 2 and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1612.0,1614.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n3, and the last case of type 2 disease was seen a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1614.0,1618.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couple of years before. So we knew we had gotten rid of one of the three types,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1618.0,1624.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even in India. We could also see that of the other two types that were around, 1","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1624.0,1630.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and 3, you know, 3 was sort of on the ropes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1630.0,1634.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We could see we were crunching that, and we would look at the surveillance data","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1634.0,1639.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and monitor where disease was. You couldn't really close it down to, well, it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1639.0,1644.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was in three states and then two states and then one state at that point, just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1644.0,1649.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there's so much travel. You always get kids traveling out of that one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1649.0,1654.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"place into other places and then pooping. Then other people would get disease,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1654.0,1658.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so it was constantly moving around a little bit. But you could decrease the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1658.0,1663.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"number of cases, and you could slowly clean up this state and that state and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1663.0,1668.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another state and this one. So we were making progress in that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1668.0,1672.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We could also see from the genetic analysis of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1672.0,1675.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe polio that was out there, you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1675.0,1678.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could see that whereas there had been--and I'm just making these numbers up, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1678.0,1683.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there had been 12 different families of polio viruses before. In a couple of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1683.0,1688.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years there were only eight, and now there were only four. We were actually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1688.0,1693.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chipping away at the large family of polio viruses and knocking off a number of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1693.0,1699.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these strains. So that was also positive, and we could see that happening, too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1699.0,1704.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other big thing during my years there, we started to do--for decades in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1704.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio program we used the trivalent polio vaccine, tOPV, which has types 1, 2,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1710.0,1715.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and 3. When we were there, some studies were done along with some modelers; Nick","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1715.0,1721.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Grassly, actually, at the Imperial College in London put this data together. We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1721.0,1726.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"showed in India that if you used the trivalent vaccine, it looked like we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1726.0,1731.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weren't getting a good ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1731.0,1733.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nenough take for type 1 and type 3 in the north part of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1733.0,1737.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"India. He did some studies which eventually got published, which showed that we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1737.0,1741.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would probably do better if we--well, basically that having types 1, 2 and 3 in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1741.0,1746.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the same vaccine was not so great if we were trying to get rid of types 1 and 3,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1746.0,1752.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because type 2, the virus that we had already gotten rid of, was actually the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1752.0,1757.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stronger component of the triple campaign, and it out-competed the other two.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1757.0,1761.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But if you took that one out of the vaccine and just used the bivalent vaccine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1761.0,1766.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or if you used monovalent vaccine, just the type 1 or type 3 vaccine, kids would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1766.0,1771.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"respond better to the type 1 and type 3 than they did if we threw the type 2","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1771.0,1777.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the mix. So initially we started to use monovalent vaccines, and then we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1777.0,1782.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finally switched over to type 1 and 3 vaccine. Those had much better impact on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1782.0,1787.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the virus than just using the trivalent one. So we actually changed the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1787.0,1791.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n vaccine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1791.0,1791.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"while I was there, and we started to see good impact with that, so that even","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1791.0,1797.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pushed the virus even further.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1797.0,1799.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I actually left by 2007, and that's when we just had made some changes in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1799.0,1805.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine we were using, seeing how that worked out and continuing to make","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1805.0,1810.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"progress. But there was still virus there. I left in 2007, and then Hamid came","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1810.0,1815.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in, Hamid Jafari, you've either talked to him or you will. He took the job that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1815.0,1821.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was in and not doing that [noise]--it's automatic-- then for another four","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1821.0,1826.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years of working at it and continuing to do these things and bringing in another","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1826.0,1831.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine, they finally switched it down far enough so the last case in India was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1831.0,1836.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 2011, and they were polio free. It was great because you could see that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1836.0,1841.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something that people said would never be done was done. It was done through a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1841.0,1846.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot of hard work and consistent hammering at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1846.0,1849.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nproblem and consistently","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1849.0,1850.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looking around and saying, how can we solve this problem, how can we solve that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1850.0,1856.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problem, where are the missing kids, why did this show up this late--continuing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1856.0,1861.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to innovate to try to get over those hurdles.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1861.0,1864.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Obviously, the people of India never gave up.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1864.0,1867.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WENGER: Yes, that's right. The other thing that was big that happened was when I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1867.0,1873.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started there, most of the Indian program was actually funded by outside","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1873.0,1878.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"donors--most of the Indian polio program: buying the vaccine and actually paying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1878.0,1883.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the vaccines, which is the biggest part of the thing. While I was there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1883.0,1889.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was a real shift in that the Indian government began to take over bigger","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1889.0,1895.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and bigger proportions of the cost of polio eradication, paying for the vaccines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1895.0,1900.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and paying for the vaccinators' costs and that kind of stuff. That was another","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1900.0,1905.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"huge shift, and I think that really helped. The Indian government's ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1905.0,1909.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nownership of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1909.0,1910.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the program was also a big change that I began to see when I was there. I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1910.0,1918.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that ultimately it was great because it was a success. I think that the Indian","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1918.0,1924.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"government could take a lot of pride in actually having done that, having","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1924.0,1930.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accomplished that. It was really clear when they had the celebration--not the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1930.0,1935.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"celebration, but the certification of freedom from polio in 2014. I was at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1935.0,1941.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"big meetings they had there where they had the official certification","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1941.0,1946.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ceremonies, and they were very--I think the Indian government was quite proud of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1946.0,1952.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the achievement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1952.0,1953.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: How do they establish the fact that polio is gone, and how long do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1953.0,1959.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they have to wait after the last case?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1959.0,1962.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WENGER: The plan is that you need to have surveillance going on. There are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1962.0,1968.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surveillance quality measures, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1968.0,1970.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbasically you have to have good surveillance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1970.0,1973.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going on for three years. If you don't see a wild poliovirus case in three","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1973.0,1979.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years, then that is considered proof that it's gone. That was wild poliovirus in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1979.0,1984.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paralysis cases, so you still have to do that thing where you still have to find","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1984.0,1990.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the cases of paralysis and cultures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1990.0,1993.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other thing we started in India while I was there, or maybe just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1993.0,1998.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before--anyway, we were doing it while I was there--was the environmental","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=1998.0,2002.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surveillance thing. [We were] not just trying to look for polio virus in people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2002.0,2007.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who were infected and had paralysis but also looking for it in the sewage. We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2007.0,2013.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started in Mumbai to do that, and then we spread that into multiple places","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2013.0,2018.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"across India. That gave us sort of a heads up on what was going on, because you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2018.0,2024.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't actually need--before, we would actually need to find a paralyzed kid if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2024.0,2029.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were going to identify polio. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2029.0,2031.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut the poliovirus only causes paralysis in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2031.0,2034.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about one in every 200 kids it infects, but there's another 199 kids who are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2034.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting the virus and they're excreting it and spreading it. So what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2040.0,2045.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"environmental surveillance allowed us to do is identify the virus circulating in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2045.0,2050.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an area before it even caused a kid to get paralyzed. That gave us a little bit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2050.0,2057.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a heads up on where we might need to do more work and focus on things. That","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2057.0,2064.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was another innovation that happened earlier. Other people were doing it, too,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2064.0,2069.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it was in India that it became a real part of the program pretty early.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2069.0,2075.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So if you identified wild poliovirus in the sewage, you would then,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2075.0,2080.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what, go to all the people who lived around that area and check the children or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2080.0,2086.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just vaccinate them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2086.0,2087.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WENGER: Well, we couldn't really track it that way. What we would do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2087.0,2092.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n was,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2092.0,2092.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sometimes we would use that information to highlight that there's virus here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2092.0,2097.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That must mean the population isn't well vaccinated. What are the vaccination","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2097.0,2102.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"characteristics of the people living in that area, and then how did the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2102.0,2107.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"campaigns do last time, the last couple of times? Does it look like it was weak","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2107.0,2113.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there? Are there areas that look like we should go back and do again? It","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2113.0,2119.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"highlighted that there was a problem, so we could go back and look at the data","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2119.0,2125.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and make sure that--see if we thought the vaccination was poor in that area, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2125.0,2131.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if it was, we might go back and do additional campaigns.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2131.0,2135.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other thing it helped us to learn was a little bit about this migration","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2135.0,2141.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing and how populations moved and how the virus actually might be moving and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2141.0,2146.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maybe avoiding us sometimes. [For example], in Mumbai we would find out that, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2146.0,2151.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\noh, there's a virus there. But then when they did the sequencing, they would see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2151.0,2156.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that that virus actually was most recently seen in Bihar, like 2,000 kilometers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2156.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away. They would say, hmmm, well, that probably came from Bihar, and it probably","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2160.0,2164.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came in some people who were going back and forth from Bihar to Mumbai. Now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2164.0,2169.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where are those people in Mumbai? Where did they go and where--because that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2169.0,2173.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"might be how it got there, and then where did they go when they go back? And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2173.0,2178.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let's focus on that and try to see. So we find them in Mumbai, and then we try","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2178.0,2184.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to figure out where they went back there. Then we notify the people back in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2184.0,2189.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bihar, saying, okay look, these guys are coming back, and they're coming back at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2189.0,2193.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this time of the year; be sure that your programs get them when they come into","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2193.0,2198.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your space. Similarly down there [in Mumbai], you be sure that your programs get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2198.0,2202.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them when they come into your space. So that was using some of that data to make","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2202.0,2207.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sure that we didn't miss kids half the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2207.0,2210.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nyear. There were a number of ways we used","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2210.0,2213.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, but I think those were probably the most useful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2213.0,2216.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: It must have been amazing to hear that the last case had been found.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2216.0,2221.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WENGER: Yes. I mean after the last case--of course, it's funny because you don't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2221.0,2226.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know the last case has been found until you wait until there's a case and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2226.0,2231.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another case and another case, and then you go two months and there's no more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2231.0,2236.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cases, and then you go six months. Hmm, no more cases. Then you start to get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2236.0,2241.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suspicious. Then you go a year. Aha! That's good. A year with no cases. That's a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2241.0,2246.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good tip-off that things might have really been stopped. Then it just goes on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2246.0,2251.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you keep watching and watching. It's great.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2251.0,2254.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, the problem is--I mean, if your surveillance is good, that works. If there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2254.0,2259.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was an area of the country where you weren't doing surveillance or where you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2259.0,2264.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't know really what's going on and no cases are reported, that doesn't mean","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2264.0,2269.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're out of the woods. What ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2269.0,2271.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhappened more recently--but here I diverge:","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2271.0,2273.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recently we almost thought we were on the same track in Nigeria, and it went two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2273.0,2279.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years, actually, without a case being reported. But then they reported just this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2279.0,2284.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"August a number of cases up in Borno State, which is where these Boko Haram guys","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2284.0,2290.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were. It turned out that in one area where they were in control, the government","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2290.0,2295.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couldn't even do AFP [acute flaccid paralysis] surveillance. So we just didn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2295.0,2299.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know. And actually there was still virus there. Now they're approaching it and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2299.0,2304.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finding ways to get into that place, and now that we know that it's there, we'll","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2304.0,2310.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"address it. But you can be tricked. You can't just think because you're finding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2310.0,2315.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"zero cases that everything's cool. You have to be finding zero cases when you're","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2315.0,2320.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also doing good surveillance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2320.0,2321.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: How did you get around them? How did you get around that in Nigeria?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2321.0,2326.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WENGER: Around?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2326.0,2327.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: The Boko Haram.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2327.0,2328.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WENGER: I think the program, I think we're still working ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2328.0,2332.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\non it, obviously,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2332.0,2333.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because this thing, we didn't really get around it in the beginning. But there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2333.0,2339.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are many--the polio history is filled with examples of being able to see that as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2339.0,2346.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a problem. If there's an area that the government is not in control of and is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2346.0,2353.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"controlled by anti-government elements, then that means there are a bunch of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2353.0,2358.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kids there that you have to figure out some way to get vaccinated. I think the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2358.0,2365.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"earliest experience with this was in Latin America. This was before I was even","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2365.0,2371.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved in the polio program, and you can find other people to talk to more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2371.0,2378.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about this, but they instituted \"days of tranquility.\" There were wars going on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2378.0,2384.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"civil wars, often with government and then often left-leaning revolutionaries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2384.0,2389.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2389.0,2390.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfighting. In a couple of places they actually had negotiations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2390.0,2394.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between both sides and said, okay look, you guys are fighting, but we need to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2394.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccinate these kids. We need to do two rounds of vaccination; we want to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2400.0,2406.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them here and here. So for those weeks or those days we'll have a cease-fire,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2406.0,2412.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then vaccinators went in and they did the work. Then they pulled out, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2412.0,2418.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then they went on and had their war. So there was everything from that, which is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2418.0,2425.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a classic almost--a very nice solution to that, to other ways to deal with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2425.0,2431.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anti-government elements.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2431.0,2432.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sometimes it's a situation where the anti-government group, if they want to look","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2432.0,2437.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like they're providing services to people in their area, they may be in favor of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2437.0,2443.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the vaccination program. They just might not be able to get the vaccine because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2443.0,2449.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2449.0,2450.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwar and people are shooting and no one wants to supply them. So it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2450.0,2455.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ranges: everything from possibly having an anti-government group that is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2455.0,2459.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"amenable to the program, to in other places having an anti-government group","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2459.0,2463.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where they're dead set against the program, maybe only because it's a program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2463.0,2468.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the government that they're fighting against is in favor of. So there's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2468.0,2473.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that, and if that's the problem, that's obviously more difficult.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2473.0,2477.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What we've done in a lot of places is, if there's an area that we can't get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2477.0,2483.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into, we make sure that anybody who comes out--and we do this by--we call them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2483.0,2488.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transit site or stations at the roads coming out of an area. We have a team, a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2488.0,2494.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccination team, in a little booth. So every car that comes out, we ask them if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2494.0,2500.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they have any kids less than five. If they do, they get two drops of vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2500.0,2506.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Similarly, any car going in we do the same thing, so that at least the people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2506.0,2512.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coming ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2512.0,2512.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin and out of those places get vaccinated, the kids get vaccinated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2512.0,2517.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are other things that have been done to try to just make sure that you're","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2517.0,2524.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ready. If an area opens up, if there's active fighting and an area happens to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2524.0,2530.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"open up, even for a week or two or three, you make sure you have teams that can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2530.0,2538.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go in there and do their job and then come out again. So those are rapid","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2538.0,2545.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"response kinds of vaccination programs. And then there's all other kinds of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2545.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things in between. Within many places, even though it's government, they may be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2550.0,2555.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still pro kid and still want to have the vaccine. So sometimes you can have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2555.0,2561.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccines taken in and distributed inside the area of concern just by local","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2561.0,2566.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"village people who are interested in doing that. But those are many, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2566.0,2571.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n many","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2571.0,2571.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different ways-- how we deal with that is a very local kind of operation, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2571.0,2578.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are probably hundreds of different ways it's been done. You just have to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2578.0,2584.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have--I think the guiding light always is that you have to come up with some way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2584.0,2591.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to vaccinate these kids, through negotiations and through being quick on your","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2591.0,2596.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feet and being intelligent about the way you do things. We've been able to get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2596.0,2603.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over that in a lot--essentially almost every place in the world except these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2603.0,2609.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"last couple of places where we're working. We're still working on that, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2609.0,2615.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"places like Syria and Somalia and South Sudan and Angola have all gotten rid of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2615.0,2622.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio in the middle of their messes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2622.0,2625.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I read that you met in Afghanistan with President Karzai. What was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2625.0,2631.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2631.0,2631.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2631.0,2632.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WENGER: Yes. Again, I think that Afghanistan is an interesting example, because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2632.0,2639.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the government has been obviously in favor of the program. What we've had to do,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2639.0,2648.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the country is split, is stress the neutrality of the polio program. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2648.0,2656.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the government gives vaccines to people that they can reach, and the other folks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2656.0,2664.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"give vaccine to people that they can reach, and we have to somehow reach some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2664.0,2673.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kind of arrangement where we facilitate that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2673.0,2677.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Afghanistan is a really tough place, and we don't have a lot of access there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2677.0,2686.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Visiting and even doing business in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2686.0,2690.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nKabul is really a trip, just because of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2690.0,2694.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"security measures. To get into the presidential palace you have to go through a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2694.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gauntlet of security checkpoints. It takes a very long time and everything has","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2700.0,2706.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be arranged days in advance, and it's a very tight situation. But I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2706.0,2713.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the support that we got from the Afghan government has been good and has","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2713.0,2720.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been about as good as we could have expected. There's interest in President","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2720.0,2726.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Karzai and President Ghani and who's the president now. They all know about the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2726.0,2732.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2732.0,2733.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In Afghanistan we have--we call it the president's focal point on polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2733.0,2738.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eradication. There's a guy who reports directly to the president about how it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2738.0,2744.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going. The president in Afghanistan actually periodically holds a meeting with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2744.0,2749.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"his key advisors on polio ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2749.0,2751.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand what are they going to do about that. So it's a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2751.0,2756.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"topic that's right at the top of the--not at the top--it's clearly visible at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2756.0,2762.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the highest levels in Afghanistan, and the same is true in Pakistan; the same","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2762.0,2768.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arrangement. There's a person named Senator Ayesha [Senator Ayesha Raza Farooq],","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2768.0,2773.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who's the prime minister's focal point on polio eradication. She reports, she","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2773.0,2778.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"follows the program very closely and reports to the prime minister.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2778.0,2783.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That high-level ownership of the program and interest in the program is really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2783.0,2788.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important to get things to work on the ground and to get the governors to care","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2788.0,2795.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to get the people who work for them to care. Getting that kind of level of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2795.0,2802.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"buy-in is really critical. That's where I think interactions with people like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2802.0,2807.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bill Gates or like the head of CDC or having the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2807.0,2812.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nPresident of the United States","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2812.0,2815.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to say something about polio to a key leader is a big deal. You really need","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2815.0,2824.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. At some point that high-level approval is really critical in getting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2824.0,2831.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things done in these countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2831.0,2834.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: But you were the guy in the room with President Karzai. So you sat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2834.0,2842.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down together, and then what happened? What did you say, and what did he say?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2842.0,2850.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WENGER: Oh, boy. President Karzai is a very urbane guy. He's very sophisticated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2850.0,2857.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it's funny, he said--what did he say? [Laughing] You don't know what he told","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2857.0,2865.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me, right? I don't know how much information you have. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2865.0,2871.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nHe opened with a joke. He","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2871.0,2873.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, so you work for Bill Gates? Because at that point-- Yes, I do. Oh, Bill.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2873.0,2879.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, you know, in Afghanistan we keep all of our money under our beds in big","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2879.0,2886.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bags, because you never know when you're going to have to leave. Do you think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2886.0,2892.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's what Bill does? I said, well, I don't really know, and Bill doesn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2892.0,2898.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really tell me those things. But I mean he was a very, I would say, very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2898.0,2904.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"personable guy, and he opened with that. We talked a little bit about the Gates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2904.0,2910.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Foundation and all that kind of stuff. But he actually knew what was going on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2910.0,2916.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the polio eradication program, and we made some key points about how his","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2916.0,2922.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"role. It was his role primarily with the governors, because Afghanistan is all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2922.0,2927.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these provinces out there and each one has a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2927.0,2931.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ngovernor. Usually I think they are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2931.0,2934.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"appointed by the president, so they have a lot of clout there. Obviously, these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2934.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"governors in Afghanistan have a lot of things to worry about, and polio isn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2940.0,2946.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right at the top of their list. So in order to get them to do anything, we have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2946.0,2954.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make it be up there. That's the importance of making sure that people like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2954.0,2960.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Karzai and presidents and prime ministers are involved in it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2960.0,2964.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I just have one more thing. I notice in your tweets that you gave","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2964.0,2970.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tribute to the women vaccinators. That was very touching, and I wondered if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2970.0,2975.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was something specific that prompted you to do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2975.0,2979.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WENGER: Well, I think that especially in these countries, these last countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2979.0,2984.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"women are essential to the program. In a lot of these countries you can't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2984.0,2990.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2990.0,2990.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nknock on the door and even ask for kids less than five, if you're not a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2990.0,2997.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"woman. There are a lot of cultural barriers to having men enter a house, or if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2997.0,3004.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's a man at the door even having a woman answer the door. So you can't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3004.0,3011.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually get to the kids without women. I think that the women vaccinators in a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3011.0,3018.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot of these countries are really one of the stalwarts of the campaigns. If you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3018.0,3025.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have respected women in these villages who actually take the polio vaccine and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3025.0,3031.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go house to house and show that they're behind it and work through their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3031.0,3037.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"networks to say this is an important thing, that's really what you need to get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3037.0,3044.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the kids. Otherwise they'll just hide kids. I think that women have, you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3044.0,3050.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nknow, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3050.0,3051.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guess--I shouldn't say that in the wrong way. I mean, women have their kids'","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3051.0,3057.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"health and well-being at the top of their list, and a lot of times it's not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3057.0,3064.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really at the top of other people's list. I think to get that energy and that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3064.0,3071.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of feeling behind the program is really what's made it move a lot farther","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3071.0,3078.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forward in Pakistan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3078.0,3079.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You're aware in Pakistan over the last couple of years, they went through a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3079.0,3085.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rough period, when women were getting shot and vaccinators were getting shot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3085.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They happened a lot of times to be women for the reasons I just said, because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3090.0,3097.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"women are the ones who often end up doing this. I think there are some great","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3097.0,3104.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stories about somebody's daughter or sister getting shot, but they're just going","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3104.0,3109.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3109.0,3110.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nahead and still continue to deliver the vaccine. I think that's really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3110.0,3116.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"impressive. That's really courage that you don't see with a lot of programs, or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3116.0,3123.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you don't see often, is what I should say. I think in many places in those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3123.0,3131.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries that having that energy and love for your kids and love for your","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3131.0,3138.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community that women actually can generate, that's been really key. So yes, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3138.0,3145.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just think it is really important in the polio program to take advantage of that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3145.0,3153.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to realize that without that, I don't think we'd actually be succeeding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3153.0,3160.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we are.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3160.0,3162.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: A wonderful acknowledgement of those people. Thank you so much. This","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3162.0,3168.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has been wonderful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3168.0,3170.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/transcript/69559/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=3170.0,3171.0"}]},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/index/85132","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["content172428492620240821-522984-fkpmuj.xml [English] [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/index/85132/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Background/EIS/Immunization","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=25.0,424.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/index/85132/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Wenger talks about his education and interest in infectious diseases, his work as an EIS officer as well as his work with the WHO and the Expanded Program on Immunization.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=25.0,424.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/index/85132/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Just to get started, would you tell us a little bit about your story, about your background, and how you became involved in public health and CDC specifically?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=25.0,424.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/index/85132/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alaska","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Epidemic Intelligence Service [EIS]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gates Foundation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"India","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reader’s Digest","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Thailand","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"U.S. Public Health Service [USPHS]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World Health Organization [WHO]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=25.0,424.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/index/85132/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bacterial meningitis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bacterial polio program","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"C. 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","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=764.0,1963.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/index/85132/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Afghanistan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Geneva","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Government of India","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Imperial College in London","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"India","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Indian polio program","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"National Polio Surveillance Project [NPSP]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nigeria","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pakistan","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"World Health Organization [WHO]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=764.0,1963.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/index/85132/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"H. 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","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097#t=2634.0,2974.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133973/file/249097/index/85132/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I read that you met in Afghanistan with President Karzai. 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