{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/hx15m63z2k/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Youngner, Julius"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["12450"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights to the interviews, including but not restricted to legal title, copyrights and literary property rights, have been transferred to the David J. Sencer CDC Museum.\u003c/p\u003e","\u003cp\u003eInterviews may only be reproduced with permission from David J. 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And I'm speaking with Dr. Julius Youngner, who is in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=7.0,12.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pittsburgh, so we are on the phone in the recording studio. My name is Karen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=12.0,17.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Torghele, and I'll be talking with Dr. Youngner for the Global Health Chronicles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=17.0,22.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polio Oral History Project. We're honored to have Dr. Youngner with us. He is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=22.0,27.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the essential contributors, and the only surviving member, of the team","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=27.0,32.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that developed the first polio vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=32.0,34.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Julius Youngner, a microbiologist, has been working in some capacity at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=34.0,38.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University of Pittsburgh since 1949. Is that right, Dr. Youngner?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=38.0,41.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=41.0,42.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And he is still a valued member of the virology community. Well, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=42.0,47.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"want to say welcome to Dr. Youngner, and thank you so much for being with us today.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=47.0,53.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: I'm happy to be here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=53.0,55.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: To start, would you like to tell us a little bit about your","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=55.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"background? Where you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=60.0,61.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ngrew up, where you went to school, and what your family","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=61.0,67.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was like, those are all interesting ways to start.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=67.0,72.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Well, I was born in 1920 in the Lower East Side of New York, City at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=72.0,81.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"St. Mark's Hospital. At the age of two and a half, my parents were divorced, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=81.0,89.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was raised mainly by my grandmother while my mother was the earner for the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=89.0,97.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"family. We then moved to Upper Manhattan, and, a typical New Yorker, it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=97.0,104.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"easier to move than to paint. And so we did move to the Bronx, and then to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=104.0,113.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Queens, and finally ended up at 86th Street and West End Avenue, on the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=113.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sixteenth floor, where I spent my teenage ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=120.0,124.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nyears. I graduated from high school in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=124.0,130.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1936 and then went to the New York University. They had a campus at that time at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=130.0,143.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University Heights Campus, which was a separate campus from the Manhattan at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=143.0,152.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Washington Square. It was mainly engineering and science, and I graduated from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=152.0,161.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there in 1939.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=161.0,163.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: What did you study?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=163.0,167.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: I majored in English and minored in biology. After I graduated from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=167.0,177.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York University in 1939, I then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=177.0,183.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwent to the University of Michigan. Now, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=183.0,187.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reason I went into what was then called bacteriology, I think it was because I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=187.0,195.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got some advice from a nephew of my family physician who had gone to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=195.0,203.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University of Michigan and been associated with the bacteriology department","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=203.0,208.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there in the medical school. But I think I was attracted to this field because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=208.0,216.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a child, I had suffered from every known childhood disease that medicine was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=216.0,224.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aware of. This was before the days of antibiotics, and so I say, I told somebody","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=224.0,233.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recently in an interview that my longevity was probably due to my immune system","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=233.0,241.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being boosted by all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=241.0,243.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nof these childhood infections.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=243.0,246.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Oh, you must have a fantastic immune system.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=246.0,252.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: I hope so. I hope it lasts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=252.0,257.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So you had measles, mumps, rubella.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=257.0,261.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Double pneumonia, pneumococcal pneumonia, meningitis, that's about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=261.0,267.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: That's enough.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=267.0,269.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Almost died from the pneumococcal pneumonia at the age of seven. I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=269.0,278.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really close to being dead. There was nothing then to treat it. The antibody","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=278.0,287.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"treatment came later, and then, of course, antibiotics after that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=287.0,293.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So anyway, that's the story of my childhood and education. After finishing my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=293.0,301.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"degree at the University of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=301.0,304.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nMichigan, my doctorate, I was drafted into the army","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=304.0,309.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by my draft board in New York City. I was ready to go into the navy as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=309.0,318.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lieutenant in the navy in a malaria control unit. But my draft board in New York","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=318.0,326.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had precedence over everything, and so the navy said, we can't do anything about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=326.0,333.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, we've tried, but you've got to go in the army.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=333.0,339.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went in the army as a draftee and ended up in Manhattan Project. First I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=339.0,348.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Oakridge, Tennessee, where I was being vetted, and I was there for two weeks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=348.0,356.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then I was transferred to a unit at the University of Rochester in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=356.0,363.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nRochester, New York, where they were studying the toxicity of uranium salts in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=363.0,369.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rabbits and beagle dogs, because the workers in the plants in Oakridge and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=369.0,375.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"elsewhere that were purifying uranium isotopes were being subjected to uranium","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=375.0,380.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dust. And this was a control facility where I learned a lot of pathology. It was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=380.0,387.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very helpful to me in that sense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=387.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Was it a secret to you what you were doing and why you were doing it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=390.0,397.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Well, at the beginning, I had no idea. All I was told when I was being","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=397.0,404.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vetted at Oakridge was that it was a weapon, that if we got it first we'd win","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=404.0,411.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the war, and if the Germans got it first they would win the war. That was scary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=411.0,418.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enough, and also there was complete and total secrecy. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=418.0,422.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWe didn't know what was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=422.0,424.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going on. I tried to get on a bus to see. These buses were going by, with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=424.0,431.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"destinations such as K-24 and G-11. I got on a bus and tried to get to one of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=431.0,439.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these plants. As soon as I got on the bus, the bus driver said, where's your ID?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=439.0,446.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I said, I don't need one, I'm in the army. He said, you are in the army, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=446.0,454.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you don't get off this bus I'm going to call the military police.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=454.0,460.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I never did get to see where they were working. I was in a small compound","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=460.0,467.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reserved for the GIs that were being vetted for security reasons, and kept very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=467.0,473.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much isolated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=473.0,474.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Did you find out why you were chosen specifically to work on the project?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=474.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Yes, I did find out. There ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=480.0,483.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwas another graduate student, at the time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=483.0,487.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that I was at Ann Arbor, who was a biochemist named Gene Roberts, who had been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=487.0,496.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hired by the Manhattan Project to work in Rochester on this project. He had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=496.0,504.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heard that I was drafted as a private and thought that that was a waste, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=504.0,513.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somehow Manhattan Project had precedence over everything. I found out later that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=513.0,520.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my professor, [Walter] Nungester at University of Michigan, was working at Fort","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=520.0,527.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dietrich and had requested my transfer to Fort Dietrich working on biological","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=527.0,534.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"warfare. He never heard anything, and when he tried to find out about me it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=534.0,543.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like I had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=543.0,545.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndisappeared into thin air. So, he couldn't even find out where I was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=545.0,553.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's how secretive they were.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=553.0,556.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Were you able to communicate with your family at all?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=556.0,562.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Yes. I brought my family to Rochester, and they stayed with me there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=562.0,570.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until I was mustered out. I only had one child, who was two years old by the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=570.0,580.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time we left Rochester. So that's the history of my military career. I had spent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=580.0,589.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eight weeks in basic training because they needed soldiers very badly, infantry,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=589.0,596.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very badly. At the time of the Battle of the Bulge, I was taking infantry","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=596.0,605.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"training ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=605.0,606.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nat Camp Barkeley, Texas. Then they needed bodies very badly, so they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=606.0,612.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were taking men out after eight weeks of training and sending them to the Battle","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=612.0,619.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Bulge because they were so short of personnel at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=619.0,625.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When everybody left, I was left standing alone. Ninety-nine men left and got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=625.0,631.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into trucks and went, and I stood all alone there and was told to wait and I'd","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=631.0,639.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"find out something about where to go. It was kind of mysterious to me. It's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=639.0,646.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"amazing how guilty I felt to be left behind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=646.0,650.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Did you find out what happened to your coworkers later?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=650.0,655.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: They were sent overseas. I waited two days, scrounging meals from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=655.0,661.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"various mess halls because my unit where I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=661.0,665.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntraining was closed down. Finally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=665.0,667.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somebody came in a Jeep and took me to headquarters, and then they tried to find","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=667.0,674.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out what I knew about what was going on in Fort Dietrich, and I didn't have the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=674.0,681.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaguest idea. I never did go to Fort Dietrich, but the major who was questioning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=681.0,687.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me was certainly very curious as to why I was getting this special treatment,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=687.0,693.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because everywhere I traveled I traveled with sealed orders. So I didn't know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=693.0,698.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where I was going until I got on the train, and then no MPs [military police]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=698.0,705.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could question me where I was going, very mysterious.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=705.0,709.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: That must have been quite an experience.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=709.0,712.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Yeah. Getting to Oakridge, first of all, nobody on the train ever","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=712.0,717.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heard of a military installation called Oakridge. I got off at Knoxville and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=717.0,722.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called a telephone ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=722.0,723.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nnumber that the orders told me to call. Somebody answered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=723.0,727.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saying hello, and I said, I'm supposed to call this number, and they asked me if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=727.0,734.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was who I was, and I said yes, and he said, just wait there, I'll come and get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=734.0,742.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you. I just went to sleep on my duffle bag, and a little while later somebody in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=742.0,749.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"civilian clothes woke me up and took me in a plain automobile out into the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=749.0,755.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mountains in Tennessee, and I was in Oakridge.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=755.0,758.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: That involved a lot of trust on your part, it sounds like.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=758.0,763.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Well, it was scary, but I was curious. It was mysterious rather than","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=763.0,769.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"scary, let me put it that way. I wasn't scared at any time, I was just terribly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=769.0,776.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"curious about what was going on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=776.0,778.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And what your life was going to be like when you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=778.0,783.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ngot there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=783.0,784.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Yeah, I didn't know. I didn't know. After I finished my military","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=784.0,792.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"service, I went back to the University of Michigan at the Department of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=792.0,800.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bacteriology for one year as an instructor, and then was looking around for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=800.0,808.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"places because that was only a temporary requirement, that they take me back for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=808.0,816.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a year. Then I found out that the United States Public Health Service was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=816.0,824.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opening up commissions for scientist officers. Up to that time, this was 1947,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=824.0,832.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up to that time they had only commissioned physicians, dentists, veterinarians,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=832.0,838.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and nurses, and those made up the officer core, but ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=838.0,844.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthey never had scientists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=844.0,846.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I heard that they were recruiting, and it was interesting to me, and so I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=846.0,853.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went through all the tests for getting into the Public Health Service, physicals","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=853.0,858.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and other written tests and so forth, and finally got a commission and was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=858.0,864.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"assigned to the Cancer Institute in Bethesda.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=864.0,867.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Now, had you heard of the Communicable Disease Center or Malaria","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=867.0,872.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Control in War Areas at that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=872.0,875.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: I don't think I was really aware of the CDC [Centers for Disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=875.0,881.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Control and Prevention] at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=881.0,883.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: It seems like that would have been a good fit for you at the time, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=883.0,890.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was new.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=890.0,891.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: It was new, and I didn't hear of it until later on when we worked on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=891.0,898.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the vaccine. Then I became conscious of the CDC, but before that I had no","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=898.0,904.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inkling. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=904.0,904.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nCDC would have maybe been a better match, but I didn't have any contact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=904.0,912.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knowledge of CDC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=912.0,914.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So you were in NIH [National Institutes of Health] at the Cancer Institute?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=914.0,922.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Well, I worked on mammary tumors in mice, but my whole desire was to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=922.0,931.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work on cell culture, and I did a small project with a colleague there named","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=931.0,940.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Clifford Grobstein, who later became the first dean of the medical school in La","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=940.0,948.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jolla [the University of California-San Diego School of Medicine]. We did a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=948.0,955.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small study, and a very simple-minded study when you look back on it now. We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=955.0,964.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took two different ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=964.0,966.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nspecies of cells and grew them together to see whether there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=966.0,971.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was any incompatibility in cell culture, as there was in animals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=971.0,976.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So, two different species of animal?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=976.0,979.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Yeah, like chicken and mouse.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=979.0,981.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And what did you find?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=981.0,983.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: This was published in Science, because it was so simple-minded that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=983.0,988.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Science published it. At that time, cell culture was just getting into its own,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=988.0,994.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then I wanted to do something with cell culture and viruses because I had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=994.0,1000.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heard what [John Franklin] Enders, [Thomas Huckle] Weller and [Frederick","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1000.0,1004.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chapman] Robbins had done with polio virus and cell culture. I just wanted to do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1004.0,1010.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something with viruses and cell culture, so I could combine the tissue culture","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1010.0,1015.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and cell culture system with my interest in infectious diseases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1015.0,1019.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So can you remind us what Enders and Weller and Robbins--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1019.0,1024.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: They were the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1024.0,1026.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfirst ones to show that polio virus could grow in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1026.0,1031.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"non-neural tissues, and they won the Nobel Prize later for that in 1954.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1031.0,1038.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And you took it from there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1038.0,1042.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Yes. I went to the scientific director of the Cancer Institute and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1042.0,1049.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"told him what I wanted to do, and he was himself working on cell culture for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1049.0,1058.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another reason, and he said, there's no room. The people who were doing cell","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1058.0,1066.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"culture there were using Alexis Carrell's technique of working in a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1066.0,1072.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stainless-steel room that was completely steam-sterilized, and everybody wore","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1072.0,1077.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hoods, masks and gowns. It was just impossible for that kind of work to be done","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1077.0,1086.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the Cancer ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1086.0,1088.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nInstitute. So I said, I'd like to do it, and he said, well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1088.0,1094.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're building the Clinical Center and it will be through in a year or two.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1094.0,1100.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why don't you go someplace where you can do what you want and then come back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1100.0,1107.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here, and we'll pay your salary as a commissioned officer while you're gone?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1107.0,1113.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I started to look around and let some acquaintances in Ann Arbor know what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1113.0,1119.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was going on. And one of them was also an acquaintance of Jonas Salk, who was at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1119.0,1126.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the School of Public Health, but I had never met him. We were in Ann Arbor at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1126.0,1133.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the same time, but the medical school and the School of Public Health might as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1133.0,1139.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well have been ten miles apart.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1139.0,1142.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So Jonas Salk heard from our mutual acquaintance what I was looking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1142.0,1147.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfor, and he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1147.0,1148.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wrote me a letter and told me what they were doing. They were typing polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1148.0,1155.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"viruses at the time. He had moved from Ann Arbor to Pittsburgh and had gotten","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1155.0,1162.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some money from the National Foundation [for Infantile Paralysis], which is now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1162.0,1168.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called the March of Dimes. He'd gotten some money to be one of the three groups","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1168.0,1176.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that were typing polio viruses to see whether there were only three types, if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1176.0,1183.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were more, it would make it more difficult to develop a vaccine. All three","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1183.0,1190.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"labs agreed with the samples we had in Pittsburgh. There were twenty-four","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1190.0,1196.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"samples from different parts of the country, and when I got there, this was all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1196.0,1203.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being done in monkeys, which ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1203.0,1205.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nis a laborious and difficult way to do typing. What","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1205.0,1212.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I started to do was work on cell culture, and pretty soon had monkey kidney cell","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1212.0,1224.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cultures going, and started to do the typing in culture as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1224.0,1233.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I had this cell culture going, and by a year and a half, we were already","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1233.0,1245.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"growing polio virus and inactivating it. It's amazing. We couldn't do that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1245.0,1254.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"today. We could do so many things then that would have been obstacles for us ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1254.0,1265.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntoday. Mouth pipetting and no laminar flow hoods and no safety glasses when you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1265.0,1273.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were working.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1273.0,1274.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: No protection.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1274.0,1276.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: No protection. Well, lab coats, but I never wore gloves. It's amazing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1276.0,1283.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that nobody got infected.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1283.0,1285.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: That is amazing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1285.0,1287.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Nobody did. There were just five professionals and animal technicians","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1287.0,1293.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and glassware technicians, and later the group grew when we started to scale up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1293.0,1301.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to almost industrial-size production, a vaccine that we could use in trials in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1301.0,1308.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pittsburgh in volunteers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1308.0,1310.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So when you decided to go to the Pittsburgh lab, do you remember what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1310.0,1318.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was that most influenced you to go there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1318.0,1323.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Jonas Salk, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1323.0,1325.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand the opportunity he gave me. He said, you could work on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1325.0,1331.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any virus on cell culture, but if you could work in polio virus, I would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1331.0,1338.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"appreciate it. And that made it possible. I had sort of a carte blanche, and he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1338.0,1346.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a very persuasive and bright man, and we got along very well. I decided to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1346.0,1354.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go there for two years, and by the end of two years we were so far into the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1354.0,1363.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"development of the vaccine that I got in touch with the people in Bethesda and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1363.0,1370.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, I'd like to stay here. And they said, well, we can't extend your two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1370.0,1377.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years, but you can go into the Reserves. That's what I did. I stayed in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1377.0,1385.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reserves and kept getting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1385.0,1387.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npromoted in the Reserves until I was 65, without doing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1387.0,1393.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything. I kept volunteering for going abroad for various emergencies that the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1393.0,1400.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Public Health Service was involved in, but they never chose me to go.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1400.0,1407.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: It sounds like it was a good choice for you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1407.0,1413.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: That brings us to the time when we were developing the vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1413.0,1420.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Who else was at the lab at the time when you came?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1420.0,1427.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: There was Jim Lewis and Major [Byron] Bennett. Jim Lewis was a PhD,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1427.0,1435.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but Bennett didn't have a degree. He was trained in the military. He had been at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1435.0,1444.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Walter Reed, and he had been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1444.0,1447.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin North Africa and worked on typhus, and was an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1447.0,1452.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"excellent, excellent technician and got to work with mice. Jim Lewis did most of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1452.0,1460.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the monkey work. Then there was me, and there was Jonas [Salk], and then later","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1460.0,1468.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came Percival Bazeley, who was an Australian who had developed penicillin in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1468.0,1474.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Australia during the war and had gotten quite distinguished awards for his","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1474.0,1480.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contribution to the war effort. He came because he had skill in scaling up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1480.0,1488.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"production. So that's what we had to do to make enough virus to really do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1488.0,1496.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something in Pittsburgh, and then to develop a protocol that we could hand to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1496.0,1504.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pharmaceutical companies who would do ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1504.0,1507.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe big, large-scale production.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1507.0,1509.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So he had done that with development of penicillin.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1509.0,1514.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: In Australia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1514.0,1515.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Was he able to transfer his skills to your lab?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1515.0,1520.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Yes. He was responsible for the scaling up of the production.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1520.0,1526.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Now, did you all socialize outside of work, or did you even have time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1526.0,1533.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to socialize?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1533.0,1534.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Well, Jonas Salk didn't run a group that encouraged fraternization,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1534.0,1539.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"let me put it that way. He kept us pretty well separated. He never had any group","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1539.0,1547.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meetings. He would deal with each person individually. He never had social","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1547.0,1553.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"events at all, except my wife and I were friendly with him, and we had dinner at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1553.0,1561.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their house and they had dinner at our ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1561.0,1565.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhouse. I don't know that he had this kind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1565.0,1570.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of relationship with any others. I'll give you an example of the attitude. One","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1570.0,1578.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time he came to me early on and said, Juli, I'd appreciate it when there are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1578.0,1587.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"others around that you refer to me as Dr. Salk and not call me by my first name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1587.0,1597.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So, very formal?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1597.0,1599.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Very formal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1599.0,1601.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I see.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1601.0,1603.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: He wanted to maintain a distance. Anyway, Jonas Salk is a whole other story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1603.0,1612.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So, you didn't have team meetings, for instance, and share what you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1612.0,1619.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were doing to collaborate?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1619.0,1621.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: No, it was all through ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1621.0,1624.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhim. Bennett would prepare samples for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1624.0,1628.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"injection into monkeys, and Jim Lewis would do the monkeys, and then I would do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1628.0,1637.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all the development of cell culture procedures to test things. And I developed a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1637.0,1645.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rapid color test for testing antibody and virus, and that made things go very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1645.0,1653.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fast. Without that test, it would have been hard to do all the samples that were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1653.0,1663.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coming through. So that gives you a description of the lab. He liked to keep all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1663.0,1673.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the strings in his hand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1673.0,1676.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: In control, it sounds like.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1676.0,1680.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: He was a control freak.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1680.0,1684.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1684.0,1685.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhow long was a typical day for you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1685.0,1688.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Well, I would go in in the morning after breakfast, and I always came","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1688.0,1694.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home and had dinner with my wife and kids, because we only lived about ten","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1694.0,1700.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"minutes from the lab. And then I would almost always go back for a while in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1700.0,1707.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"evening, and I always went in on weekends. It was pretty intensive, but I always","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1707.0,1713.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had dinner with my family.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1713.0,1715.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Oh, that's good. I'm sure that was very important to all of you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1715.0,1721.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: It was important to me, yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1721.0,1724.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Now, there were others working on polio vaccine at the same time as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1724.0,1730.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your lab was. Did you ever collaborate with any of them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1730.0,1735.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: No. The only person that Jonas was in touch with really was David","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1735.0,1741.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bodian at Johns Hopkins [Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine], and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1741.0,1746.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1746.0,1747.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got a lot of advice, both political and scientific, from David Bodian, because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1747.0,1754.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jonas was involved with the immunization committee at the National Foundation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1754.0,1760.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for Infantile Paralysis, who were largely influenced in their thinking by Albert","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1760.0,1767.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sabin, who thought that an inactivated vaccine would never work. Jonas was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1767.0,1774.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fighting battles all the time, and he won almost all of them for one important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1774.0,1782.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reason, and that is that Basil O'Connor had complete and total faith in Jonas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1782.0,1790.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Basil O'Connor was the president of the National Foundation [for Infantile","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1790.0,1796.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Paralysis]. He had been a law partner of Franklin Roosevelt at one time, and he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1796.0,1804.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became president of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1804.0,1806.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfoundation and ran it until his death. He took Jonas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1806.0,1812.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under his wing and believed in Jonas Salk, so that's why we could go on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1812.0,1820.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although there was all this opposition in the immunization committee. Jonas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1820.0,1826.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fought all those battles. I had nothing to do with any of that. I was the inside","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1826.0,1835.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"man. He did that very well, he was very good at that, except Albert Sabin could","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1835.0,1844.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out-debate him any time of day or night, month, or year. Albert Sabin was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1844.0,1852.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forceful personality and great debater. When they got together, Jonas always was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1852.0,1859.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one step behind him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1859.0,1861.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Sounds like Dr. Sabin was pretty intimidating.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1861.0,1865.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1865.0,1866.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nYeah, he was a real curmudgeon, real curmudgeon. But the feeling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1866.0,1872.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between them was very hostile. I'll give you an example. Am I taking your time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1872.0,1881.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I'm enjoying everything you're saying.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1881.0,1884.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: I have to give you an example, which typifies the way they felt about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1884.0,1893.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one another. Sometime in the eighties, 1980s, I was president of the American","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1893.0,1901.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Society for Virology and the year I was president, it turned out that there was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1901.0,1910.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to be a celebration of Albert Sabin's eightieth birthday at the NIH","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1910.0,1918.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[National Institutes of Health], at the Fogarty Center. As president of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1918.0,1925.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Society for ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1925.0,1927.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nVirology I was invited to this affair, which consisted of a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1927.0,1933.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"daylong sort of celebration, his former students and fellows giving papers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1933.0,1939.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Albert Sabin sat through everything. He was quite shaky at that time, but he sat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1939.0,1947.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through it all and asked his usual questions and nasty questions. And then after","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1947.0,1955.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the session was over, we went to the Cosmos Club in Washington. And then there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1955.0,1963.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a banquet, and then after the banquet we went to an auditorium where various","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1963.0,1971.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"speeches and praise of Albert Sabin were made. At one point I was on the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1971.0,1979.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program, and I got up and made my greetings to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1979.0,1985.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhim and congratulations from the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1985.0,1991.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Society for Virology and all the virologists in the United States. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=1991.0,2006.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"last speaker, of course, was Albert Sabin, who was the speaker. He got up there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2006.0,2023.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and was talking about how he developed the Sabin vaccine and how he had carried","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2023.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out the field trials. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2040.0,2045.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAlbert Sabin got up to speak and he was talking about, as I said, about the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2045.0,2053.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"development of the vaccine, and then he talked about the first announcement he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2053.0,2059.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made to the virology community about the success of his vaccine. And he pointed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2059.0,2066.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and said, in the first row as he was talking, he said, He ticked off all the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2066.0,2074.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who were sitting in the first row. You know, John Paul, [Thomas] Francis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2074.0,2081.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Tom Rivers, and then he stopped. He stopped dead. Then he looked at me and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2081.0,2089.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, Juli Youngner's old boss.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2089.0,2091.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: He couldn't even say his name.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2091.0,2094.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: He could not get the name Jonas Salk out of his mouth. So that gives","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2094.0,2102.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you some inkling, the mutual ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2102.0,2104.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n feeling.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2104.0,2104.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I see. It must have been awkward for you when they were having their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2104.0,2110.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"debates in public.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2110.0,2111.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Not at all. Sabin and I, I mean, I got along very well with Albert","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2111.0,2118.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sabin. He may have held it against me that I was working with Jonas, but he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2118.0,2125.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never showed it to me. We always were cordial with one another.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2125.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: That's good.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2130.0,2131.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: It never spilled over in my relationships with him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2131.0,2135.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Some other people are coming to mind at the time that were working on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2135.0,2141.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio. One was Maurice Hilleman. Did you ever have any contact with him or meet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2141.0,2147.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him later?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2147.0,2148.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Later I had contact with Maurice, yes. I had a lot of contact with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2148.0,2154.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him, but other people had tried and, I guess, I don't want to go through all the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2154.0,2161.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"history of the failed attempts ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2161.0,2163.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto make vaccine. Cox had tried to use monkey","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2163.0,2169.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brains. Nobody had any real success using anything but cell culture. This was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2169.0,2178.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the breakthrough, really.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2178.0,2180.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: You had some vital contributions in that line for vaccine development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2180.0,2188.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can you describe how those came about and how they impacted the whole vaccine development?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2188.0,2198.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: I developed a way of expanding the ability to use primary tissues by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2198.0,2207.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"using trypsin to disperse the tissues, and that was a big advance. I published","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2207.0,2216.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three papers about the techniques for doing this and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2216.0,2222.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nstandardizing it. This","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2222.0,2224.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trypsinization of monkey kidney cortical tissue really was the breakthrough that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2224.0,2230.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made it possible to grow large amounts of polio virus. Of course, today they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2230.0,2238.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't use monkey kidney anymore, they use primary human cell line. But in that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2238.0,2246.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time this was the standard for producing vaccine with these cell cultures.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2246.0,2253.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think if I had to tell you what my major contribution would be, it would be in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2253.0,2263.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developing cell culture techniques and studying viruses in cell culture. I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2263.0,2270.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there almost at the very beginning of contributing to the initiation of this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2270.0,2277.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"field in virology. There was something called, I don't remember what it was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2277.0,2284.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncalled, International something Index. My papers were high on the citation index","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2284.0,2292.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a number of years because of a technical advance. That's about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2292.0,2301.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Let me go back just a little bit. You've got us right up to the verge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2301.0,2312.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the discovery. When did you start to realize that you had the vaccine? The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2312.0,2322.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio vaccine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2322.0,2323.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: 1952.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2323.0,2324.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And what was it like in the lab about that time? It must have been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2324.0,2335.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very exciting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2335.0,2336.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: 1952 was the peak of polio in the United ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2336.0,2343.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nStates, and we had an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2343.0,2346.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"incentive. On the third floor of the building we were working in, which was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2346.0,2353.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"called Municipal Hospital, we were in the first floor and in the basement, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2353.0,2360.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the third floor, one of the wings was filled with patients in iron lungs. It","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2360.0,2368.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a center for paralytic, paralyzed people who needed iron lungs. Going up to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2368.0,2375.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that third floor, going into that ward, was enough to make you go back to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2375.0,2383.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lab and work all night. It was horrifying.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2383.0,2387.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Did you personally know people or have relatives that contracted polio?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2387.0,2393.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: No. I had a college classmate who married a woman who was a professor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2393.0,2401.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at Colombia, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2401.0,2402.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwho was badly crippled with polio, but that's the only person I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2402.0,2408.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ever knew personally. She was very badly crippled with polio that she contracted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2408.0,2414.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a child.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2414.0,2415.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Something else I was curious about: just right about the time the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2415.0,2421.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine was being discovered was, there were political things happening at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2421.0,2427.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same time. I'm thinking about the McCarthy era and all the post-World War II","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2427.0,2434.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ramifications. Were there things you feel like that influenced the push for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2434.0,2440.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio vaccine, or that impeded it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2440.0,2443.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: No. The rise in polio cases, and the realization that it wasn't the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2443.0,2450.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease of infants, but the age group that was being affected was getting older","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2450.0,2457.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as time went by. So it was a disease of sanitation, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2457.0,2462.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nas they say, because it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2462.0,2466.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infantile paralysis, because children were, infants were, exposed very early to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2466.0,2473.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fecal contamination of one kind or another. It was mostly a disease that was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2473.0,2482.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contracted very early in life and most of it, 99.9 percent of it, didn't turn","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2482.0,2491.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into polio, paralytic polio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2491.0,2493.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As time went by, ages five to nine became the highest age group, and this is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2493.0,2503.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before the vaccine. Then it started to go to the ten- to fourteen-year-olds, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2503.0,2512.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then more and more adults were infected with polio. So it was a societal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2512.0,2521.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"emergency in a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2521.0,2523.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nway, that it was becoming so prevalent, and as I say, in 1952","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2523.0,2529.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were over fifty thousand cases of polio in the United States that year,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2529.0,2536.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paralytic polio. We were working with the realization that if we succeeded, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2536.0,2542.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were sure we would. There was never any doubt in any of our minds that this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2542.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the answer, because we had enough data from monkey experiments and local","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2550.0,2556.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experiments with schoolchildren that formalinized polio virus killed with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2556.0,2560.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"formaldehyde, that this was going to be the answer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2560.0,2564.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Now, did you get any pushback from people, the live vaccine people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2564.0,2570.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for instance, wondering if you could develop an immune response to a killed virus?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2570.0,2577.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Of course. Sabin said it would never work, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2577.0,2582.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthere were others on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2582.0,2584.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the immunization board who were equally convinced that Sabin was right. Every","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2584.0,2590.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time it got to a crisis in those discussions, Basil O'Connor would back Jonas no","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2590.0,2597.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"matter how many of them were, what the majority would say. Albert Sabin thought","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2597.0,2604.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was a waste of money, and his live virus vaccine, which he was developing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2604.0,2611.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trying to develop, which wasn't licensed until '62. By that time, he couldn't do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2611.0,2618.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a field study in the United States. He had to do his field study in Russia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2618.0,2626.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there were so many vaccinated kids in the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2626.0,2631.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Okay, so I'm getting us a little bit off track, but we've got you up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2631.0,2639.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the point of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2639.0,2641.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n1952. You're getting to the point where you know that you were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2641.0,2647.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to have the vaccine that's going to work, so what were the next steps? You","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2647.0,2655.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did some clinical trials, is that right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2655.0,2658.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Yes. They weren't clinical trials. They were what we would call now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2658.0,2664.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Phase I and Phase II trials.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2664.0,2667.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Vaccine trials?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2667.0,2668.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Yes. In other words, we did a small number of children in local","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2668.0,2675.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"schools whose parents volunteered their children. We did small numbers to show","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2675.0,2681.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the vaccine didn't do any harm, didn't have any side effects. Also, we bled","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2681.0,2688.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these children and showed that they had developed antibodies against all three","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2688.0,2694.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"types. This was the trivalent vaccine we were using then. Then we went to a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2694.0,2701.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"larger ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2701.0,2701.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ngroup, which would be a Phase II trial in Pittsburgh. The Foundation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2701.0,2709.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanted, and Jonas had promised, to do fifty thousand children, which was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2709.0,2717.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ridiculous. We did something like fifteen thousand children in the area,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2717.0,2724.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"volunteers in the tri-state area here. This was the Phase II trial.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2724.0,2732.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Now, how did you convince parents to volunteer their children?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2732.0,2739.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: They were scared to death of polio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2739.0,2744.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I see.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2744.0,2746.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Nobody ever refused. First of all, we were getting very good publicity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2746.0,2754.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the local papers, promissory notes, so to speak. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2754.0,2761.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nparents were absolutely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2761.0,2762.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"willing, too. Also, we told them we had vaccinated our own kids and ourselves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2762.0,2769.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We did that before we did any other children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2769.0,2773.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: That must have gone a long way with parents.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2773.0,2778.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Yeah. Then we had no trouble doing those ten or fifteen thousand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2778.0,2784.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children, and that was also Phase II trial, because we weren't looking for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2784.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"effectiveness against polio, we were just looking for the production of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2790.0,2795.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antibody. So we had these thousands of antibody samples to test, and this color","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2795.0,2802.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"test that I developed really made that possible to do that within a short time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2802.0,2809.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Tell a little more about the color test and how you could tell there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2809.0,2816.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were antibodies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2816.0,2817.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: The color test depended on the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2817.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nchanging color of a dye that was in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2820.0,2826.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"culture medium. The dye was phenol red, and this dye was yellow when it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2826.0,2835.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"acidic environment and it was red or purple when it was alkaline environment. We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2835.0,2844.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"put cells, monkey kidney cells, and the sample in the tube at the same time, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2844.0,2854.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you could titrate by the change in color of the medium in the small tubes. In","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2854.0,2864.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other words, if the virus killed the cells in two days, the tube would be red.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2864.0,2874.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If you had titrated a virus out to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2874.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nend point, you could test the end point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2880.0,2884.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for titrating a virus, because you would get to the point in the dilution series","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2884.0,2891.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the tubes were all yellow. You could use like ten tubes for dilution and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2891.0,2898.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you could get a statistical titer of the virus. By the same token, if you added","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2898.0,2906.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antibody to the cells and then added the virus, the antibody would protect the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2906.0,2913.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cells against the virus and the tube would stay yellow. This is what the color","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2913.0,2920.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"test was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2920.0,2921.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So you could see?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2921.0,2923.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: You could look at it. You didn't have to have a microscope or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2923.0,2930.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything. You just put them in the incubator. At first we sealed the little","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2930.0,2937.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tubes with rubber seals, but then we put a little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2937.0,2942.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmineral oil on top, which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2942.0,2944.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saved a lot of time putting the plugs in the tubes to make sure they were in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2944.0,2952.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"solid. The little bit of sterile mineral oil on top let the reaction go on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2952.0,2959.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without impeding the results. We could do large numbers of blood samples. A","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2959.0,2965.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"technician and I would do hundreds of samples a day. So that was what the color","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2965.0,2973.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"test was. Did I explain it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2973.0,2976.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Very well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2976.0,2977.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Okay, thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2977.0,2979.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So you've gotten the Phase II vaccine trials, and those were the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2979.0,2985.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"groups known as the Polio Pioneers, is that right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2985.0,2989.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2989.0,2990.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Did your children get the little badges they got?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2990.0,2995.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: No, they got their vaccine long before ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2995.0,2999.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat. The next step was to do a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2999.0,3004.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Phase III trial. That was the big trial that was done in 1954, run by Tommy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3004.0,3014.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Francis in Ann Arbor. That was where the placebo was used, placebo injection, so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3014.0,3023.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was a double blind study. It was the largest study, I think, that was ever","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3023.0,3033.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"done, probably ever will be done. It was done over one year, over one summer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3033.0,3043.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were eight hundred thousand children involved in twelve states. This will","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3043.0,3051.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never happen again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3051.0,3053.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: That's a huge trial.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3053.0,3056.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Huge trial. Especially ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3056.0,3059.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto get all those volunteers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3059.0,3061.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Right, but wasn't there some controversy too that the media spread,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3061.0,3067.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Walter Winchel--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3067.0,3068.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Oh, he tried to say it was a killer vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3068.0,3073.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: There were other naysayers too. Were people skeptical about doing it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3073.0,3079.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because of that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3079.0,3080.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: A lot of people were, but then came the Cutter incident.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3080.0,3086.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Well, we'll get to that too. Let's finish up with this third phase and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3086.0,3093.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the announcement that it worked, and then I want you to talk about the Cutter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3093.0,3100.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"incident. So you did the third phase on eight hundred thousand children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3100.0,3106.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Well, we had nothing to do with that. We were hands-off on that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3106.0,3112.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there would have been a conflict of interest.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3112.0,3116.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So while you were waiting for these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3116.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nresults, what kinds of things were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3120.0,3123.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you doing in your lab?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3123.0,3125.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Well, I was beginning to work on developing some polio mutants, and I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3125.0,3132.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was now going into more scientific aspects of polio virus in cell culture.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3132.0,3138.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And you had no inkling how the trials were going? You must have known,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3138.0,3145.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"though, that they were going well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3145.0,3148.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: No. No. Not until the announcement on April 12, 1955.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3148.0,3153.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Tell us what that was like.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3153.0,3156.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Well, that was very exciting, to know that it really had succeeded.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3156.0,3162.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When Tommy Francis gave the results, and then it was a bittersweet occasion.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3162.0,3168.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Have you read Oshinsky's book [David M. Oshinsky, Polio: An American Story]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3168.0,3174.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3174.0,3175.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Well, then, you know ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3175.0,3177.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3177.0,3178.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3178.0,3179.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: I don't like to talk about that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3179.0,3183.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Well, it's a part of history now that--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3183.0,3188.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Jonas Salk completely thanked everybody, including the dean of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3188.0,3194.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medical school, the head of the nursing, and everybody but the colleagues who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3194.0,3201.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked with him. It was a terrible blow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3201.0,3205.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: It must have felt terrible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3205.0,3208.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Yes, but then that was painful enough, but the next, I guess you read","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3208.0,3216.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about that too. It's very painful for me to talk about this Cutter incident.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3216.0,3223.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: You had a part in that, though. You were on your way to San Francisco","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3223.0,3231.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you got a call from Cutter Labs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3231.0,3235.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Yes. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3235.0,3237.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwas in San Francisco and they called my hotel and said, could I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3237.0,3243.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come out and visit their lab for a bit? I said, well, I only have one day here,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3243.0,3251.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they said, well, we'll send a car for you. And they sent a car and chauffeur","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3251.0,3258.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they took me out to Oakland where their plant was, and they took me to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3258.0,3265.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lunch. And then they went to the plant and they showed me their inactivation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3265.0,3271.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"curves, and they obviously were doing something that wasn't right. They weren't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3271.0,3276.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting proper inactivation, and they were worried about the batches that they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3276.0,3281.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had to throw away.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3281.0,3283.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then they showed me into the room where the batches were, and I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3283.0,3289.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"horrified to find that they had in the same room, they had finished polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3289.0,3295.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine that they were going ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3295.0,3297.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto distribute, and also inactivating vaccine in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3297.0,3301.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same room, in these big stainless steel vessels. I thought, that's a no, no. You","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3301.0,3309.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can't do that! I was pretty much horrified by what I had seen, and, as you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3309.0,3318.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I came back to Pittsburgh and immediately went to see Jonas and told him what I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3318.0,3327.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had seen and said, I don't trust their releasing of any vaccine. Because this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3327.0,3335.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was just days after the announcement in Ann Arbor.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3335.0,3340.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was back in Pittsburgh. I said, I don't think Cutter vaccine should be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3340.0,3348.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"released, because I don't think those guys know what they're doing. I said, I'm","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3348.0,3356.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3356.0,3357.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwrite a letter to William Workman, who is head of the Division of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3357.0,3364.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Biologics at NIH, and to Basil O'Connor, and tell him what's going on so they'll","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3364.0,3372.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stop it. Jonas says to me, I think it would have more impact if it came from me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3372.0,3381.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he never wrote the letter. I've looked in the archives in White Plains, New","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3381.0,3389.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"York, and couldn't find anything. And of course the Salk boys wouldn't let me go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3389.0,3397.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the archives, so I couldn't go there and look, but I have a feeling that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3397.0,3405.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Basil O'Connor would have stopped Cutter from being distributed. In that sense,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3405.0,3411.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being so naive and trusting of Jonas, who had shown me in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3411.0,3418.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npast some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3418.0,3419.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"incidents of not being exactly truthful with me, I should have known better. In","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3419.0,3429.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some way, I feel responsible for the kids who died because of that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3429.0,3438.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: You must have felt betrayed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3438.0,3442.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: I was completely betrayed, completely. I kept that all to myself for a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3442.0,3452.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"long time because it was too painful to talk about it. But when the Apollo","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3452.0,3463.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disaster occurred, you know, the engineers at the Space Center of Cape Canaveral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3463.0,3472.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then had told them not to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3472.0,3476.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsend the space shuttle because it was too cold in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3476.0,3482.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"morning, it was much too cold. Because of political reasons they were outvoted,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3482.0,3489.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the rest is history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3489.0,3492.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Yeah, it was a similar type thing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3492.0,3496.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: I guess Richard Feynman, and when the investigation was going on,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3496.0,3502.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Richard Feynman, this great physicist, famous physicist, very bright guy, he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3502.0,3508.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took one of the rings and put it in ice water.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3508.0,3514.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Rings from the rocket?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3514.0,3517.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Sealing rings in the rocket, and put it in the ice water and then took","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3517.0,3525.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it out of the ice water and showed that it just cracked. It's not rubber","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3525.0,3533.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anymore, or plastic, whatever it was made out of. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3533.0,3538.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAnyway, that really, I felt","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3538.0,3541.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such sympathy for the engineers that tried to warn them, but that was six people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3541.0,3549.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"died, or eight people. I don't know how many were in that capsule, but the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3549.0,3557.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cutter vaccine caused many more deaths.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3557.0,3560.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Yeah, but you had done what you could in good conscience and thought","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3560.0,3568.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it would be taken care of.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3568.0,3571.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Yes, but it still haunts me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3571.0,3575.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I'm sure it does. So that changed your relationship with Jonas Salk.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3575.0,3582.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What did you do next? How did that change your career?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3582.0,3588.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Well, it was just a question of time when I would leave the lab. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3588.0,3596.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nRelations between families had really deteriorated too, because when they got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3596.0,3603.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back from Ann Arbor and I was in San Francisco, Donna Salk, his wife, called my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3603.0,3614.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wife and said, we're very disappointed that you didn't call and congratulate us.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3614.0,3623.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My wife answered, eff you, Donna, and hung up on her. Can you imagine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3623.0,3632.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: That's pretty amazing!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3632.0,3635.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Yeah. So his wife obviously then bought into this whole, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3635.0,3643.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mythmaking was amazing that went on after that. Incredible amounts of money were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3643.0,3652.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sent in after Edward R. Murrow, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3652.0,3656.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhe was on Edward R. Murrow, and when Murrow said","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3656.0,3661.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that people should send in dimes or dollars, and the money came in, in mail","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3661.0,3668.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sacks, believe it or not. There never was an accounting of how much money was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3668.0,3675.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"collected. He never counted, and the dean of the medical school couldn't get an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3675.0,3682.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accounting, Jonas wouldn't give it to him. So I don't know whatever happened to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3682.0,3689.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that money, but it was quite considerable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3689.0,3692.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: People must have been so excited about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3692.0,3696.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Yeah, yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3696.0,3697.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I understand that Salk was not embraced by the scientific community.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3697.0,3703.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And was it, do you think, because the media embraced him and because of the way","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3703.0,3711.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he presented it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3711.0,3712.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: It was a combination of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3712.0,3715.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhis self-mythologizing and his faux humble","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3715.0,3719.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"personality, and that everybody knew how he treated his colleagues, especially","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3719.0,3726.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. That didn't help either. He never did another thing in any publications of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3726.0,3735.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any sort after until he died. He did a couple of papers with his son Darrell","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3735.0,3746.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about improving polio vaccine or something, but he couldn't do anything scientifically.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3746.0,3754.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was in Pittsburgh and met with a group of graduate students, and one of my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3754.0,3765.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"graduate students went to this luncheon with Jonas. I guess it was when his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3765.0,3774.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nportrait was unveiled here. If Jeanie Jordan came back after the luncheon and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3774.0,3783.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, you have to hear this. I said tell me. She said, he said that somebody","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3783.0,3794.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"asked him how many NIH grants he had and he said, I never had an NIH grant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3794.0,3806.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there are no committees that could judge my work. She just was very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3806.0,3816.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"amused by this, but his ego and his self-aggrandizement was of a kind that I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3816.0,3827.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"haven't seen again in, except people I don't want ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3827.0,3833.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto mention.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3833.0,3834.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He was smart. He was affable and he was a great organizer, but he was no scientist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3834.0,3846.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Sounds like he was a complex person.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3846.0,3852.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Because, you know, I have the satisfaction of having had an NIH grant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3852.0,3862.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for thirty-five years straight, with the same number, and I was doing research","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3862.0,3871.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until I was eighty-nine years old and I developed another vaccine, an equine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3871.0,3880.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"influenza vaccine. Attenuated, by the way, a live [virus] vaccine for horses. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3880.0,3889.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say there were two vaccines ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3889.0,3893.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndeveloped at the University of Pittsburgh and I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3893.0,3897.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved with both of them. It's a satisfaction to me, great satisfaction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3897.0,3903.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I know how respected you are in the scientific circles. I wanted to go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3903.0,3910.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back just a minute to the Cutter incident again. Because this is a CDC project,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3910.0,3917.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I wanted to know if, in the process of the investigation of finding out where","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3917.0,3924.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the vaccine that was contaminated came from and who it impacted, if you become","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3924.0,3931.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"aware of the CDC's involvement and the people who did the work?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3931.0,3937.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: I didn't know the people who did the work, but I knew they were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3937.0,3944.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved, because by this time, the vaccines that were on the market were being","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3944.0,3951.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tested by several different ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3951.0,3953.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nlaboratories. There was a short embargo on Cutter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3953.0,3957.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine. And the amazing thing, the resilience of this project, that people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3957.0,3963.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't stop taking the vaccine, because the National Foundation was so well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3963.0,3969.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"respected, and the blame was all on Cutter and didn't rub off on Jonas Salk.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3969.0,3977.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Or any of the other pharmaceutical companies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3977.0,3981.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Paul Offit has a book in which he claims to have found evidence that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3981.0,3989.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of the other vaccine companies like Wyeth had produced vaccine that was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3989.0,3996.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"improperly inactivated too. I guess you read Offit's book, too [Paul A. Offit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=3996.0,4003.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Cutter Incident: How America's First Polio Vaccine Led to the Growing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4003.0,4009.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vaccine Crisis]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4009.0,4010.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4010.0,4011.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: I can't tell you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4011.0,4014.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nanything. You already know everything!","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4014.0,4017.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: It's not just for me, it's for the Global Health Chronicles, so all of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4017.0,4026.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your answers and the way you're answering them are perfect. I also wanted to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4026.0,4034.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know, speaking of the different laboratories, did they all use the same sort of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4034.0,4042.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recipe to make the vaccine when they first started manufacturing the vaccine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4042.0,4049.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it came from the Salk and the Pittsburgh lab, is that right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4049.0,4056.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Well, let me tell you that Bazely had developed a fifty-five-page","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4056.0,4063.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"manual on how to prepare the cells in the vaccine, how to inactivate it and all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4063.0,4072.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. What was handed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4072.0,4074.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto the companies that were making the vaccine, that manual","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4074.0,4081.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was given to the three companies that made the vaccine for the field trial,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4081.0,4091.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because in the field trial there was no evidence of any untoward reaction in all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4091.0,4101.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those six hundred thousand that were vaccinated, I lost my train of thought.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4101.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So we were talking about different pharmaceutical companies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4110.0,4116.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Oh, yeah. Some companies that went into production after that who had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4116.0,4125.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been priming themselves for the licensing of the vaccine. They were given a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4125.0,4134.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"twenty-seven-page ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4134.0,4135.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmanual. The other things that I fought against in the lab, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4135.0,4142.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I fought with Bazely, and Jonas had to settle this argument. We were using","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4142.0,4151.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something called Seitz filters, which were very slow. The filtration was very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4151.0,4158.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"slow. Bazely introduced something called sintered-glass filters, this was before","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4158.0,4164.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the days of the Millipore filters. These were sintered-glass filters, which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4164.0,4171.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were, I don't know how they manufactured them, but they had different porosity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4171.0,4179.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"based on the flow rates.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4179.0,4182.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What I knew from my experience with sintered-glass filters, that if you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4182.0,4189.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"autoclave them, you have to sterilize them after using ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4189.0,4195.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthem, the porosity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4195.0,4197.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"changed. There were a lot of breaks in the glass, the weaves in the glass. It","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4197.0,4207.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wasn't the same filtration rate anymore. In order to speed up the filtration of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4207.0,4216.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the preparation, Bazely had introduced sintered-glass filters against my advice,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4216.0,4222.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Jonas agreed with Bazely. I think that, that's what a lot of the problem of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4222.0,4232.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cutter was, too, because by that time they were using sintered-glass filters,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4232.0,4240.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because that was part of the protocol that Bazely handed them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4240.0,4247.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now they use Millipore filters, which are made out of some kind ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4247.0,4255.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nof synthetic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4255.0,4256.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"material that keeps the porosity very exact and it doesn't break. They're","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4256.0,4263.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disposable, you don't re-sterilize them. They're very reliable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4263.0,4268.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And do you use those filters to filter out the parts of the virus?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4268.0,4277.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: What would happen when they filtered, that some of the pieces of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4277.0,4285.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tissue with virus still inside would go through. That's what caused the problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4285.0,4293.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was called in 1957, '58. Pfizer took me to Folkestone in England, where their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4293.0,4302.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plant was in England, because they were beginning to make vaccines for the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4302.0,4310.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"British, and they were having trouble with inactivation. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4310.0,4315.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nasked them, what kind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4315.0,4317.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of filters are you using, and they said they're using sintered-glass filters,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4317.0,4323.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I said, that's probably your problem. You should switch back to Seitz. And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4323.0,4330.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you know, the interesting thing is, before I left, as the limousine was ready to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4330.0,4337.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"take me back to London to the airport, they got a telegram from the Ministry of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4337.0,4345.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Health saying, stop using sintered-glass filters. I was the hero of the day in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4345.0,4352.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Folkestone, I'll tell you. It was a very interesting occurrence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4352.0,4357.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: It must have been pretty satisfying.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4357.0,4360.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Oh, it was a hoot. They were all very excited, and because it was one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4360.0,4368.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these things that happens only a couple of times in a lifetime. Anyway, I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4368.0,4376.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a prophet in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4376.0,4377.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntheir country, and I was correct.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4377.0,4380.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: That must have been fun.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4380.0,4383.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: So, anything else I can tell you? You're so well-read, I'm telling you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4383.0,4390.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lot of stuff you've probably already know about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4390.0,4394.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I love hearing it from you, though. You were there. I can just read","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4394.0,4401.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4401.0,4402.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: I was there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4402.0,4404.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I guess to finish up: I'm curious about what you think about the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4404.0,4411.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"possibility of global eradication of polio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4411.0,4414.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: I think they're getting close, they're getting close. It looks like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4414.0,4420.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Type II has disappeared now. They're using the bivalent now, and it's certainly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4420.0,4426.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"circumscribed in geography now. They've got it down, but the last cases are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4426.0,4432.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to be hard to get to, because of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4432.0,4437.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nTaliban killing the vaccinators and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4437.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the religious intolerance and rumors about what the vaccine would do. That's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4440.0,4447.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still around, and it's going to be hard work to get the last of cases done. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4447.0,4457.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"question then is, are people going to still be carrying the virus and for how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4457.0,4466.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"long? Because the live virus vaccine revertants are around and causing a lot of,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4466.0,4474.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the reason we gave up the vaccine in this country was because the cost benefit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4474.0,4483.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wasn't there anymore, because it was causing the polio in the United States. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4483.0,4491.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think that's a factor that the vaccinators ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4491.0,4495.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nare going to have to really take into account.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4495.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think they're getting so close, and I'm just hoping, hoping that they succeed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4500.0,4508.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But it's going to be hard, slogging work to get the last of it done. I wouldn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4508.0,4518.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be surprised if polio pops up here and there after they think they've done it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4518.0,4526.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all, because it's not like smallpox, not at all. People can carry this virus for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4526.0,4534.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"months. There's even been a recent report that virus was found in the stool of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4534.0,4542.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an individual twenty-seven years after he was vaccinated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4542.0,4547.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: That's incredible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4547.0,4549.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: So that's the kind of thing, if they stop ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4549.0,4555.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nvaccinating, not until the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4555.0,4557.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"last case is gone and certified that poliovirus has been eradicated, they won't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4557.0,4564.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stop vaccinating in developed countries at all because it's too easily flown","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4564.0,4570.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Pakistan to New York City, you know? It's a small world we live in.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4570.0,4578.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: It is a small world, getting smaller, isn't it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4578.0,4583.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Yes. Epidemiologists have to take that into consideration, which they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4583.0,4589.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't have to do in days gone by.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4589.0,4593.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Much harder to spread. The travel wasn't so widespread.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4593.0,4598.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4598.0,4600.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So do you have any final thoughts? Anything else you would like to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4600.0,4608.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mention in the context?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4608.0,4610.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: No. I think you've covered almost ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4610.0,4614.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\neverything. I've left out some of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4614.0,4618.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the more painful incidents with Jonas Salk, but I think that's something","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4618.0,4626.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"personal and I don't see that that's any business of the world. But he was quite","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4626.0,4636.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a dishonest guy. Fortunately, I caught him. The big one I didn't catch.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4636.0,4644.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: You went on with your career and made a success of your life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4644.0,4653.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: Oh, yes. My career, I mean, I was several different fields. 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I like the praise.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4707.0,4713.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Well, I think it's well deserved. So, I guess we should wrap up. 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I was excited about ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4729.0,4733.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbeing able to meet you by phone,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4733.0,4743.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I hope to meet you in person someday.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4743.0,4756.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"YOUNGNER: I would like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=4756.0,4763.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/transcript/69295/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Well, thank you again so much, and I hope to see 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","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2183.0,2316.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/index/84939/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"You had some vital contributions in that line for vaccine development.  ","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2183.0,2316.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/index/84939/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio virus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vaccine","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"virology","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2183.0,2316.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/index/84939/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cell culture","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2183.0,2316.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/index/84939/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Working through peak of U.S. polio epidemic","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746#t=2316.0,2632.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133961/file/248746/index/84939/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Youngner talks about realizing he had made a polio vaccine breakthrough and the pressure he felt to create a polio vaccine at a time when so many U.S. citizens were being affected by the disease.  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