{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/j09w08z04q/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Mermin, Jonathan"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["12798"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["David J. 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I'm here with Dr. Jonathan Mermin. Today's date","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=0.0,5.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is August 22, 2018, and we are in Atlanta, Georgia, at the Centers for Disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5.0,11.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Control and Prevention. I'm interviewing Dr. Mermin as part of the oral history","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=11.0,16.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"project The Early Years of AIDS: CDC's Response to a Historic Epidemic, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=16.0,21.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"PEPFAR Years. We are here to discuss your experience during the early years of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=21.0,26.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC's work on PEPFAR, the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. Dr.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=26.0,31.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mermin, do I have your permission to interview you and to record this interview?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=31.0,36.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=36.0,37.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Jono, you have worked passionately on the HIV-AIDS [human","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=37.0,41.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunodeficiency virus, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome] epidemic since the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=41.0,44.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"early days in college at Harvard [University], as a medical student at Stanford","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=44.0,49.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[University], and as an internal medicine resident at San Francisco [General","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=49.0,53.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hospital]. At CDC, you served as Director of CDC Uganda during the critical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=53.0,58.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years between 1999 and 2006, including the early ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=58.0,61.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nPEPFAR years when","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=61.0,62.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antiretroviral therapy became a reality for Africa. You then served as CDC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=62.0,67.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Director in Kenya, overseeing a broad range of infectious diseases. You came","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=67.0,72.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back stateside in 2009 and served as Director of the Division of HIV-AIDS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=72.0,78.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prevention until 2013, when you assumed your current position as Director of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=78.0,84.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"National Center for HIV-AIDS Viral Hepatitis, STD [Sexually Transmitted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=84.0,88.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Diseases] and TB [Tuberculosis] Prevention. You have done so much, and yet it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=88.0,94.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always seems as if you are just getting started. Let's begin with your","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=94.0,100.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"background. Would you tell me about where you grew up, and your early family life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=100.0,107.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: I grew up in the Bronx, in New York City. My father died when I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=107.0,114.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"four. I have a twin sister and an older brother. When we went to school, I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=114.0,121.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\none of the important ethos for our family was that you had to pay a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=121.0,129.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attention to academics and you had to care about the people around you. My","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=129.0,136.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother made sure that we thought about that, both (with) our individual lives","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=136.0,142.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the context for how we were living within the broader community and nation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=142.0,149.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You went to college at Harvard. This was 1983, and there were already","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=149.0,156.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"3,000 AIDS cases reported in the United States. The cause of AIDS had been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=156.0,163.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"identified at the Institut Pasteur in France. You were already very interested","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=163.0,169.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in HIV/AIDS at this time. Can you tell us a little bit about that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=169.0,176.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: To some extent it was happenstance. I was studying in school, and I had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=176.0,183.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=183.0,183.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nopportunity to take an independent study. There was a prominent professor,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=183.0,187.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Dr.] Ruth Hubbard, who had written a lot on bioethics, and the most important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=187.0,193.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing for me at that time was (that) I'd really like to spend some time and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=193.0,199.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learn from Professor Hubbard. I went to meet with her, and I said, \"I want to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=199.0,205.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"study anything.\" She said, what are the areas of interest to you? I mentioned a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=205.0,211.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"few, and I said, \"-- and then there's AIDS.\" She said, \"You know, I don't know a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=211.0,218.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot about AIDS. Let's work on AIDS.\" So, I spent that semester writing a paper","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=218.0,224.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about what was going on with AIDS. I was also at that time a work-study student","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=224.0,230.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a professor in a circadian rhythm laboratory at Brigham and Women's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=230.0,235.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hospital. That professor was also interested in AIDS. His name was [Dr. Charles]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=235.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Chuck Czeisler, and he ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=240.0,242.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nended up establishing a study group on AIDS and public","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=242.0,246.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"policy that brought together the Kennedy School of Government, the School of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=246.0,250.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Public Health and the Harvard Medical School, to look (at) and examine some very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=250.0,255.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"specific topics related to policy. Should there be premarital screening for HIV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=255.0,259.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and other issues that were going on at the time. He had representatives on that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=259.0,264.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"group from the city health department, the state health department, all the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=264.0,268.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"academia, and folks who were actually running clinics in Boston. Many of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=268.0,273.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people like [Dr. Jerome E.] Jerry Groopman and [Dr. Kenneth H.] Ken Mayor, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=273.0,278.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Dr. Martin S.] Marty Hirsch were already prominent in the field. He said to me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=278.0,283.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"I just heard you did this independent study on AIDS. Why don't you take a year","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=283.0,289.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"off from school and come work for me and help me establish this thing?\" I said","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=289.0,295.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would be fantastic. So, I dropped out of school for a year and ended up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=295.0,301.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"helping to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=301.0,302.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nestablish that study group and learned a lot at the time. This was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=302.0,308.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time when there was a letter in the Boston Globe that recommended that all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=308.0,314.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people with AIDS be quarantined on an island off the coast of Massachusetts.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=314.0,320.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was a lot of fear. People were concerned about their own health. They were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=320.0,327.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concerned that this disease might spread. There was discrimination and a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=327.0,332.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tremendous amount of stigma. I think I started in the field within that context","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=332.0,338.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the social and economic environment that had led to some of this. Also, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=338.0,345.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fight for gay rights at that time was inextricably combined with AIDS. That","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=345.0,351.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really started my interest, and I continued to do HIV work really for the rest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=351.0,358.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of my life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=358.0,359.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Who influenced you to go to medical school ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=359.0,363.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n then?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=363.0,363.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: I became interested, I think, because I was interested in AIDS. I wanted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=363.0,368.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to make a difference. It might be considered trite, but it was really (that) I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=368.0,373.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"felt (I was provided a) gift that I had opportunity. The hard part was, how do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=373.0,379.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you pick--how do you pick (from) all these options? To some extent you have to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=379.0,384.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pick because you have to graduate from college. I really enjoyed the idea that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=384.0,389.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being a doctor would give you tools, that if times were rough, you still could","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=389.0,394.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feel like you were helping people. I also really liked individual care. I had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=394.0,399.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been an emergency medical technician [EMT] briefly, and I had been a Candy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=399.0,404.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Striper at the local hospital. I tried to get a feel for what it would be like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=404.0,410.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to actually care for people in their time of need. I was both intimidated by it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=410.0,416.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"realizing there's a lot to learn and it's scary to make a mistake, but also","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=416.0,421.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"realizing, wow, if I could get those ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=421.0,423.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nskills that would make me useful. I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=423.0,427.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was an underlying desire that somehow, I wanted to have utility, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=427.0,433.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medical school was an option.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=433.0,435.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Where did you go to medical school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=435.0,439.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: I went to Stanford [University].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=439.0,442.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: This was 1987 to 1992, I think. Did you see AIDS patients during your","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=442.0,449.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medical school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=449.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: I did. This is essentially the beginning of the peak of HIV in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=450.0,457.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States. By the time I went to medical school, the Bay Area was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=457.0,463.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experiencing thousands of people with HIV. I chose Stanford partially because it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=463.0,468.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was warmer, and I found Boston really cold. If you took five years instead of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=468.0,475.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"four years for medical school, you could actually pay for most of your tuition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=475.0,481.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, I ended up with very little ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=481.0,484.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndebt when I graduated from medical school. It","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=484.0,488.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also provided the opportunity to save money by working, so you would actually do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=488.0,495.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"research either domestically or globally as a medical student, to be paid by the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=495.0,502.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"university enough to essentially cover tuition. I worked in a laboratory on HIV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=502.0,508.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with [Dr.] David [A.] Katzenstein and his colleagues. I ended up doing a study","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=508.0,515.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where we looked at the semen of men with HIV to see if the spermatozoa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=515.0,522.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"themselves had any HIV RNA [ribonucleic acid] inside the sperm and also whether","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=522.0,528.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the white cells in semen had any HIV incorporated into its DNA [deoxyribonucleic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=528.0,534.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"acid], and the answer was no. We were able to essentially clean the sperm enough","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=534.0,541.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then lyse them, and we found no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=541.0,545.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nRNA actually within the sperm. That really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=545.0,548.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was important at the time because people wanted to reproduce, and there were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=548.0,553.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"questions about whether you'd also have risk of transmitting HIV. I also had a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=553.0,558.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chance to go to Cameroon with a colleague of mine, Dr. Reuben [M.] Granich, who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=558.0,564.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also later did EIS [Epidemic Intelligence Service] and global HIV work here at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=564.0,569.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC. When we went to Cameroon again, it was 1988. There was a professor at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=569.0,575.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stanford who was working with Peter [M.] Ndumbe, who was a professor at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=575.0,580.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University of Yaoundé, trying to develop a simple HIV antibody test that could","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=580.0,585.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be used in the field in Africa. So, we had an opportunity to stay within the HIV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=585.0,591.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world. Even locally we were involved in a program that was going out to East","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=591.0,597.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Palo Alto [California] and trying to provide prevention services to people who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=597.0,601.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"injected drugs. There was a lot of support for HIV work from the student ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=601.0,606.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n body.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=606.0,606.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: At this time, you were just at the beginning of AZT [zidovudine] in '89.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=606.0,613.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"For the most part, what types of diseases were you seeing in AIDS patients, in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=613.0,620.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medical school and internship?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=620.0,622.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: I tend to see my time in medical school and then my residency in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=622.0,629.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"internal medicine at San Francisco General Hospital together. I chose to go to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=629.0,635.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"San Francisco partially because San Francisco General Hospital was the place you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=635.0,641.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went if you wanted to really learn HIV, and it served underserved populations,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=641.0,647.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which made a big difference. In this very small primary care internal medicine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=647.0,653.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program, it was almost like getting a fellowship in HIV care. We had patients","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=653.0,659.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who were intubated with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia [PCP], people who had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=659.0,664.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaposi's sarcoma, people who ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=664.0,666.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhad non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, and all of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=666.0,669.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opportunistic infections, including tuberculosis, that were very common for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=669.0,672.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people with HIV. There was something else going on, and that was that the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=672.0,678.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of HIV had already looked at prophylaxis. How do you prevent these infections","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=678.0,683.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from occurring, even though we couldn't restore someone's immune system just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=683.0,687.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with AZT? That was the time that AZT had to be taken every four hours and (you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=687.0,693.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had to) wake up to make sure you're taking your medication. Even with dual","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=693.0,698.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"therapy with Zalcitabine [ddC] or even Didanosine [ddI], it ended up being","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=698.0,703.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inadequate to really help people live the kind of lives they can live today. But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=703.0,709.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with prophylaxis, if you took Bactrim, you were able to prevent PCP. People had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=709.0,714.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been in the hallways outside the ICU [intensive care unit], and suddenly we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=714.0,719.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"emptied our ICU of people with PCP. You still had people coming in occasionally,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=719.0,724.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but those were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=724.0,725.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npeople who were diagnosed with HIV infection at the time that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=725.0,730.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they had their opportunistic infection. For people who had been already","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=730.0,735.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diagnosed, you could prevent it (opportunistic infections). I still remember","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=735.0,739.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who developed Steven's Johnson's syndrome from taking cotrimoxazole","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=739.0,743.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(generic name for Bactrim) prophylaxis. Then it was really important to work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=743.0,748.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with them to desensitize them so they could take it again and avoid the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=748.0,754.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"complications of the reaction, because it would prevent PCP.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=754.0,758.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: During your internship and residency, slowly antiretroviral drugs [ARV]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=758.0,762.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were becoming more available, so you got to see the spectrum between HIV with no","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=762.0,769.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"drugs and as drugs were being developed. What an interesting time --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=769.0,774.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: It was in 1995 when protease inhibitors were approved by the FDA [U.S.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=774.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Food and Drug Administration]. that really was the beginning of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=780.0,785.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n complete","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=785.0,785.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"change in HIV care, and at that time I moved to CDC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=785.0,791.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Do you remember how you felt at that time? Infectious diseases wasn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=791.0,797.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supposed to be like oncology, but here you were taking care of people that were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=797.0,804.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dying, a lot of them. Do you remember how you dealt with that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=804.0,810.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Everyone has mixed emotions. Sometimes just caring for someone and being","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=810.0,816.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a kind and thoughtful person to people's families made a difference. Sometimes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=816.0,822.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you helped people resolve many years of conflict at the time that they were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=822.0,829.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dying or very sick, because their families came and you could help people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=829.0,835.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resolve things before the death of a loved one. I also felt there was always","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=835.0,842.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something to do. I did have tools, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=842.0,845.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand sometimes I had patients who fought in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=845.0,848.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"positive ways and sometimes in negative ways regarding their illnesses. I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=848.0,853.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was an understanding that just being a physician who embraced you and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=853.0,858.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accepted you as who you are, and was not afraid to give you a hug (was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=858.0,864.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important). And (someone who was) not afraid, in fact, (who) enjoyed spending","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=864.0,869.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time with you because you had HIV or because you were someone who was an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=869.0,875.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"individual who was a fellow human made a big difference. I found a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=875.0,881.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rewards in the work and a lot of pain. It was tiring. It was difficult to have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=881.0,888.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who were young have such serious illnesses. I think mistakes are always","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=888.0,893.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made as a physician in training and in practice, and they stay with you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=893.0,898.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You were doing public health in many ways. How did you decide to come to CDC?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=898.0,905.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: I don't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=905.0,906.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nknow how I first heard about it, but CDC has internships for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=906.0,910.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medical students. I signed up and I did a six-week internship with the Malaria","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=910.0,915.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Branch out in Chamblee, the way Chamblee was, not what Chamblee is now. They had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=915.0,920.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a softball game in the dusty grassland that was there, and I'm pretty sure the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=920.0,925.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"offices were in a bunker.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=925.0,927.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=927.0,928.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Yes, and [Dr. Laurence] Larry Slutsker and [Dr. Richard W.] Rick","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=928.0,932.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Steketee were there, and they had had a collection of data from a study that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=932.0,937.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they'd done in Malawi. It looked at pregnant women and where there is an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=937.0,942.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"association with malaria in infants if the mothers had HIV. I remember being","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=942.0,947.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"presented with this information and (being told) I want you to use Epi Info and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=947.0,952.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"figure out what was going on. It was extremely exciting, because it was the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=952.0,957.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first time we were able to show that association and a lot of aspects of it that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=957.0,963.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"led to prevention and prophylaxis, how you could prevent ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=963.0,966.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwomen from both having","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=966.0,968.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"malaria in pregnancy but also in their infants. The colleagues were great. They","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=968.0,973.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were kind people who were also really smart, and I loved at that point the magic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=973.0,979.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of epidemiology. I loved to think that you could take numbers that represented","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=979.0,984.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things and put them together, and they could end up giving you results that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=984.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seemed to be true.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=990.0,992.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Then you came to CDC as an EIS officer. Where were you assigned for EIS?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=992.0,998.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Did you go to work on AIDS, or did you pick something different?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=998.0,1003.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: I picked the Foodborne and Diarrheal Diseases [Branch].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1003.0,1007.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Can you tell us about that experience?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1007.0,1010.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Fantastic. I think, as most people at CDC, I really found EIS an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1010.0,1016.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exceptional time. First, I had mentors who were great-- [Dr. Patricia M.] Patty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1016.0,1021.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Griffin, [Dr. Robert V.] Rob Tauxe, and [Dr.] Eric [D.] Mintz. I worked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1021.0,1026.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1026.0,1026.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who knew what they were doing, who wanted to make a difference. It was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1026.0,1032.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outbreak focused, so much of it was outbreak focused. I went to Tajikistan for a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1032.0,1038.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"multidrug-resistant typhoid fever outbreak of 10,000 people during a civil war.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1038.0,1043.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The entire U.S. Embassy had been evacuated except for the Ambassador and his","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1043.0,1048.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"political officer. We went out with colleagues and interviewed people and found","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1048.0,1053.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out that it was associated with the water supply. The intervention was actually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1053.0,1058.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to stop people leaving their taps open so that you could build up water pressure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1058.0,1064.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so you wouldn't have backflow. We also got the Ukraine to provide the chlorine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1064.0,1070.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they had stopped providing because Tajikistan couldn't pay anymore, and it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1070.0,1075.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made a big difference. It was exciting, and it was challenging. I had other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1075.0,1081.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opportunities with E. coli [Escherichia coli] O157 in lettuce.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1081.0,1085.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1085.0,1085.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nYou were in Cameroon, and then you had to go to Tajikistan. Did you have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1085.0,1091.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a history of wanting to do international work? Did this just fall in your lap,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1091.0,1097.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or was this part of a master plan?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1097.0,1100.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: My interest actually started in medical school with Reuben, who had done","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1100.0,1105.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lot of international work beforehand. We met the first day of medical school","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1105.0,1111.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he said, that's what I do. I said, sure, I do public health. Let's get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1111.0,1117.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together and write a proposal to go to Cameroon. I think that started my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1117.0,1123.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interest, and it also, to some extent, led to EIS. I always felt that if I were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1123.0,1130.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to go overseas, I wanted to have skills. I needed to have the skills and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1130.0,1136.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the independent thought and an understanding of epidemiology that would allow me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1136.0,1141.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to know enough that I would be useful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1141.0,1144.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1144.0,1144.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nMoving along, you then got an MPH [Master of Public Health] degree and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1144.0,1150.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did a preventive medicine residency. Then comes Uganda in 1999. What made you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1150.0,1156.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decide to go overseas to Uganda, specifically?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1156.0,1159.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: I had been looking to do that. At that time, I was with [Dr. Rebecca E.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1159.0,1166.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Becky Bunnell in California. She was working with the Division of STD Prevention.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1166.0,1172.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Who became your wife. Were you married then?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1172.0,1176.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: We were at some point, but that's another story which I may have to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1176.0,1182.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tell, if you ask, again. In fact, we were--Becky was pregnant, intentionally,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1182.0,1187.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we were living together in California. I received a call from [Dr.] Eve [M.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1187.0,1193.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Lakritz from the International Activities Branch in the Division of HIV-AIDS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1193.0,1198.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prevention at that time. She said, we need someone to go out to Uganda to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1198.0,1204.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1204.0,1204.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"help start a CDC field station related to HIV. Would you be interested? Then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1204.0,1209.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"someone also called Becky and said, we need someone to take over [Dr.] Elizabeth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1209.0,1214.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Marum's job as the CDC assignee to USAID [United States Agency for International","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1214.0,1219.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Development] in Uganda. Would you be interested? At that time, we still hadn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1219.0,1224.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"figured out if they knew we were together or not, but international positions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1224.0,1229.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were very rare. Becky had spent so much time overseas that she wanted to come","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1229.0,1234.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back, find a husband, and do good work. She said, there's only one country I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1234.0,1239.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would ever go to again, and that would be Uganda. Meanwhile, I'm like, this is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1239.0,1244.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, this is a gift. So, we wanted to go out. I flew out on an exploratory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1244.0,1250.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mission when she was eight months pregnant. I passed out these things to my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1250.0,1255.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brother and my best friend, called cell phones that had just been invented, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1255.0,1260.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, if anything happens, you (had) better be there. Because CDC was a poor ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1260.0,1265.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\norganization at that time, they wanted USAID to cover the housing. The USAID","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1265.0,1271.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"management officer there was talking to me about this and said, if you're not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1271.0,1278.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married, I won't let you into the house. We went home and Carlos [M. Kent]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1278.0,1285.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Campbell said, \"if\" you get married, we'll buy your program a car. We thought,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1285.0,1292.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're going to need a car if we go out there, so we'll get married. So, we got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1292.0,1300.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"married, and then we went out together to Uganda.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1300.0,1304.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Was this setting up a CDC office in Kampala?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1304.0,1309.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: It was in Entebbe. [Dr.] Robert [G.] Downing, a really seasoned and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1309.0,1315.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dedicated laboratory scientist, had been working there already with a few","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1315.0,1320.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ugandan laboratory technicians on some initial work, but the assignment for me ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1320.0,1326.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwas to build it into a field station.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1326.0,1329.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Quite a bit was known about the AIDS epidemic in Uganda by that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1329.0,1336.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Eastern Africa had just been overrun. Can you tell us a little bit about the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1336.0,1343.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"situation regarding HIV in Uganda when you got there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1343.0,1347.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Sure. The prevalence of HIV in Uganda had just started to decrease. It","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1347.0,1353.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was one of the first countries, with Thailand, that showed decreases in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1353.0,1358.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prevalence for the first time, and that was a celebration. That happened a few","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1358.0,1364.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years earlier, and there was a lot of scientific and political discussion about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1364.0,1370.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what was causing that decrease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1370.0,1372.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: What was it? What are we talking about? What was it in antenatal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1372.0,1378.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clinics? What was in the urban areas? What are we looking at in terms of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1378.0,1385.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"approximate --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1385.0,1386.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1386.0,1386.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nProbably about 10% or higher, depending on what populations you're","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1386.0,1391.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looking at, and a higher proportion in certain populations. I do know that the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1391.0,1398.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"average Ugandan could name 40 people who had died of AIDS, so it had devastated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1398.0,1405.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the country. It was the leading cause of death.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1405.0,1409.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: What was the feeling among the Ministry (of Health)? This is in the time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1409.0,1416.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a little bit of antiretroviral therapy, but certainly not full scale. How","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1416.0,1422.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were the clinical situations? Were they just overrun with dying people? What was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1422.0,1428.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it like when you first got there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1428.0,1431.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: That was the case. One of the things is that Uganda had established the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1431.0,1438.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first indigenous AIDS organization in Africa, called The AIDS Support","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1438.0,1443.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Organization, or TASO, and it was a juggernaut ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1443.0,1447.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin the world of being able to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1447.0,1450.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"help people and support people with HIV. It was social support, and it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1450.0,1456.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community support. At that time, they didn't have clinical support because they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1456.0,1461.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't have prophylaxis implemented and they didn't have antiretroviral therapy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1461.0,1465.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: What was the social support like? In so many countries, again, they were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1465.0,1471.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just going to the hospital and dying, (with) wasting syndrome, so many--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1471.0,1476.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"obviously (with) the opportunistic infections. What were some of the early","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1476.0,1481.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"initiatives there in terms of just supporting people?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1481.0,1485.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: I think communities rose to the occasion to try to help people. Every","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1485.0,1491.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TASO center had a singing group, and they would develop songs together about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1491.0,1497.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HIV. They would have a space where people could come and have company and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1497.0,1503.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"support, and they would provide what minimal ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1503.0,1506.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhealth assistance could be provided","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1506.0,1508.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1508.0,1509.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Was there some assistance with food and palliative medication? Who was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1509.0,1515.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doing that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1515.0,1516.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Yes. TASO was the lead in that as well, and then the main hospital in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1516.0,1523.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kampala, Mulago Hospital [Mulago National Referral Hospital] also provided","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1523.0,1527.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"minimal services for people. As you know, most people in Africa pay for their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1527.0,1533.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"services, pay for their drugs, and actually have family members provide them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1533.0,1539.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with food while they're hospitalized. I should say--you asked about prevalence.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1539.0,1544.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Later on, we were able to establish routine HIV screening at Mulago Hospital and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1544.0,1550.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other hospitals, and what we found was that 40% of people who were in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1550.0,1557.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital had HIV infection.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1557.0,1559.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: What were your priorities when you first got there? Did you need to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1559.0,1565.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n hire","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1565.0,1565.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people and get things moving? Were there some initial colleagues that were with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1565.0,1570.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you that began to develop your portfolio?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1570.0,1573.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Uganda was an exceptional place, first, because of (the) people. There","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1573.0,1577.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a triumvirate of [Dr.] Fred Wabwire-Mangen, [Dr.] Nelson Sewankambo, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1577.0,1581.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Dr.] David Serwadda, who had been working at an international level for HIV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1581.0,1586.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"research for many years. There were also collaborations with binational","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1586.0,1590.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organizations. Like the Medical Research Council and the Rakai Project [Rakai","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1590.0,1594.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Health Science Program], where a lot of very high-quality research had been done","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1594.0,1599.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and capacity building of individuals who had either done NIH Fogarty [National","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1599.0,1603.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Institutes of Health - Fogarty International Center] grants or were just very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1603.0,1607.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experienced in HIV, so you had experts in HIV who could lead the way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1607.0,1612.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Ugandan nationals.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1612.0,1613.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: And be complete compatriots in this. You also had these global partners,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1613.0,1618.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lot from the United States, but also (from) other countries who had been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1618.0,1623.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working there for some time ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1623.0,1625.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\non collaborative work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1625.0,1626.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Who were some of the global partners that were in Uganda?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1626.0,1631.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Like the Medical Research Council, the Johns Hopkins-Columbia -based","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1631.0,1635.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rakai Project, and Case Western [Reserve University] was doing a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1635.0,1640.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tuberculosis work, especially TB and HIV. And then there were programs and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1640.0,1645.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"projects that were led by Ugandans and from the Ugandan government that were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1645.0,1650.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very supportive. One was the JCRC [Joint Clinical Research Centre], where [Dr.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1650.0,1655.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Peter [N.] Mugyenyi was running a program that initially came out of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1655.0,1660.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"military but was the first program in Uganda that was offering antiretroviral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1660.0,1665.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"therapy for about $10,000 a year at that time. People had to pay for the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1665.0,1671.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medication, so very few people could afford it. But it started the idea that at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1671.0,1677.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"least certain people had experience with the medications, and there were places","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1677.0,1682.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the government was also supportive. They were very open to HIV. HIV was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1682.0,1688.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"priority for the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1688.0,1689.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nPresident and for the Ministry of Health and for USAID and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1689.0,1694.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"others, so it was natural that CDC would be focusing on HIV. We had people, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1694.0,1702.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had an exceptional time, because there was a desire to make a difference.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1702.0,1709.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was an appreciation for the importance of good-quality science, and there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1709.0,1715.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a welcoming of people who wanted to work with the community and work with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1715.0,1722.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ugandans as leaders.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1722.0,1723.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You were fairly young when you went there, really. It sounds daunting to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1723.0,1730.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me. You came there to head up a CDC office in a situation where there were so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1730.0,1738.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many senior people floating around. How did you begin to identify some things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1738.0,1744.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you thought would be--who did you report to back at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1744.0,1749.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhome? Was there anybody","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1749.0,1750.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you could bounce ideas off?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1750.0,1752.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: It varied. Initially, it was [Dr. Timothy J.] Tim Dondero, and then when","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1752.0,1757.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"GAP, the Global AIDS Program, started, [Dr.] Eugene McCray was here and [Dr.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1757.0,1761.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Timothy D.] Tim Mastro. There was a whole program of smart and experienced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1761.0,1765.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people that developed over time. A lot of it was that we were surfing a wave.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1765.0,1771.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was an exceptional time where first you would go meet with all the people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1771.0,1776.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you meet with the Ministry, you meet with the National AIDS Program, you meet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1776.0,1781.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the other researchers around and TASO and the AIDS Information Center,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1781.0,1785.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was the largest program for HIV testing in Africa, and you learned from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1785.0,1790.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. You hear what are their obstacles, because that's going to tell you where","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1790.0,1795.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"science can solve some problems, and then you also listen and see where some of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1795.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the new science may make a difference. They're incredibly supportive, but you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1800.0,1804.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"try to fill gaps.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1804.0,1805.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You come back to science quite a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1805.0,1808.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbit. Can you tell us a little bit about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1808.0,1812.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your thinking there? There was a great programmatic need, a huge thirst, but not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1812.0,1818.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as many drugs yet as you needed. What was your thinking about science versus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1818.0,1824.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program versus evaluation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1824.0,1825.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Initially when I arrived, there were six staff, including myself. There","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1825.0,1830.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were a lot of other things going on, but we were primarily asked to do research","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1830.0,1837.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would make a difference. After a few weeks the LIFE [Leadership and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1837.0,1843.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Investment in Fighting an Epidemic] Initiative provided resources; that was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1843.0,1847.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"focused on prevention of mother-to-child transmission. Soon after that we had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1847.0,1852.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resources from PEPFAR, and we were able to lay the groundwork so that when","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1852.0,1858.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"PEPFAR started, we were cruising along. I would say that we always believed in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1858.0,1864.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the continuum of public health. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1864.0,1866.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nA solid organization looked at applied research","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1866.0,1869.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and did the applied research if it needed to be done. When that was finished and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1869.0,1875.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you had results, you could do pilot programs and operational research so that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1875.0,1880.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you could figure out how it could be done well. Then once you'd done those, you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1880.0,1886.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"implemented policy, and after the policy you implemented full-scale programs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1886.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The work we did-- if the gap was at the level of needing to do the primary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1890.0,1897.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"science, we did that. If the gap was taking existing science and applying it, we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1897.0,1903.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"changed policies. Some of the work we did we would change the policy working","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1903.0,1908.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with Ugandan government, but then we would also work with WHO [World Health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1908.0,1913.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Organization], and they would change global policy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1913.0,1916.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: One of the early efforts was to try and get counseling and testing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1916.0,1921.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Voluntary counseling and testing was the modality they were using, a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1921.0,1925.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n long","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1925.0,1925.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interview phase and so on. What was the status of that in Uganda when you got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1925.0,1932.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there? Was there much of an uptake? There wasn't yet too much to offer people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1932.0,1938.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so how was that going?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1938.0,1940.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: The vast majority of people with HIV in Africa at that point did not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1940.0,1946.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know they had the infection. There was a human rights movement that emphasized","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1946.0,1951.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you have a human right not to know your HIV status. We had to change that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1951.0,1958.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had to say--really to move people to the point of saying, it's a human right","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1958.0,1965.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to know your HIV status. That was a big change for many people because there's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1965.0,1971.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stigma. There can be discrimination against people with HIV, but people had a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1971.0,1976.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right to know. Why? Because they didn't want to infect the people they love, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1976.0,1982.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people were inadvertently infecting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1982.0,1984.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npartners because they didn't know they had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1984.0,1986.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HIV themselves.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1986.0,1987.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Was that a hard sell? Was there a huge stigma in Uganda for HIV?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1987.0,1992.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: There was a stigma, but the hardest sell, as usual, is the providers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1992.0,1997.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the researchers and the politicians. It's us. What we found was that when you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=1997.0,2002.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"offer HIV testing, you have remarkable uptake. I'd like to give some examples of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2002.0,2007.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. It was one of those situations: we were doing a study of the human herpes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2007.0,2013.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"virus #8. It was a community study, where we initially were trying to figure out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2013.0,2018.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what proportion of the Uganda population had HHV-8. It was one of the areas in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2018.0,2023.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the world that was thought to have the highest prevalence, and it's the cause of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2023.0,2028.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kaposi's sarcoma. We went to a community, we worked with the local community,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2028.0,2033.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we went door-to-door for over 3,000 people. We offered testing for HHV-8,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2033.0,2038.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we also said, it's our obligation to do HIV testing as well. We had 99%","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2038.0,2044.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"uptake of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2044.0,2045.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npeople who actually were available at the time. That meant that 94% of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2045.0,2050.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the community ultimately knew their HIV status and their HHV-8 status.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2050.0,2054.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You went back and told them the results.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2054.0,2058.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: We went back and told them the results. That led us down a path of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2058.0,2064.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"realizing that if you make it normal, people will want it, and you have an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2064.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"obligation to let people know what's happening. Later on, we did a cohort study","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2070.0,2076.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to try to see what were the interventions that would make a big difference in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2076.0,2082.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people's lives. In that study we also had people who were enrolled from TASO who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2082.0,2088.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had HIV infection, but we said, what about their family members? We went to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2088.0,2094.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their homes with their permission, and we offered HIV testing to their family","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2094.0,2099.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"members. Ninety-nine percent said yes, and of those, we had about 7.5% infected,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2099.0,2104.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"including kids. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2104.0,2105.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nHalf of the spouses had HIV, and 75% of the people who had HIV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2105.0,2110.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did not know it and had never been tested for HIV, including all of the children","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2110.0,2116.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under ten years of age. That really reminded me of the idea that in America we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2116.0,2122.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cherish the individual. It's your individual right to have privacy. But in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2122.0,2126.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Uganda there's a community culture and a family culture. We are part of a larger","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2126.0,2131.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"group. For us only to do things for individuals was a gap. When we adapted to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2131.0,2137.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the family and the community, we started to see remarkable things. When we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2137.0,2142.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started to do the routine testing in hospitals and found 40% of people had HIV,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2142.0,2147.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we also provided testing to the family members who were providing food who were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2147.0,2152.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the bedside. Those people also agreed to get tested because they also wanted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2152.0,2157.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to. When we made it regular and normal, it was normal for people. If it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2157.0,2162.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exceptional, it's much harder.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2162.0,2163.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: In the case of discordant couples, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2163.0,2165.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nif you were doing couples counseling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2165.0,2167.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so on, did Uganda suffer as much as some of the other countries in terms of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2167.0,2174.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"husbands leaving their wives or serious implications for a woman or a young girl","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2174.0,2180.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have HIV?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2180.0,2181.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: One of the best types of science you do is science that answers the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2181.0,2187.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"questions of the naysayers, because they may be right. When people argued","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2187.0,2192.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against HIV testing primarily of women or their partners, they always said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2192.0,2197.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there may be domestic violence. You could theoretically say, is it better to die","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2197.0,2203.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and not know you have it (HIV), but the real point was people have a right to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2203.0,2210.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know. There's a way of doing this that will help people without those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2210.0,2215.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"complications, but we have to find out. So, we did. In all these home-based","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2215.0,2221.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"screenings that we implemented, we offered couples counseling and individual","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2221.0,2225.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"counseling, and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2225.0,2226.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npeople at the same time and--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2226.0,2228.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: That was innovative for the time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2228.0,2230.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Very innovative. We talked to people about what it meant. Most people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2230.0,2234.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would do it (test) together. Some people would do it separately, but it allowed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2234.0,2238.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us to explain to the spouse, you know, it doesn't mean your spouse had an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2238.0,2243.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"affair. Many people got HIV when they were younger, before they came into the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2243.0,2247.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relationship-- it could be a silent infection. That actually led to mass","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2247.0,2251.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"programs. We had literally entire provinces of over 500,000 people who through","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2251.0,2255.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"programs would ultimately have home-based HIV testing. Again, the vast majority","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2255.0,2258.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would accept the testing and get their results. At that point we started to give","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2258.0,2263.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prophylaxis and other interventions. I think you had to answer the questions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2263.0,2267.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"related to what you were saying, so that when we were done we did evaluate the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2267.0,2272.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"incidence of potential domestic violence, and it did not increase over time. We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2272.0,2276.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were able to show that that was really the truth. If it had been a different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2276.0,2281.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"result, we would have accepted that as well and how to resolve that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2281.0,2285.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2285.0,2285.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nPre-ART [antiretroviral therapy] or pre- the ability to really roll out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2285.0,2290.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ART, you formulated a basic care package. You ended up doing quite a bit with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2290.0,2297.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that and publishing that. Can you tell us a little bit about that, and maybe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2297.0,2304.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of the scientific work you wanted to do. The work you did, I'm aware how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2304.0,2312.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much impact it had beyond Uganda globally, so maybe tell us from your vantage point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2312.0,2319.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Looking from that realm of continuum of public health, we saw a gap.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2319.0,2326.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What do we provide people with HIV that will help them live a long and healthy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2326.0,2334.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life? We did cost-effectiveness analyses of testing, whether it was testing in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2334.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the hospital, testing the family members of people with HIV infection ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2340.0,2345.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2345.0,2345.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"door-to-door testing, or traditional voluntary counseling and testing. All of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2345.0,2349.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them were cost saving, even in the environment of Uganda, which is rare. We were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2349.0,2354.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"able to show not only that something was effective, but that you save money at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2354.0,2359.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the same time. You do good and you save money. The question was, what else can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2359.0,2365.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we offer to people, and we realized that we needed to inductively create that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2365.0,2370.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basic care package. What's the standard package of services that would help","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2370.0,2374.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people stay alive and help them not transmit to others? First, testing: you have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2374.0,2379.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to know whether you have HIV or not. The second was condoms, because we know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2379.0,2384.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"condoms have been associated with reduction in HIV transmission. You had to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2384.0,2388.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supply people with enough condoms so that they can actually use them to prevent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2388.0,2393.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transmission. You have to provide people with information so that they know how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2393.0,2398.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not to transmit to others.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2398.0,2400.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Were you getting funding for this from the LIFE ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2400.0,2404.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n Initiative?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2404.0,2404.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Yes. Eventually we started to do programs through PEPFAR, but we also","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2404.0,2409.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked with USAID. As CDC we worked with the Ugandan government that was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2409.0,2414.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"receiving money through other means as well and using their own resources. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2414.0,2419.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"question became, what about cotrimoxazole prophylaxis? This is an antibiotic,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2419.0,2423.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole, which had been shown to prevent Pneumocystis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2423.0,2426.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"carinii pneumonia in the United States and Europe and a few other places. Two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2426.0,2431.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"studies had just been published from the Ivory Coast, one of which was done by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2431.0,2437.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Dr.] Stefan [Z.] Wiktor, which showed that when people who have TB and HIV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2437.0,2442.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infection take cotrimoxazole, they're less likely to die. Another was for all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2442.0,2447.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people with HIV, and it showed that maybe (for) people with certain CD4 counts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2447.0,2452.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[T lymphocyte cells], it reduced morbidity. The question became, what about East","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2452.0,2457.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Africa? I went to the Ministry of Health, to [Dr.] Alex Opio, and I said, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2457.0,2463.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n Alex,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2463.0,2463.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what about this cotrimoxazole? Should we implement it? In other words, should it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2463.0,2467.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be that part of the continuum; should we develop a policy? He said, no, because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2467.0,2472.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're concerned. In East Africa we have very high rates of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2472.0,2476.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole resistance in diarrheal pathogens. Malaria","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2476.0,2478.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually can be resistant to sulfa drugs, so we don't know if it's going to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2478.0,2483.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work. Even though it's ten dollars a year for daily cotrimoxazole, that's a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2483.0,2488.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for our country. That's more than our expenditure per capita in all of our","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2488.0,2493.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"health system in the government. So we conducted a study that had to be a study","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2493.0,2498.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"design that we felt was ethical. It wasn't randomized, but it followed people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2498.0,2502.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for a period of time and then introduced cotrimoxazole and then followed people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2502.0,2506.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"afterwards. We had to monitor them at this point every two weeks. We would go to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2506.0,2511.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their home and ask them about diarrhea, because apparently you only remember","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2511.0,2515.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your diarrhea for about two weeks. We asked them about other factors, and we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2515.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"monitored mortality. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2520.0,2521.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThis was in the district in Uganda that had the highest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2521.0,2525.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rates of diarrhea in people who are part of TASO, the AIDS support organization,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2525.0,2530.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so we picked the hardest place. It turned out to be a place where seven","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2530.0,2535.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"languages were spoken. It was very difficult to work there. The study went","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2535.0,2539.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"great. We also at that time evaluated a simple plastic water vessel and chlorine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2539.0,2544.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to allow people with HIV in their families to have clean water. This had been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2544.0,2549.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developed by [Dr. Robert E.] Rob Quick at CDC initially many years ago, but he'd","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2549.0,2554.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taken it on the road. He'd done it for cholera outbreaks in South America, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2554.0,2559.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he'd done it everywhere else. No one knew if it worked for people with HIV. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2559.0,2564.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chlorine could be manufactured locally, and the vessels could be manufactured","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2564.0,2568.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"locally. So we randomized that, and what we found at the end of that study was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2568.0,2573.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there was a mortality reduction of 70% because of cotrim, that it also","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2573.0,2578.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prevented malaria, diarrhea and respiratory infections, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2578.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand that it slowed the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2580.0,2582.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CD4 count decline in people with HIV and leveled off their viral load that was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2582.0,2588.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"normally increasing prior to the time of cotrim. We also found that the water","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2588.0,2593.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vessel prevented diarrhea in people with HIV and their family members. Because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2593.0,2597.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that study was ensconced in the family and community, we were able to ask and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2597.0,2603.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"answer some other questions. One of them was, what was the effect on the family","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2603.0,2609.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of people taking cotrimoxazole? What we found was that if an adult with HIV took","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2609.0,2615.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cotrimoxazole, there was a decrease in death among their HIV-negative children,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2615.0,2619.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we put HIV-positive kids on cotrim. We also found there was a decrease in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2619.0,2625.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"malaria in those (HIV-negative) children, because people with HIV were so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2625.0,2629.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"susceptible to malaria that by taking cotrim, which prevented them from getting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2629.0,2633.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"malaria if a mosquito bit them, it wouldn't actually transmit to their family","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2633.0,2638.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"members. We were curious about why that was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2638.0,2641.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhappening, and later we were able to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2641.0,2644.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"look more closely at those data as they continued over time in the cohort. What","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2644.0,2651.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we realized was that when your parent died, you as a child were twice as likely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2651.0,2659.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to die over the next year. Keeping parents healthy and alive ended up keeping","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2659.0,2666.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kids alive, and this was the effect of an antibiotic which costs about $10 a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2666.0,2673.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year, which was also cost-saving in Uganda.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2673.0,2676.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Did the community respond to finding that out? We remember those years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2676.0,2682.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a lot of the feeling is before ART and then after ART became available. How","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2682.0,2690.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did the community respond? Was it noticeable that so-and-so was living longer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2690.0,2696.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that things are going better?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2696.0,2698.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Cotrimoxazole was embraced. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2698.0,2700.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nFirst of all, the studies were done in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2700.0,2703.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"collaboration with TASO and the Ministry of Health, so once the results came","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2703.0,2708.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out, policy was changed. Everyone who was a member of TASO suddenly was offered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2708.0,2714.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cotrimoxazole prophylaxis for free. When we did our district-wide HIV testing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2714.0,2718.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"programs, if you were positive, you were referred to the local TASO or clinic to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2718.0,2724.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then get cotrimoxazole prophylaxis. We did other studies of it--it wasn't just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2724.0,2729.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"implemented, but they had operational research that showed that it actually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2729.0,2733.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked in practice, not just in our study, to decrease mortality rates. We did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2733.0,2739.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the economic analyses to show that it saved money. So, it made a big difference.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2739.0,2745.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I should say, Bess, there are limits. The total extended life expectancy from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2745.0,2750.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taking cotrimoxazole was still in a matter of months, it wasn't in a matter of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2750.0,2756.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years. So, it helped people, but there were limits. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2756.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBut we developed this basic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2760.0,2762.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"care package, and it became standard. When you got diagnosed with HIV--and this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2762.0,2766.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was in collaboration with the Ugandan government and the U.S. government--you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2766.0,2770.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be provided with a package that had condoms, that would get you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2770.0,2774.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cotrimoxazole over a long time, that would get you a water vessel and chlorine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2774.0,2779.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that ultimately would involve INH [Isoniazid] prophylaxis, so if you were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2779.0,2783.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eligible because you had HIV, that would prevent tuberculosis. It became a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2783.0,2787.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"standard, and we worked with WHO and others who shared this information. Soon","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2787.0,2791.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after we did it, [Dr. Barbara J.] Barb Marston, who was in Kenya, said, wait,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2791.0,2796.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cotrim worked there? We have the same (antimicrobial) resistance, and we'd like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2796.0,2800.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to work with our ministry to implement it, too, first in Kisumu and then in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2800.0,2805.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other parts of Kenya. There was a rapid exchange of information, partially","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2805.0,2809.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there weren't that many people working in the area and partially because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2809.0,2813.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people were so desperate to do anything that would be effective.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2813.0,2817.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: This is early 2000's, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2817.0,2819.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand folks in the U.S. are already getting ART and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2819.0,2824.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doing well, so you had that in the back of your mind. You've got to hold on to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2824.0,2833.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this until we can get ART into these populations. Then PEPFAR came to you. One","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2833.0,2840.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing I remember, and I wanted you to tell us about it, was when Secretary of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2840.0,2848.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Health and Human Services, Tommy [G.] Thompson, Dr. Julie [L.] Gerberding, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2848.0,2854.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Director of CDC, and about a hundred other people visited Uganda. Was this the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2854.0,2861.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"beginning of PEPFAR as the grand visit? Can you tell us who was there and what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2861.0,2869.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was it about?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2869.0,2870.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Sure. The story started with the idea that we wanted to build on the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2870.0,2877.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"basic care package to include antiretroviral therapy. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2877.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWhen I had arrived in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2880.0,2882.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Uganda, there was a program going on called the U.N. [United Nations] AIDS Drug","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2882.0,2887.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Access Initiative. Paul [J.] Weidle was leading that from the CDC side. It","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2887.0,2892.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved some countries where people were paying for their antiretroviral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2892.0,2896.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"therapy at cost. They were being monitored, usually for CD4 counts, and health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2896.0,2901.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to see how well they were taking their meds and whether they were able to do it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2901.0,2908.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well, whether the system was able to support them and whether they were living","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2908.0,2913.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"longer. He initially had done that, and I remember looking very skeptically. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2913.0,2918.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was involved to help support him, but I also thought, it's $10,000 a year,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2918.0,2923.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(while) I'm dealing with $10 a year for cotrimoxazole prophylaxis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2923.0,2927.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: The Drug Access Initiative was in Ivory Coast and maybe one or two--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2927.0,2932.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Exactly, and Uganda. Then what happened is, we said, this is one of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2932.0,2937.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those places where we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2937.0,2939.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nneed to do the applied research. We had already in Tororo","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2939.0,2945.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"District, had already had that water vessel/cotrimoxazole study going on. We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2945.0,2951.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, it's time to evaluate whether antiretroviral therapy will work, because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2951.0,2957.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what you do now in research lays the groundwork for three to five years from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2957.0,2965.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now. If you're answering a question now that everyone's asking, you're too late.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2965.0,2972.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had to say, what would the future hold? Maybe the cost will go down. There","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2972.0,2980.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a big global movement for the Treatment Action Group and others to try to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2980.0,2988.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decrease the cost of antiretroviral therapy globally, especially in Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2988.0,2993.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which was so deeply affected by the epidemic. This was an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2993.0,2999.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nopportunity for us to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=2999.0,3001.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do this study. This is a time, by the way, when the USAID administrator had said","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3001.0,3007.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that people in Africa can't take ART because they can't tell time. It was an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3007.0,3013.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intimidating prospect with the numbers, if you added up the cost. And the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3013.0,3018.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"healthcare infrastructure in many countries wasn't used to chronic diseases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3018.0,3022.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where you have to take medication frequently, including ones where you have to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3022.0,3027.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"take it very regularly or your viral load rises and you get sick again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3027.0,3032.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: What were the drugs that you used, and where did you get them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3032.0,3037.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: At the time, the decision was made by CDC that this was an acceptable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3037.0,3043.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"study to conduct, but it had to go through not only the CDC and local IRBs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3043.0,3049.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Institutional Review Boards]. For the first time ever, CDC asked two outside","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3049.0,3054.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ethicists to review the protocol to ensure that we were not coercing people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3054.0,3059.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbecause we provided antiretroviral therapy, instead of what you almost could","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3059.0,3064.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"imagine now would be the opposite: doing a study without it. At that point, is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3064.0,3071.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it ethical to provide ART in a study? They said yes. The decision was to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3071.0,3078.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"purchase medication from FDA-approved U.S. manufacturers, until that was changed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3078.0,3082.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"under PEPFAR. The drugs were still FDA approved, but they could be produced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3082.0,3088.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outside the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3088.0,3090.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: How did you get the cost down?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3090.0,3094.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: For the study, the costs weren't down, but by that time PEPFAR was able","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3094.0,3101.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to support some of the work, and it (the cost) eventually declined over time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3101.0,3107.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, we were able to implement the study. We had very careful monitoring from lay","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3107.0,3114.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people because, again, we thought we can't have people travel to the clinic very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3114.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"frequently. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3120.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWe had done a calculation from data we had collected from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3120.0,3125.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interviewing people in their homes, and the average person in rural Uganda had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3125.0,3131.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"25 cents per day to spend.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3131.0,3134.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You're talking about the rural areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3134.0,3137.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Yes, right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3137.0,3138.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: A tremendous opportunity. Can you tell us a little bit about where that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3138.0,3144.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(Tororo) is, and what the life is like? I remember hours and hours of riding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3144.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the capital on a very bumpy, hugely bumpy cavernous road. It's probably","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3150.0,3156.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"better than that now, but can you tell us a little bit about--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3156.0,3162.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Be delighted to. Tororo is a rural district with multiple different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3162.0,3167.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tribes and languages, on the border of Kenya. It is about 4-7 hours from the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3167.0,3173.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"capital of Kampala, depending on how the roads are. Because of this study that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3173.0,3179.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were doing, looking to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3179.0,3181.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsee whether people could take ART, whether it would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3181.0,3184.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decrease mortality, when [Dr.] Mark [R.] Dybul, the new PEPFAR coordinator, came","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3184.0,3188.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to visit, we took him out to Tororo. He and others had also visited the program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3188.0,3194.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and felt that it showed possibilities. When he went home, he talked with Bill","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3194.0,3199.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[William R.] Steiger [Director, Office of Global Health Affairs, U.S. Department","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3199.0,3203.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Health and Human Services] and Tommy Thompson, who was then the Secretary of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3203.0,3208.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Health and Human Services. When they wanted to go on a visit to Africa, because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3208.0,3213.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"PEPFAR had just started, he suggested they come to Uganda, and he told us we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3213.0,3218.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also have to go to Tororo.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3218.0,3220.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: How many people were in those groups? Are we talking 50, 60?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3220.0,3225.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: There were over a hundred and--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3225.0,3227.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Were they congressional staff?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3227.0,3229.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: It was a disparate group: there were heads of companies, the head of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3229.0,3234.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Becton Dickinson, Pharma, and [Dr. Anthony S.] Tony Fauci from NIH. There were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3234.0,3239.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many people, and they were visiting Uganda and Kenya. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3239.0,3242.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAt one point there was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3242.0,3244.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"big change in their plan while they were flying over, and they came to Uganda","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3244.0,3250.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"early. Becky Bunnell was the control officer for this visit, and at 2:00 in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3250.0,3256.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"morning she got a call that said they're coming in six hours. You can imagine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3256.0,3262.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is a situation where we don't have hotels that can put up that many people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3262.0,3268.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that quickly. It was a miracle. She got up, she started working with everybody,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3268.0,3273.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the team came together, and the majority but not all of the people from that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3273.0,3279.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trip came to Uganda. Some went to Kenya, and Julie Gerberding was there, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3279.0,3284.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"head of CDC. We took them to both the Entebbe Headquarters of the Uganda Virus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3284.0,3290.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Research Institute, where we had our headquarters, but also to Tororo. I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3290.0,3295.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was, as you mentioned, Bess, very moving for people. We're walking out to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3295.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people's homes--these are adobe mud homes ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3300.0,3302.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwith thatched roofs--and someone could","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3302.0,3304.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come out and say, yes, I have HIV. My CD4 count is 226, but it used to be 50,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3304.0,3311.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I take my meds every day. My husband has also been tested. He's negative, so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3311.0,3317.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we take precautions. It's an extraordinary experience to sit in that environment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3317.0,3321.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Tell us about how they got the medication. I remember motorcycles--a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3321.0,3325.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dedicated group of people who were delivering medicine. Can you describe that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3325.0,3329.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: We were concerned both that people would be able to take their medicine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3329.0,3334.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"regularly and that we'd be able to monitor them with lay people, because we knew","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3334.0,3339.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there weren't enough clinicians in the country or most countries in Africa to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3339.0,3344.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"provide ART the way it's normally done. We also had that mechanism set up from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3344.0,3349.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the prior study, so every week someone would drive on a motorcycle to a set","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3349.0,3354.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"number of homes. I believe people generally had about 50 homes that they went to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3354.0,3359.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a week, and they would ask ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3359.0,3361.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe question, how are you doing? If you were very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3361.0,3365.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sick, they would help you get to the clinic. And they would also deliver your","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3365.0,3371.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medication. I should say that--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3371.0,3373.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Would they do it home-to-home, or would they do it in a group home and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3373.0,3379.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then this neighbor gives it to this neighbor?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3379.0,3382.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: No, this was directly to the home, partially for privacy reasons,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3382.0,3386.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although later, as you're hinting at, there were communities in practice who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3386.0,3390.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decided that they would send one person into the capital to get the drugs for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3390.0,3396.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the other ten people. That's become very positive, almost a shared","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3396.0,3400.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"confidentiality, which was part of both how families work and sometimes how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3400.0,3404.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"communities work. It was very effective. I should say that the results of that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3404.0,3409.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"study, which were known pretty quickly, showed us two things. One was that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3409.0,3414.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mortality rates were dramatically reduced, and we had the highest viral load","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3414.0,3418.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suppression rates ever reported. In addition, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3418.0,3420.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwe also thought we'd collect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3420.0,3422.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sexual practice information from people and also viral load information. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3422.0,3426.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rakai Project had previously published a study that showed that transmission of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3426.0,3431.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HIV was associated with your viral load. If it was high, you were much more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3431.0,3437.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"likely to transmit HIV. If it was low, you were less likely. We thought one of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3437.0,3443.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the unknown biases was sexual practices. If you don't have sex with someone, you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3443.0,3448.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't transmit HIV to them. If you do, you may be more likely. We combined the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3448.0,3454.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"data from viral loads and sexual risk behavior, and we looked at what happened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3454.0,3459.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What we showed was that the estimated risk of HIV transmission would be reduced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3459.0,3464.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by 98%. We also looked at the number of transmissions. There was one (study that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3464.0,3470.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"showed), during the initial three months that someone was actually (receiving","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3470.0,3474.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ART), in these couples their viral load was just reducing. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3474.0,3478.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThat later on about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3478.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"matched the rate that [Dr. Myron S.] Michael Cohen's study of HPTN [HIV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3480.0,3486.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prevention Trials Network] 052 showed (with) much higher numbers of couples,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3486.0,3491.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"showing that there was about a 96% reduction in people in studies who adhere","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3491.0,3498.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well to their medication. It also turns out that more recent studies up to this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3498.0,3505.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day that have followed couples, whether they're heterosexual or gay or bisexual,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3505.0,3511.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what we found was that if your viral load is truly suppressed, you have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3511.0,3518.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"effectively no risk of transmitting HIV. That study was one of the initial","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3518.0,3524.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"places where we combined the cutting-edge laboratory science and clinical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3524.0,3529.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"science with behavior.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3529.0,3530.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: In terms of assessing sexual practices, what was that like in Uganda? In","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3530.0,3537.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3537.0,3537.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmany countries even to this day, it's been very difficult to talk about those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3537.0,3542.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things with populations, and there are different populations in Uganda,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3542.0,3546.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different languages and so on. How did that go in terms of either Tororo or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3546.0,3551.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"elsewhere, where you tried to assess that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3551.0,3554.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: People welcomed questions. I think the interviewers were well trained.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3554.0,3558.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Becky Bunnell is a behavioral scientist by training and had lived in Uganda for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3558.0,3563.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many years. She was deeply trusted by the head of TASO, who is one of her best","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3563.0,3569.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friends. She had worked at TASO for two years prior to joining CDC, and she knew","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3569.0,3575.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most of the people in the Ministry during the time--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3575.0,3579.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Is that why you married Becky?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3579.0,3582.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Exactly. It improved my professional career. But it's true that she was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3582.0,3587.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out there soon after the [Apollo Milton] Obote regime had ended and 500,000","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3587.0,3592.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people had been killed. The country was in a very difficult time, there were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3592.0,3597.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very few foreigners working there. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3597.0,3599.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nShe had become trusted by the people she knew","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3599.0,3602.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there, the Ugandans who knew when it was not a commonplace experience. I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3602.0,3607.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in general, if you come and you're part of a study, or you're giving people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3607.0,3612.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clinical care and you help people and you have dispassionate ways of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3612.0,3616.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interviewing people, they will be open to you. We found people were pretty open","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3616.0,3621.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about information, and it was obviously essential for some of the studies we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3621.0,3626.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were doing. For some of the programs you don't need to ask questions about sex;","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3626.0,3631.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you just need to provide people with the care.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3631.0,3634.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: I remember a key study that you did. I think it was looking at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3634.0,3639.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home-based care, where you looked at different methods of monitoring. That was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3639.0,3644.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very big issue at the time. It was very expensive to assess blood chemistries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3644.0,3649.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so on. Can you tell us a little bit about the arms of that or the approach","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3649.0,3656.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to that study?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3656.0,3657.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3657.0,3657.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSure. We wanted to always answer the questions from the perspective of a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3657.0,3663.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"person living in Uganda. What would they need to know if they were going to take","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3663.0,3670.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ART regularly, and how could we have a system put the simplest thing in place","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3670.0,3677.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that would still make a difference? One of the questions was monitoring. Pretty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3677.0,3683.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"soon after the changes in PEPFAR's purchasing of antiretroviral therapy, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3683.0,3688.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cost went down a lot, to about $300 instead of $10,000 a year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3688.0,3694.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Were you getting drugs from India and China?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3694.0,3698.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Sure. (From]) multiple places where they were producing medication. It","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3698.0,3703.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be purchased through the governmental system that existed within Uganda.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3703.0,3708.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CD4 counts and viral loads at that point were fairly expensive. In fact, viral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3708.0,3714.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"loads alone, per the recommended three-monthly, or every quarter measurement, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3714.0,3718.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwould be more than the cost of the antiretroviral therapy itself. We wanted to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3718.0,3724.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do a study that actually evaluated and compared just clinical monitoring, which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3724.0,3729.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was what was mostly done. Most of the time, people, if you just got the meds,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3729.0,3735.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you couldn't come in--With CD4 count alone, (compared with) monitoring with CD4","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3735.0,3740.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"count and viral load and clinical monitoring, so we could compare across these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3740.0,3745.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three arms. I think it reminded of us of two things. One is you always have to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3745.0,3752.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"answer the practical questions, and the other is that all important science has","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3752.0,3757.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an expiration date. At that point what we found was that laboratory monitoring","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3757.0,3762.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did improve the clinical outcomes, so morbidity and mortality were reduced in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3762.0,3767.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who had either CD4 count or viral load compared to clinical monitoring","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3767.0,3772.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alone. (Without labs) you can't tell when people's virus is either becoming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3772.0,3777.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resistant or elevated. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3777.0,3778.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe second (finding) was that there was no difference by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3778.0,3781.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"adding viral loads. In other words, CD4 counts were enough. That was actually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3781.0,3785.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really important, and I think at that time it supported at least this transition","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3785.0,3790.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to try to introduce CD4 counts. Now, I should say that mortality reductions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3790.0,3794.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"compared to no ART were tremendous, and they were tremendous even in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3794.0,3798.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clinical-only arm. If you add nothing, get the meds out. If you had the ability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3798.0,3803.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do CD4 counts, you should do it. Soon after that time, though, there was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3803.0,3808.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"increasing information that viral loads were becoming more of a standard in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3808.0,3812.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States, because they show failure of either adherence or resistance to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3812.0,3816.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medication by the virus sooner than CD4 counts. They became cheaper and cheaper,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3816.0,3820.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they became more available. CD4 counts had to be conducted relatively","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3820.0,3824.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quickly after blood draw. In fact, we did a study to show how long you could","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3824.0,3829.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wait, because they used to say within 48 hours. It turns out you can wait five ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3829.0,3834.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndays and it's still fine, but five days is not that much to transport things and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3834.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to collect specimens.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3840.0,3841.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Were you collecting specimens in the home doing blood draws?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3841.0,3845.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Yes, they were, and it turned out that ultimately-- I think much of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3845.0,3850.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world since then, and this is 15 years later, has transitioned to prioritizing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3850.0,3855.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"viral loads. At the time it was really important to show that both the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3855.0,3860.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"priorities of just getting medication to the people who need it, but also that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3860.0,3865.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CD4 counts might be enough.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3865.0,3867.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Can you talk a little bit about the laboratory in Uganda? I think that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3867.0,3872.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a real strength that you had, that I'm remembering at that time didn't exist","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3872.0,3877.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everywhere. There were (only) a few countries that had outstanding laboratory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3877.0,3881.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"support and were able to do CD4 counts and viral loads, in Kampala and Entebbe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3881.0,3886.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can you tell us a little bit about that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3886.0,3889.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: We really understood the importance of having accurate laboratory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3889.0,3892.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"testing, whether it was for just HIV ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3892.0,3894.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndiagnosis or whether it was for some of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3894.0,3897.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these more complicated tests. Robert Downing was really a stalwart advocate of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3897.0,3902.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not only having the ability to do it, because it is the base for so much of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3902.0,3909.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"research, but actually having a reference laboratory in the country. We worked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3909.0,3914.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the Ministry of Health to establish an HIV reference laboratory. At the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3914.0,3919.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"same time, we cared about other diseases, too, like tuberculosis. There was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3919.0,3924.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very strong TB program in Uganda, and we also supported a new TB laboratory,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3924.0,3929.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because diagnosing TB can be complicated, as you know. That was established and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3929.0,3934.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was supported by both the Ministry of Health and CDC. We used it for some of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3934.0,3940.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"national serosurveys that ended up providing a lot of important information for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3940.0,3945.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the nation, as well as checking on the quality of the laboratory testing that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3945.0,3950.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was being done in some of the rural hospitals, where there is no electricity ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3950.0,3955.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsometimes. We were constantly thinking about what kind of equipment could be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3955.0,3960.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"simplified enough that tests could be actually conducted in some of these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3960.0,3965.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"environments. Laboratory testing was always very critical, and slowly we were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3965.0,3970.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"able to bring it out to regional areas and then district hospitals, then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3970.0,3976.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ultimately to the homes, as you mentioned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3976.0,3979.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: CD4 counts, for example, what was the progression? Was there a spoke in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3979.0,3985.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Medcenter and everything had to come through the center, and then slowly you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3985.0,3991.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moved CD4 counts? You could get more with FACS [fluorescence-activated cell","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3991.0,3996.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sorting] counters out at the periphery?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3996.0,3999.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Exactly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=3999.0,4000.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Do you remember what regimens you were using and toxicity? I think WHO","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4000.0,4006.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was recommending the standard regimen; is that right at that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4006.0,4011.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Yes. We were following WHO's standard ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4011.0,4014.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nregimen (with) AZT or d4T-- stavudine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4014.0,4017.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So, zidovudine [AZT] or stavudine, lamivudine, and nevirapine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4017.0,4022.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Thank you. But the idea that we were--one of the complexities was that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4022.0,4029.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"d4T stavudine did have some potential toxicity, so there was a debate about its","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4029.0,4036.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"use and its efficacy. Some of the initial regimens recommended by WHO were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4036.0,4043.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually not the first-line regimens in the United States or Europe anymore. But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4043.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were available and they were at low cost. We were able to show the very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4050.0,4058.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"high efficacy of those regimens, but we also were monitoring for toxicity. There","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4058.0,4065.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were occasional events of toxicity, both for studies as well as for programs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4065.0,4072.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that started to implement antiretroviral therapy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4072.0,4075.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: (Was there) ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4075.0,4077.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntoxicity such that people stopped taking the drug?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4077.0,4080.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Sometimes. Most of the time you'd just switch one of the agents to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4080.0,4085.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another agent, and we did have access to second-line regimens soon. As you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4085.0,4090.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the single most important reason that people have failure of their regimen,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4090.0,4094.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially when they start antiretroviral therapy, being naïve, is because of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4094.0,4098.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"poor adherence. There are all sorts of reasons. People can have poor adherence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4098.0,4103.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they couldn't afford to come to the clinic and get their medication, or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4103.0,4108.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they were worried about someone seeing them take their medication, or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4108.0,4112.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(because) they forgot it when they made a trip and then they couldn't get back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4112.0,4117.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home to get their medications. But there are a lot of reasons why that can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4117.0,4122.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happen. To some extent you have to examine and talk to someone in a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4122.0,4127.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nonjudgmental way (about) what might be going on. Sometimes just helping people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4127.0,4131.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"adhere better actually ends up working perfectly and having their viral loads","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4131.0,4135.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4135.0,4135.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbecome suppressed. Sometimes the viruses become resistant, and they need","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4135.0,4138.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to go to a second-line regimen. The United States was going through a different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4138.0,4143.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experience at that time. Many people in the U.S. with HIV had started initially","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4143.0,4148.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with monotherapy AZT or AZT and DDC or DDI, dual therapy, and then switched to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4148.0,4153.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"triple therapy. A lot of folks are now on quadruple therapy or third- or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4153.0,4158.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fourth-line agents, so it's a much more complex manner. Most of the people in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4158.0,4163.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Africa started with very effective triple therapy, and so what you ended up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4163.0,4167.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seeing is, for those people who adhered, almost universal efficacy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4167.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: I think it was in Côte d'Ivoire, if I am not mistaken, there were a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4170.0,4176.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of private providers providing ART. I think there they did have some issues with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4176.0,4181.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people using a variety of regimens. Was most of the care for your patients in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4181.0,4186.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the public sector? Did you have much of a private sector in Uganda that you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4186.0,4191.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"needed to work with?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4191.0,4192.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: I think some of the early ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4192.0,4194.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nadopters are always going to be in the private","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4194.0,4197.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sector for any new technological intervention or one that's expensive. So, there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4197.0,4201.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were those. There were some hospitals and some physicians that ran their own","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4201.0,4206.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"private practices that would also be able to provide people with effective","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4206.0,4210.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medication, and they would be at the forefront of some of it, so we did work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4210.0,4216.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(with them). But we saw our prime goal as (helping) the average person living in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4216.0,4221.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Uganda. How can we help the nation as a whole, help everyone, including those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4221.0,4226.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who were poor and normally don't have the ability to access good quality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4226.0,4231.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clinical care? The Ministry and others were very supportive of that. That was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4231.0,4236.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the basic premise for TASO. It was an AIDS support organization for the people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4236.0,4241.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Was that then the bulk of the patients?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4241.0,4244.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: The vast majority of patients were in the public sector, depending on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4244.0,4249.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how you consider TASO. TASO was a nongovernmental organization. In fact, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4249.0,4253.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4253.0,4254.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of the reasons Uganda was at the cutting edge, and that I was so lucky to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4254.0,4261.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be there, was because it had a very vibrant nongovernmental sector, both with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4261.0,4266.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the AIDS Information Center that was able to put in some of the initial TB","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4266.0,4272.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prophylaxis and treatment for people with HIV, as well as being the large-scale","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4272.0,4277.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"implementer of HIV testing throughout the nation, along with TASO and others. By","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4277.0,4282.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the way, we also were able to work with some other groups that were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4282.0,4288.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"collaborations between international organizations and Uganda organizations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4288.0,4291.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was one called Reach Out that was in an urban, very poor part of Kampala.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4291.0,4298.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was where the first person in the world who received PEPFAR-supported","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4298.0,4303.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"antiretroviral therapy was. They were able to implement it in this very poor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4303.0,4308.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"area very effectively, using some of the same community-based ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4308.0,4312.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmodels that we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4312.0,4313.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/904","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were doing with the home-based AIDS program in Tororo. Then Mildmay, which was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4313.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/905","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pediatric HIV center that was one of the first places to implement treatment for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4320.0,4327.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pediatrics, really set the stage for changing the way people thought of things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4327.0,4333.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I can't overemphasize, Bess, how many people at that time didn't want to treat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4333.0,4340.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/908","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children with HIV. It was seen as a waste of resources, because the kids were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4340.0,4347.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/909","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to die anyway, and the adults were more important. [Dr.] Denis Tindyebwa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4347.0,4353.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/910","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was one of those foresightful people. In the beginning when I first got to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4353.0,4360.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/911","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Uganda, I was visiting all the partners. I went to Mulago Hospital and I met","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4360.0,4367.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/912","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him. He was in this small rundown building ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4367.0,4371.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/913","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwith literally the roof collapsing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4371.0,4373.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/914","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and rain dropping in. That was their pediatric HIV clinic. They didn't provide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4373.0,4378.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/915","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cotrimoxazole and they didn't provide antiretroviral therapy at the time, but he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4378.0,4382.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/916","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, we really need help. He convinced me, and we started to work. Initially he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4382.0,4388.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/917","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started to expand and be one of the first places to do pediatric antiretroviral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4388.0,4393.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/918","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"therapy later, alongside Mildmay. There's always this idea that there are these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4393.0,4397.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/919","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"early adopters, either within the country framework or in the global","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4397.0,4401.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/920","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"collaborations, but that they can set the stage for what needs to be done. Then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4401.0,4407.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/921","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can also see some of the problems that need to be addressed if you're going","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4407.0,4413.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/922","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to have it go at full scale.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4413.0,4416.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/923","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Were you able to go to full scale while you were still in Uganda for a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4416.0,4422.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/924","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"number of these interventions? How about the scale-up of ART, for example?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4422.0,4426.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/925","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Yes. I think the basic care package, for example, became full scale. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4426.0,4431.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/926","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nCotrimoxazole was standard practice in Uganda and was provided and still is for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4431.0,4438.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/927","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who need it. The ART, by the time I left in 2006, was being provided to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4438.0,4447.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/928","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"several hundred thousand people with HIV. It had really become large scale, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4447.0,4454.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/929","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(did) not (reach) everybody. There were still rural areas that couldn't access","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4454.0,4460.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/930","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, and there were folks within the urban settings who would find either","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4460.0,4467.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/931","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difficulty being enrolled because there were waiting lists or because they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4467.0,4473.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/932","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't know where to go. I think there were also a lot of people who didn't know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4473.0,4482.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/933","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their HIV status. When we did a national survey for the first time, we asked a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4482.0,4490.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/934","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"question. We asked people, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4490.0,4492.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/935","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndo you have HIV or not? Have you been tested for HIV,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4492.0,4497.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/936","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and do you have HIV? We were able to look at what proportion of people in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4497.0,4503.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/937","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country with HIV actually knew it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4503.0,4505.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/938","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Was that part of the AIDS indicator surveys?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4505.0,4508.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/939","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: It was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4508.0,4509.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/940","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You've talked about those. Can you say a little bit more about those?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4509.0,4514.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/941","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: There's a long history, supported by CDC and USAID in different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4514.0,4519.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/942","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries, to look at HIV in a nation, to get a better understanding of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4519.0,4525.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/943","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prevalence of HIV in different populations and regionally. (The studies) usually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4525.0,4529.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/944","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were finger-stick and filter paper-based. You'd collect some blood. We had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4529.0,4533.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/945","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"several innovations at the time. I think you can sense from how the program and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4533.0,4539.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/946","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how CDC was working in Uganda that we really wanted to think about what it meant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4539.0,4545.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/947","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for people who were participating. First, we wanted to allow people to have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4545.0,4550.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/948","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"access to their HIV results, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4550.0,4552.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/949","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nso we went back to provide people with their results.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4552.0,4556.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/950","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Were some countries doing AIDS indicator surveys in an anonymous fashion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4556.0,4560.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/951","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"without telling patients?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4560.0,4561.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/952","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: All of them were. The second issue was we wanted to know--anyway, we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4561.0,4566.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/953","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also tested for syphilis. We were interested in thinking about other things that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4566.0,4571.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/954","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"might be useful for people. But part of it was asking that question. That would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4571.0,4576.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/955","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tell you what proportion of people in Uganda who had HIV also knew they had it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4576.0,4582.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/956","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then also whether they were taking ART or not. Those have become somewhat of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4582.0,4587.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/957","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"models. When we were in Kenya, Becky and I, the program in Kenya ended up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4587.0,4592.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/958","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually drawing blood and also doing viral loads, so you could actually do the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4592.0,4597.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/959","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first time what's called the continuum of care for HIV. It was striking when we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4597.0,4602.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/960","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were in Kenya, as I remember stepping back and saying, we just did a nationally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4602.0,4607.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/961","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"representative survey that also had regional data. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4607.0,4610.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/962","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nIn this survey, many articles","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4610.0,4612.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/963","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came from it, but it showed the continuum of care, how many people lived in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4612.0,4619.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/964","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country with HIV, what proportion (knew) of their status; of those, how many","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4619.0,4625.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/965","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were taking ART and of those, how many were virally suppressed. For that moment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4625.0,4631.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/966","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in time, that was the best data anywhere in the world, because everyone else had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4631.0,4638.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/967","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to piece it together through different systems. It was very exciting to be able","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4638.0,4644.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/968","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to think about that simple way to get that done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4644.0,4648.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/969","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You had a couple of other publications of interest. One was looking at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4648.0,4654.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/970","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the effect of cotrimoxazole and insecticide-treated bed nets on the incidence of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4654.0,4659.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/971","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"malaria, in The Lancet. Can you comment on that? I know you did quite a bit of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4659.0,4667.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/972","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work on malaria.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4667.0,4668.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/973","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4668.0,4668.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/974","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nMalaria is a big problem in Uganda. It was one of the leading causes of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4668.0,4673.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/975","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"death in children and morbidity in adults. People got malaria frequently, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4673.0,4677.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/976","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there had been larger efforts to try to get bed nets out to people, but mostly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4677.0,4682.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/977","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it wasn't really addressed. Yet we had done some work and others had done some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4682.0,4687.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/978","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work, showing that people with HIV are really susceptible to malaria. We also","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4687.0,4691.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/979","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had done a study that showed that if you had malaria and you had HIV, your viral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4691.0,4697.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/980","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"load increased, so it was bad for you to have malaria. Naturally the team said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4697.0,4702.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/981","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well, shouldn't bed nets be part of your basic care package? They did end up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4702.0,4707.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/982","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"becoming part of it, so we said, but how do we know? People aren't going to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4707.0,4712.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/983","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spend the money on insecticide-treated bed nets unless you could show that they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4712.0,4716.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/984","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work, because you always have to answer the question does it work? The naysayers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4716.0,4721.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/985","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are going to say, I don't know if it's going to make a big difference,,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4721.0,4726.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/986","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"especially for adults, because ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4726.0,4727.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/987","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nadults generally don't die of HIV although it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4727.0,4730.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/988","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"serious for people with--I mean die of malaria--but it's serious for people with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4730.0,4734.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/989","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HIV. Again, we had this system in place where we had been following this cohort","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4734.0,4739.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/990","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of people with HIV.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4739.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/991","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Was this mostly in rural (areas), or was that a broader--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4740.0,4744.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/992","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: This study was still part of the Tororo study. That's why we were able","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4744.0,4749.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/993","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to look at data that we had collected to say, right, initially that time period","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4749.0,4754.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/994","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before anyone had received cotrimoxazole. When we introduced cotrimoxazole","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4754.0,4757.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/995","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prophylaxis, then we introduced ART and then bed nets, and we were able to look","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4757.0,4762.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/996","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the added effects. What that showed was that each of the interventions made a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4762.0,4767.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/997","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difference. Cotrimoxazole reduced your malaria substantially, but you still had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4767.0,4770.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/998","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some. ART also reduced your malaria because your immune system was improved, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4770.0,4774.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/999","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then bed nets went even farther. Then obviously one of the benefits is that we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4774.0,4779.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1000","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also helped the children, so everyone in the family benefits from having bed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4779.0,4783.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1001","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nets. The ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4783.0,4784.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1002","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbasic care package provided two bed nets, so you'd have enough to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4784.0,4789.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1003","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cover most of the people in the household.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4789.0,4792.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1004","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Can you give us an update on how things are in terms of HIV in Uganda today?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4792.0,4799.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1005","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: I'm not completely up to date, but my understanding is that Uganda did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4799.0,4804.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1006","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very well in reducing prevalence and then incidence as a part of that. You can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4804.0,4810.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1007","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reduce prevalence because people are dying, and you can reduce prevalence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4810.0,4814.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1008","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because you're reducing incidence. Both, I think, were occurring. They reduced","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4814.0,4818.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1009","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mortality, but they also were able to decrease incidence. My understanding is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4818.0,4823.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1010","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that things may be imperiled.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4823.0,4825.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1011","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Right now?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4825.0,4826.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1012","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: Mm-hmm.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4826.0,4827.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1013","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: In Tororo has it benefited from a stronger healthcare system? Are they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4827.0,4832.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1014","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still in mud huts?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4832.0,4834.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1015","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: I haven't been out to Tororo in many years, but there's been some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4834.0,4839.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1016","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting work done that looked at the effects of PEPFAR, essentially ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4839.0,4843.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1017","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwell-resourced HIV systems, HIV-focused systems, on the rest of the healthcare","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4843.0,4848.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1018","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"system. Because there had been a question: are we hurting everything else by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4848.0,4854.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1019","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"implementing things for HIV, building up HIV testing in the laboratories and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4854.0,4859.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1020","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"distracting from other things. And it turns out, no. It turns out there seems to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4859.0,4866.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1021","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be a benefit, at least when they looked at it, for example, for reproductive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4866.0,4872.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1022","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"care for pregnant women and infants, that actually building up a good prevention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4872.0,4878.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1023","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of mother-to-child transmission of HIV program actually resulted in improved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4878.0,4882.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1024","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outcomes for mothers and their infants. I think in general we've seen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4882.0,4887.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1025","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"improvements in systems in most of the countries where PEPFAR has worked. One of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4887.0,4893.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1026","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the challenges of HIV (is that) it is a chronic and incurable disease and it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4893.0,4900.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1027","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infectious. So, you can't give up. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4900.0,4903.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1028","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWe see that in the United States as well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4903.0,4907.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1029","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we have not yet been able to completely tackle HIV. We have reversed its","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4907.0,4914.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1030","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"direction, we've seen 18% reduction in the past 6-8 years, but there are still","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4914.0,4920.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1031","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"38,000 people getting infected with HIV every year, and that's too many.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4920.0,4925.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1032","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: As we're beginning to close, you of course had many other important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4925.0,4931.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1033","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"positions, one as Director of CDC Kenya and then Director of the Division of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4931.0,4937.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1034","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HIV/AIDS, and now of the Center. (Is there) anything you would like to add about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4937.0,4944.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1035","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those, for example, CDC's role in addressing AIDS in Africa?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4944.0,4948.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1036","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: I feel incredibly fortunate. The people I've been able to work with, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4948.0,4954.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1037","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meaningful work, and the excitement of really feeling like you're making a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4954.0,4959.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1038","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difference at the science and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4959.0,4962.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1039","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nprogram and the policy level. It's something","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4962.0,4965.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1040","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that people really look back on when they are retired and writing letters to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4965.0,4971.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1041","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York Times complaining about the world. They remember (these) as being some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4971.0,4976.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1042","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the best times. I think the work that I've been able to do at CDC has been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4976.0,4983.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1043","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tremendous. It is always challenging. There's always something new that you have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4983.0,4988.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1044","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to figure out. There are always committed people. This field draws people who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4988.0,4993.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1045","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"care about reducing disparities, who care about having a meaningful difference","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4993.0,4997.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1046","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in people's lives, and I feel very fortunate that I've been able to do that. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=4997.0,5003.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1047","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think the niche that CDC has is that the folks at CDC are committed. They","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5003.0,5009.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1048","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"understand science, care about science and want to use science and evidence as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5009.0,5014.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1049","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the core of their argument, but we're also humble enough to recognize when we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5014.0,5019.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1050","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't know the answers and we've got to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5019.0,5022.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1051","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nanswer them. The fact that we are the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5022.0,5026.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1052","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"public health agency for the United States means that we understand what a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5026.0,5032.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1053","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of our partners are going through in other countries. So, we are a natural","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5032.0,5038.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1054","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"friend, and I found that very useful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5038.0,5041.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1055","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Was it tough leaving Africa and coming back to the U.S.? Some people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5041.0,5047.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1056","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have found that very difficult, culturally and every other way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5047.0,5052.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1057","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: I really enjoyed my time in Africa, and I've really enjoyed my time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5052.0,5058.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1058","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here. I think as long as there are challenging work, great colleagues and some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5058.0,5064.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1059","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the energy that you really expect out of working at CDC, then you can thrive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5064.0,5071.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1060","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I have found it very rewarding. It's also frustrating. There's no doubt that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5071.0,5077.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1061","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many of us were not built for bureaucracy. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5077.0,5081.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1062","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWhen I reflect back at Uganda when we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5081.0,5084.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1063","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were first there, the email would go down for two weeks. We were basically given","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5084.0,5090.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1064","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resources and responsibility and support and told, good luck, tell us how it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5090.0,5096.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1065","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going later. The oversight now for everybody, because of electronic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5096.0,5100.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1066","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"communications and because of a normalization of the engagement between","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5100.0,5104.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1067","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"headquarters and the field, has changed. There is great opportunity, but on the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5104.0,5110.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1068","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other side, we have great communications with the highest levels of the U.S.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5110.0,5116.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1069","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"government. It was a pleasure to be able to work with people throughout our","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5116.0,5122.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1070","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"government in Africa and here and to be able to work together to make a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5122.0,5128.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1071","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difference. There may be slightly different partners: now I'm working with HRSA","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5128.0,5133.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1072","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Health Resources and Services Administration], I'm working with the Centers for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5133.0,5138.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1073","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Medicaid and Medicare Services, and I'm working ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5138.0,5141.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1074","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwith the OD [CDC Office of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5141.0,5143.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1075","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Director] and HHS on trying to solve problems domestically. I feel that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5143.0,5147.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1076","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knowledge that if you can't partner and do it together as a team, you're not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5147.0,5152.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1077","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to succeed, and that you as CDC play a role in that, has been really rewarding.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5152.0,5158.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1078","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You've mentioned your wife periodically in this interview, but what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5158.0,5162.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1079","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the kids? How did they do in Uganda, and then how did they do when they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5162.0,5168.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1080","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came back? Did you come back for the kids to go to school here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5168.0,5173.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1081","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MERMIN: CDC or HHS, I think, has a rule that you have to come back from being","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5173.0,5179.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1082","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"overseas if you're there for more than eight years. I don't know if it's still","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5179.0,5184.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1083","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in place, but they made an exception for (us for) ten years, and then it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5184.0,5190.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1084","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time. My eldest daughter, who was born just a month before we left, grew up in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5190.0,5196.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1085","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Uganda, and then the second daughter obviously grew up there too for several","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5196.0,5201.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1086","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5201.0,5202.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1087","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nloved Uganda and Kenya, and it made a big difference in their lives.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5202.0,5207.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1088","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They've gone back and taught at a rural school in Uganda during their summers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5207.0,5212.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1089","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My older daughter is actually going to go back this summer in between college","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5212.0,5217.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1090","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years to actually do some research. They really feel tied in with the experience","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5217.0,5222.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1091","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. Of course, now as a parent, I regret that I ever made them interested","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5222.0,5228.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1092","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somehow inadvertently in living away from me, but we have to accept it that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5228.0,5233.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1093","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they've caught the global bug. I also think that when they came back, they had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5233.0,5239.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1094","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some challenges, I think. First, it's a different culture coming to the United","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047#t=5239.0,5244.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/134259/file/249047/transcript/69527/annotation/1095","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States. 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