{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/m61bk18f4d/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["De Cock, Kevin"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["12435"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["David J. 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I'm interviewing Dr. De Cock as part of a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=11.0,17.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"project to document CDC's early response to the AIDS [acquired immune deficiency","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=17.0,22.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"syndrome] epidemic. Dr. De Cock, do I have your permission to interview you and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=22.0,27.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to record this interview?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=27.0,29.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: Yes, you do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=29.0,31.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: Thank you. Kevin, although your work on AIDS for CDC began some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=31.0,36.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five years after the initial report of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=36.0,40.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"homosexual men in June of 1981, it was nonetheless pioneering in its own right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=40.0,45.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Your work led to the establishment of a field station in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=45.0,50.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(Ivory Coast) to learn more about the global aspects of the AIDS epidemic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=50.0,55.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However, before we go there, let's talk a little bit about your background.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=55.0,60.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Could you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=60.0,61.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntell us where you grew up and about your early family life?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=61.0,66.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: Sure. I was born in Belgium. My father was Belgian. He was a general","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=66.0,72.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surgeon of the old school, and my mother was American. I grew up in Belgium but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=72.0,78.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was sent to boarding school in England when I was seven and finished the rest of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=78.0,84.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my education in England. So I did all my high school and then university medical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=84.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school in England as well. That's my early education and early life.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=90.0,95.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: And then you went on to university. Where was that, and what did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=95.0,101.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you study?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=101.0,102.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: I went to the University of Bristol in the west of England, studying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=102.0,108.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medicine. In the United Kingdom, medicine is an undergraduate degree. I did my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=108.0,113.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five years of medical school and then trained in internal medicine in Bristol","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=113.0,118.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the surrounding area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=118.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=120.0,120.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWhat influenced you to be a physician? Someone in person or--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=120.0,124.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: I think from my earliest memories I thought I would do medicine. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=124.0,130.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suppose the fact that my father was a doctor must have had an influence. But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=130.0,136.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from very early on, I knew that that's probably what I wanted to do. I did have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=136.0,143.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some doubts when I first arrived at university and was thinking of switching to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=143.0,148.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"politics and economics, but fortunately I stuck the course.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=148.0,152.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: Some of your early career in medicine was focused on liver disease,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=152.0,157.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you actually came to the States to do some of your training. How did that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=157.0,163.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interest in that specialty come about?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=163.0,165.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: To go back a little bit, when I studied medicine I always knew that I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=165.0,172.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanted to work in a developing country. I'd gotten very interested in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=172.0,177.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problems of resource-poor countries. When I finished my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=177.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ninternal medicine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=180.0,181.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"training, I took a tropical medicine degree and got a job as a lecturer in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=181.0,187.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medicine, an assistant professor type position, at the University of Nairobi in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=187.0,192.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kenya. This was actually quite useful, because not only was it something I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=192.0,197.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanted to do, but it counted as my Belgian military service. So, I went for two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=197.0,203.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years but stayed three, from 1979 to 1982.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=203.0,206.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was very interested in liver disease. I guess that was probably influenced by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=206.0,211.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my professor of medicine in Bristol, for whom I worked, who was a liver","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=211.0,216.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"specialist. In Kenya, I did a lot of work on liver disease. I did some applied","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=216.0,222.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"research and applied for a fellowship to do a fellowship in hepatology at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=222.0,227.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University of Southern California, which at that time was probably the biggest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=227.0,232.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clinical liver disease unit in the United States. So, from 1983 to 1986, I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=232.0,238.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working at the University of Southern ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=238.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nCalifornia on the liver unit, as a fellow","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=240.0,243.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then as a faculty member.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=243.0,245.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: The kinds of diseases that you were--were you involved in some of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=245.0,250.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the hepatitis work that was going on at the university?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=250.0,254.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: Yes, I was interested in hepatology. I was also interested in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=254.0,259.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infectious diseases, particularly in the overlap. The unit I worked on had a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=259.0,264.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"major interest in viral hepatitis, and that's really what I concentrated on in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=264.0,269.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those three years. By the time I arrived in Los Angeles, I was already","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=269.0,275.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interested in this phenomenon of AIDS. Having read a lot about it--actually,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=275.0,280.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being particularly interested in the very early reports that were coming out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=280.0,285.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about AIDS in Africa, but also AIDS elsewhere. Of course, working in hepatitis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=285.0,290.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we saw some of the same patients at risk for both. In Los Angeles, we had a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=290.0,297.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"major interest and major experience in hepatitis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=297.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndelta virus and again, probably","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=300.0,302.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the biggest experience in the United States.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=302.0,305.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: So, you've been in California for three years. You're focused on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=305.0,310.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this area, but some early interest in AIDS. What is it that then triggered your","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=310.0,316.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"move to CDC as an EIS (Epidemic Intelligence Service) officer? What made you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=316.0,322.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shift from clinical medicine and move towards public health?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=322.0,326.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: As always or is often, chance, serendipity, who you bump into makes a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=326.0,332.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"big difference. My boss, one of my bosses, [Dr.] Allan Redeker, who was well","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=332.0,338.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"known in the hepatitis world, was friends and colleagues with [Dr. James] Jim","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=338.0,344.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Maynard, who was the head of the hepatitis branch here at CDC. Maynard came out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=344.0,350.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to California to discuss with Redeker--they actually wanted to do a study in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=350.0,356.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Brazil. Maynard wanted to do a study in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=356.0,359.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nBrazil on delta and actually asked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=359.0,362.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Redeker if there was anybody available to participate in this as a hepatologist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=362.0,368.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was going to do that, so that was my initial contact. After my fellowship, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=368.0,375.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was an assistant professor for a year. I began to think I needed to do some more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=375.0,382.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"training, and I had the opportunity to go to NIH [the National Institutes of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=382.0,388.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Health]. But this contact with CDC sounded very interesting, and Maynard and his","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=388.0,394.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deputy, [Dr. Harold] Hal Margolis, encouraged me to apply for the EIS program,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=394.0,400.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which I did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=400.0,401.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: When you came to CDC to work on EIS, you were in CDC's Division of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=401.0,408.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Viral Diseases, but not working necessarily in hepatitis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=408.0,411.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: That's right. I expected to be working on hepatitis. But when I arrived","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=411.0,418.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I found out, at ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=418.0,420.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe conference before starting, when you do the match, I found","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=420.0,425.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they had no positions. I must say, to my surprise at the time. I thought","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=425.0,432.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was the whole point. I then went to the--by then actually I was more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=432.0,439.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interested in HIV [human immunodeficiency virus] anyway, or AIDS. I went to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=439.0,445.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Special Pathogens branch in Viral Diseases, which is the branch that deals with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=445.0,451.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hemorrhagic fevers, Lassa, Marburg, Ebola, those kinds of viruses. But that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=451.0,456.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"branch also had been involved with looking at HIV in Africa, and that actually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=456.0,462.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was what I really wanted to get into. So, it was a good fit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=462.0,468.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: Tell us a little bit about your first foray into AIDS-related work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=468.0,474.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of the Special Pathogens branch. You said that was--they actually had some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=474.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"studies that intersected with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=480.0,482.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAIDS. Tell us a little bit about that first project.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=482.0,487.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: My supervisor was [Dr. Joseph] Joe McCormick, and it was really Joe, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=487.0,494.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think, who got CDC involved in Africa in the first place, as far as HIV was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=494.0,501.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concerned. He told me that in the early '80s, '82, '83, he just heard from other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=501.0,508.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"colleagues in Europe that something was going on. They were seeing some new","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=508.0,514.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease that seemed to have features of what was being described in AIDS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=514.0,520.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patients in the United States and Europe. Joe actually was instrumental in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=520.0,526.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"establishing Projet SIDA [SIDA, the French acronym for AIDS], which was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=526.0,531.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"established in 1984. He was key, the senior investigator actually, for the study","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=531.0,537.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was done in 1983 that led up to the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=537.0,542.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nproposal to set up this long-term","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=542.0,545.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"research site. He was also, I think, instrumental in recruiting [Dr.] Jonathan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=545.0,550.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mann, who was the first director of Projet SIDA.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=550.0,554.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: This was the project that was in Zaire [now the Democratic Republic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=554.0,560.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Congo] that was established.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=560.0,562.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: Right. That started in '84. The fact that my branch, Special Pathogens,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=562.0,568.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was somehow peripherally involved in all of this in '86 was very intriguing to me.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=568.0,575.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: Joe came up, I think, with a project for you to do that involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=575.0,582.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tracking back to see maybe just how long AIDS might have been in Africa, as I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=582.0,589.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"understand it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=589.0,590.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: Yes, this was one of those rather extraordinary experiences that you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=590.0,596.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couldn't really make it up. There had been--the first epidemic of Ebola","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=596.0,601.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"described was in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=601.0,602.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n1976, so ten years before I did EIS. It was in 1976 in a very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=602.0,609.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remote part of northern Zaire, now called the Democratic Republic of Congo. Very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=609.0,615.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remote, in a village called Yambuku, which was about 100 kilometers or so, maybe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=615.0,621.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"200, from the border with the Central African Republic. So, way up in the north,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=621.0,628.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Équateur region, had been this very severe epidemic that had been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=628.0,634.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"investigated. CDC had been involved in that investigation. [Dr.] Karl Johnson","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=634.0,639.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the expert, the leader of the hemorrhagic fever group. Joe was involved in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=639.0,645.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that investigation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=645.0,646.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To cut a long story short, there were studies done in the villages, collecting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=646.0,652.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blood samples that were later tested for evidence of Ebola antibodies. Those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=652.0,657.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"specimens came back to Atlanta and went into the freezers here. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=657.0,662.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWhen AIDS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=662.0,663.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened, and then it was known that there was AIDS in Zaire and the project got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=663.0,670.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"set up in Kinshasa, and a test became available for the causative virus HIV, Joe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=670.0,676.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had the bright idea to pull these specimens from the freezers and test them. If","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=676.0,682.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I recall correctly, there were, I think, 659 specimens tested, of which five","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=682.0,687.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were positive. So, five out of 659--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=687.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: Back in 1976.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=690.0,692.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: 0.8%, back in 1976. Joe, somewhat optimistically, said to his EIS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=692.0,697.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"officer, [Dr. Donald] Don Forthal, who was the EIS officer the year before me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=697.0,703.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so in 1985. Joe said to Don, \"I want you to go to Zaire, and I want you to go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=703.0,711.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and find these people.\" Which sounded like looking for a needle in a haystack.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=711.0,717.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Don duly went, and because this region is so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=717.0,721.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nremote and people really didn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=721.0,724.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"travel very much, he actually was able to find two or three of them and find out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=724.0,733.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what had happened to the others. Some had died. I think he found two or three","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=733.0,741.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who were still seropositive but still alive. I started in '86, and Joe said to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=741.0,749.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me, \"I want you to go back there and find the negative people and test them and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=749.0,758.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see if any have become positive.\" I did that, and it was just a remarkable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=758.0,766.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experience of logistics and funny stories of folkloric events to do what in fact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=766.0,773.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was, technically speaking, a retrospective cohort study. It was a very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=773.0,779.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting experience.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=779.0,780.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=780.0,781.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nstill--the Ebola epidemic in '76 was a devastating event. In this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=781.0,786.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mission hospital, which also had a school and so on, about half of the priests","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=786.0,793.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the nuns had actually died. But there were still four Belgian nuns there,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=793.0,799.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of whom, including the mother superior, had been in the epidemic. Now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=799.0,805.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I speak Flemish and these were Flemish nuns, I was treated like the son","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=805.0,812.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they never had. I was extremely welcomed, and it was just fascinating sitting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=812.0,818.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and talking to them about the Ebola epidemic, but also then doing this study.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=818.0,824.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Again, to cut a long story short, I actually did find about 80 people. We tested","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=824.0,831.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them and none of them had seroconverted. The very interesting finding was that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=831.0,837.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 1976, the seroprevalence in this very remote area was 0.8%. Ten years later, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=837.0,843.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nit was still 0.8%. Meanwhile, in Kinshasa, a quite severe epidemic had emerged","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=843.0,850.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over this period of time. We collaborated for the study with Belgian colleagues","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=850.0,857.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp, who were looking at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=857.0,863.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"high-risk groups in the local towns and so on. Rather implausibly, out of this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=863.0,870.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"adventure really, whose protocol was written on the back of an envelope, we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=870.0,877.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually got a paper in the New England Journal of Medicine. It was really a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=877.0,885.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather remarkable event.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=885.0,887.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: Gosh, that sounds like classic shoe-leather epidemiology, although","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=887.0,892.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a Flemish twist there. This is a really very interesting early experience.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=892.0,899.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Also during your EIS, however, the whole idea of establishing a second study","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=899.0,906.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"site ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=906.0,907.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin Africa, a second CDC-sponsored study site in Africa, came about in a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=907.0,913.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different country, Ivory Coast, Côte d'Ivoire. Tell us a little bit about the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=913.0,919.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"genesis of this project. Why was there felt a need to have a project set up in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=919.0,927.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Côte d'Ivoire? What were the goals of the project?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=927.0,931.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: This was chance again, although to some extent chance favors the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=931.0,937.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prepared mind. I came back from--typical CDC experience--I came back from Zaire,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=937.0,942.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I remember it well. It was late November, I think, when I came back. I arrived","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=942.0,949.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back in Atlanta on a Saturday or Sunday. On the Sunday I went into the branch","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=949.0,956.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just to see if I had any mail and that kind of stuff, and saw some cables lying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=956.0,964.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around about an unknown disease in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=964.0,967.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nNigeria. On Tuesday, so two or three days","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=967.0,970.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after getting back, I was told I had to go to Nigeria. I left one or two days","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=970.0,977.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"later for what ended up being several months of work, with two trips to Nigeria","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=977.0,983.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and work in Fort Collins, Colorado, on yellow fever. It was a very big yellow","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=983.0,989.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fever epidemic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=989.0,990.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I got back from the second Nigeria outbreak of yellow fever, I was due to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=990.0,996.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go to the AIDS conference in Washington. This was now the end of my first EIS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=996.0,1002.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year, 1987, the Third International Conference on AIDS. The first [was] in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1002.0,1006.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta, the second in Paris, and the third one in Washington. I was presenting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1006.0,1011.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of this work from Zaire. I had a couple of posters. I happened to be in my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1011.0,1018.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"office preparing to go to the conference. My office was--I think it was building","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1018.0,1023.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"16, which doesn't exist anymore. It was the end of the catwalk, which some may ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1023.0,1029.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nremember. I was in the sub-subbasement, about two floors underground, in what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1029.0,1034.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"literally was like a cave. It was a really pretty horrible office. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1034.0,1039.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"high-security lab was just down the corridor from us. The phone went, and I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1039.0,1044.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"picked it up, and it wasn't for me. It was for Joe McCormick, my boss. Somehow,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1044.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whoever was on the other end of the line said, \"Well, we wanted to invite him to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1050.0,1057.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a meeting on AIDS in Africa that the NIH is organizing just before the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1057.0,1062.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Washington AIDS conference.\" I said, \"Well, can I come?\" I don't know what would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1062.0,1067.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have happened if that phone call hadn't come through.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1067.0,1070.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So anyway, Joe and I both went. [Dr. James] Jim Curran was there and lots of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1070.0,1076.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"senior people. There was a brief meeting a day or a day and a half before the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1076.0,1083.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"major conference. It was on research going on in Africa, [with] different groups","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1083.0,1088.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"presenting. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1088.0,1088.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThere were presentations from people working in West Africa. There","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1088.0,1093.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were presentations from Projet SIDA in Zaire and others as well. But there were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1093.0,1100.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some presentations from West Africa, where the presence of another virus had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1100.0,1106.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been described shortly before. [They] described initially serological evidence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1106.0,1111.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of this virus by a group, including the Harvard group led by [Dr.] Max Essex and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1111.0,1119.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some French workers. The initial paper in the Lancet said that the people who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1119.0,1126.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had this virus, sex workers in Senegal to be specific, were not ill and were well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1126.0,1134.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: Were the viruses similar? Did they characterize the virus?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1134.0,1139.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: It hadn't been characterized yet. This was just serological evidence at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1139.0,1146.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that time. There were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1146.0,1148.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npeople at the NIH meeting working in other West African","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1148.0,1152.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries, specifically Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde, who were describing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1152.0,1156.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patients with AIDS with a virus that was not human immunodeficiency virus 1","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1156.0,1162.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[HIV-1]. The French in fact, again the group of [Dr. Luc] Montagnier actually,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1162.0,1168.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the French again had isolated this virus which now was called--again, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1168.0,1173.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nomenclature was confusing, but #2 was associated with this virus. So,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1173.0,1178.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lymphadenopathy-associated virus [LAV-2], eventually [known as] HIV-2. This","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1178.0,1181.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seemed to be a different virus, but we knew nothing about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1181.0,1186.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was controversy because one group was saying, \"It doesn't cause disease.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1186.0,1191.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another group was saying, \"Yes, it does.\" Then, \"Well, if it does, maybe it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1191.0,1197.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not as severe.\" We had no evidence of how it was transmitted, although","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1197.0,1203.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"presumably [it was] sexual because it was again found in high-risk ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1203.0,1208.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n groups","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1208.0,1209.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly. So, there was debate at this NIH meeting. This was clearly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1209.0,1215.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important, because here you had another virus circulating in West Africa which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1215.0,1221.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we knew very little about, which was different from HIV-1. The diagnostics for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1221.0,1228.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HIV-1 didn't work or only worked partially, or we didn't really know whether","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1228.0,1235.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they could detect this other virus. This potentially had public health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1235.0,1241.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"implications, including for the blood supply. As we were sitting there listening","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1241.0,1247.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to some of this discussion, I leaned over to Joe McCormick and said, \"You know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1247.0,1255.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what we need? We need another Projet SIDA in West Africa.\" Joe said, \"Yeah,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1255.0,1262.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're right.\" It went from there. It went from there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1262.0,1267.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: How was Côte d'Ivoire ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1267.0,1270.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nselected as the study site in West Africa?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1270.0,1273.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: At the main meeting, then, when I went to the major AIDS meeting, this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1273.0,1279.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really become my passion. I had to figure out how could we do this. I talked to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1279.0,1286.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different people. First, I talked to some very senior people outside of CDC to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1286.0,1292.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say, \"Does this make sense? Do you think this is possible?\" Including, actually,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1292.0,1297.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Dr.] John La Montagne, who was of course very senior at NIH. He was a very kind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1297.0,1304.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"man. I met him--there was a high-level visit to Zaire when I was doing that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1304.0,1310.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"field work six months previously, and I'd met a lot of senior folks, [Dr.] King","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1310.0,1316.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Holmes, [Dr.] Karl Western, John La Montagne. I sort of helped shepherd them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1316.0,1321.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around. I asked him, \"Does this make sense?\" He said, \"Yes, I think so.\" I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1321.0,1327.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said--I wanted to make sure I wasn't out of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1327.0,1331.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nplace or completely out of judgment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1331.0,1333.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But he said, \"Yes.\" So I spent a lot of time at the conference trying to meet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1333.0,1340.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people from different West African countries, because Joe and I had agreed that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1340.0,1345.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what we should probably do is visit, visit different countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1345.0,1349.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I made contact with as many people as I could, including people from Côte","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1349.0,1355.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"d'Ivoire. What then happened is we went back to Atlanta and talked to Jim","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1355.0,1361.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Curran. By this time also Jim had--there was a small group working on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1361.0,1366.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"international AIDS that was becoming more structured--and Jim had recruited [Dr.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1366.0,1371.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"William] Bill Heyward to be the leader of that group. We talked to Jim Curran.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1371.0,1377.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We got his approval to actually do a field trip out to West Africa. How did we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1377.0,1384.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decide where to go? It's a little bit like one of those European conferences ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1384.0,1390.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1390.0,1390.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the late 1800s, standing at the map and saying, \"Who's there and who's where?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1390.0,1396.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because in some countries there was work already ongoing, and we clearly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1396.0,1401.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wouldn't be welcome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1401.0,1402.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we eventually settled on visiting three countries: Guinea, Burkina Faso, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1402.0,1407.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Côte d'Ivoire. The criteria for deciding whether or not to set up a site were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1407.0,1414.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really the amount of disease, the amount of HIV-2 that was there, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1414.0,1420.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infrastructure that would support a research site, and the interest and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1420.0,1425.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"commitment of the government. We went to the three countries, and Côte d'Ivoire","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1425.0,1431.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"seemed the most logical place to go. It was the right decision.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1431.0,1436.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: You, after finishing EIS, became the founding director of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1436.0,1441.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"project in Ivory Coast, Projet RETRO-CI [Retrovirus Côte d'Ivoire project], as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1441.0,1446.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it is referred to. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1446.0,1448.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI think I'd like to--it's a fascinating story to hear about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1448.0,1453.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how it came to be founded, because that's not recorded in any of the journal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1453.0,1459.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"publications. I'd like to explore with you a little bit more about the project,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1459.0,1465.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both from an operational as well as a research perspective. You have this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1465.0,1470.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"initial field trip, if you will, and selected Côte d'Ivoire. When you were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1470.0,1475.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talking with a country and then heath officials and then people back in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1475.0,1481.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States, what was the general plan as to how the project would be organized and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1481.0,1487.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"managed? It was clearly going to be some kind of joint venture with CDC and the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1487.0,1494.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country health officials?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1494.0,1495.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: Yes. I mean, we looked at the experience of Projet SIDA and sort of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1495.0,1502.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"judged what went well, what didn't go so well, and try and do our best in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1502.0,1509.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n Côte","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1509.0,1509.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"d'Ivoire. One thing that was clear was that Projet SIDA was a collaboration","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1509.0,1515.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between CDC, NIH, and the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp. That","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1515.0,1521.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"collaboration was not always easy. In Abidjan, we said CDC will be the partner","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1521.0,1527.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here with the government of Côte d'Ivoire.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1527.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: I see. Were there any other groups involved?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1530.0,1534.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: Not initially, but in, I think if I remember correctly, in 1991, Projet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1534.0,1541.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SIDA essentially stopped operations because of political and civil disturbances.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1541.0,1546.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had been working in some of the same areas, including working with high-risk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1546.0,1552.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"populations such as sex workers. When that happened, I said to my Belgian","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1552.0,1558.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"colleagues, I said, \"Look, can we try and move some of this work, this very good","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1558.0,1565.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work going on in Kinshasa to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1565.0,1568.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAbidjan?\" Which actually, they did. [Dr.] Peter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1568.0,1571.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Piot visited us in, I think it was 1991, [Dr.] Marie Laga from Antwerp, and then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1571.0,1578.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we actually--they seconded an epidemiologist named [Dr.] Peter Ghys. He worked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1578.0,1583.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with us in Abidjan for several years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1583.0,1586.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: I didn't realize that there was such a gap. I knew that the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1586.0,1592.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Belgians eventually became involved in the project, but it was because of Projet","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1592.0,1598.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"SIDA coming to an end and folding. Interesting. How difficult was it to get the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1598.0,1605.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"project started? What were some of the challenges? You said one of your criteria","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1605.0,1611.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was that there was some sort of infrastructure in place, but I imagine that you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1611.0,1618.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were pretty much starting from scratch to build this. So I was just curious how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1618.0,1625.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that actually happened. Sort of the mechanics of it all ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1625.0,1629.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand what number of staff","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1629.0,1632.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you were working with. I imagine it would be pretty skeletal.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1632.0,1638.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: Again, there's just story after story one could tell. When I started,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1638.0,1645.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was myself, and we had recruited an English laboratory technologist called","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1645.0,1651.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Anne Porter. Anne had been known to the hemorrhagic fever group because she'd","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1651.0,1658.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"done some work with them. She had come to CDC for a short while to do some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1658.0,1667.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"familiarization. She and I went out to Abidjan together--or arrived more or less","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1667.0,1674.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the same time. Yes, I mean, there you are with your suitcase, and that's it. You","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1674.0,1682.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of say to yourself--you had talked earlier about planning. There had not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1682.0,1689.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been a great ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1689.0,1691.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndeal of planning, I must say, and no firm instructions. We sort of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1691.0,1698.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had to figure it out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1698.0,1701.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We went about setting up a lab. That was the first thing. We were housed in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1701.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Infectious Diseases department at Treichville Hospital, which is the university","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1710.0,1715.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital. Pretty rudimentary conditions, very rudimentary conditions. But we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1715.0,1720.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were given an empty room that was a lab, and we set it up. Here actually is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1720.0,1729.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where you saw, compared to other countries, the raw power of CDC, logistics, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1729.0,1736.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Embassy in Abidjan. The flying in of equipment and materials. I have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1736.0,1743.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"photographs of trucks being unloaded and stuff. We worked very, very hard and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1743.0,1750.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very quickly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1750.0,1751.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Everybody was--there was a great deal of skepticism ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1751.0,1755.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfrom some Ivoirian","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1755.0,1756.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"colleagues and from French colleagues, because Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire, is very,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1756.0,1761.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very firmly influenced by the French Colonial links. So this American group","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1761.0,1766.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coming to set up, this was an interesting experience. There was a fair amount of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1766.0,1773.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"skepticism about it, but then we did our work, and we showed results very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1773.0,1779.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quickly. We were very well accepted. It was a real--there was a lot of diplomacy involved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1779.0,1786.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: So you and Anne basically wrote up a shopping list and said, \"We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1786.0,1792.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"need X number of whatever test tubes [Crosstalk]\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1792.0,1796.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: Yes, Anne did most of that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1796.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: And it arrived and--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1800.0,1802.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: And we had done--in our foray the year before, we had done a pilot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1802.0,1809.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"study. So we'd set up a temporary lab and that pilot study was done ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1809.0,1815.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n in--that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1815.0,1815.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trip, that initial trip we made, I had stayed on to do a pilot study in Abidjan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1815.0,1822.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in Burkina Faso. So when we started definitively in 1988 with Anne Porter,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1822.0,1827.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we set up a lab. That was the first thing to do. We set up some simple data","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1827.0,1834.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"management and so on, and started recruiting people. The first people I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1834.0,1839.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recruited were some medical students who I'd worked with. I'd worked with some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1839.0,1844.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medical students in that pilot study, and one or two of them came to work with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1844.0,1850.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us long-term. They took a risk actually, because they were stepping out of their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1850.0,1855.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"own system and they had to--I remember sitting down with some of them and sort","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1855.0,1861.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of counseling them, saying, \"Look, we're serious. We're very serious people. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1861.0,1866.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't know what the future holds, but we're serious about this.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1866.0,1870.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: Were they actually going to have to take a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1870.0,1874.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nleave of absence from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1874.0,1875.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medical school to do this?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1875.0,1877.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: Yes, or certainly alter their future career plans. Like I mean jumping ahead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1877.0,1883.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: Because you intended this to very much be a full-time job for them, obviously.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1883.0,1889.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1889.0,1890.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: And all of this took about--you said it was a relatively short","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1890.0,1895.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"period of time. Like three, four, six months?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1895.0,1898.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: I mean it was progressive. We sort of just kept growing and growing. It","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1898.0,1904.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really was making it up as you went along. In terms of answering the question,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1904.0,1910.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of, \"I'm here to do AIDS research. Well, now what?\" I actually, there I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1910.0,1916.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think the Holy Ghost came down, because I--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1916.0,1919.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: Those Belgian nuns. They were praying for you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1919.0,1922.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: I thought--where do we start? There's very little known. I thought,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1922.0,1927.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Well, I guess we should do a study to determine how much AIDS is there. And how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1927.0,1933.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much of it is due to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1933.0,1935.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nHIV-1 and how much to HIV-2.\" As we were doing that, I also","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1935.0,1940.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thought, \"You know, we should do a study trying to figure out how much death is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1940.0,1946.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there from AIDS, and how much of that is due to HIV-1 and HIV-2.\" Both of these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1946.0,1953.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"studies have a lot of stuff that never gets into the materials and methods of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1953.0,1959.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the paper. What we did for the first study--here, it was the right thing to do,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1959.0,1965.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we were also lucky in that I thought, \"Well, let's screen consecutive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1965.0,1970.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital admissions across the city and determine how many of these patients","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1970.0,1975.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have AIDS. And if we apply those numerators to a denominator of the city","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1975.0,1981.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[population], at least we would come up with an estimate of the minimum","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1981.0,1986.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"incidence of AIDS.\" Because obviously the numerator would not capture everybody","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1986.0,1990.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the city with AIDS.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1990.0,1992.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was also very fortunate to, totally ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1992.0,1995.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhaphazardly--a guy walks into my office,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1995.0,1998.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this little cramped office where there were now six of us working with no space","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=1998.0,2005.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at all, and a French guy comes in and introduces himself. Says he's a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2005.0,2012.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"demographer and he's just lost his job, or his job is being abolished, and he's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2012.0,2019.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looking for something to do. He heard we were working. We'd hired a Belgian data","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2019.0,2026.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"manager who was quite a good statistician as well. Now we had a demographer, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2026.0,2033.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we just got very good collaboration getting some meaningful denominator data.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2033.0,2038.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The study took a few months. We wrote it up, and it got published in the Lancet.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2038.0,2046.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Our first paper, within less than year we had a paper in the Lancet that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2046.0,2053.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually attracted a lot of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2053.0,2055.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n attention.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2055.0,2056.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We then started the study trying to, again with the same group of people and the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2056.0,2064.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"demographer, trying to establish mortality rates. We did a study going to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2064.0,2071.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city mortuaries and bleeding cadavers, doing blood tests on dead bodies and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2071.0,2077.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting results on HIV prevalence, how much HIV-1, how much HIV-2, and again","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2077.0,2084.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"applying those figures to denominators. The astounding result from that study","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2084.0,2090.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was that in this area of West Africa, in this country of West Africa, where AIDS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2090.0,2098.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was not recognized to be a problem at all and the world didn't think it was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2098.0,2107.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problem, we showed with these two papers that it was the leading cause of death","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2107.0,2115.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2115.0,2116.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmen. It was the second leading cause of death in women, because maternal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2116.0,2123.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mortality and death from abortion were more frequent than AIDS. The minimum","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2123.0,2130.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"incidence of AIDS was actually higher than that in New York City, and approached","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2130.0,2138.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that of San Francisco. Putting that out was obviously impactful and put us on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2138.0,2146.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the map. All of the sudden, we were a well-recognized, important research site","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2146.0,2153.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a very short period of time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2153.0,2157.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: That is astounding. When you went back and tried to sort this a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2157.0,2165.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bit, were people that had died, people that you were looking at in your","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2165.0,2173.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"consecutive hospital admissions, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2173.0,2175.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwere they demonstrating the characteristic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2175.0,2177.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diseases? Opportunistic infections that were associated with AIDS? Were there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2177.0,2181.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"differences between the HIV-1 and the HIV-2 patients? Maybe just elaborate a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2181.0,2186.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little bit more on some of these key findings for these two studies. You're","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2186.0,2192.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"using the terms AIDS, and I think that can apply to both HIV-1 and 2.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2192.0,2199.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2199.0,2200.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: So you're originally going in there to study HIV-2, and I think you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2200.0,2206.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"end up being a little surprised that HIV-1 is actually getting to be the bigger problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2206.0,2213.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: That's absolutely correct. We saw very quickly that HIV-2 was certainly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2213.0,2219.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there. It was associated with disease, but there was much more HIV-1. HIV-1 was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2219.0,2225.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"increasing or had increased, whereas HIV-2 in terms of prevalence seemed to stay","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2225.0,2231.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relatively stable and at a low ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2231.0,2234.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n rate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2234.0,2234.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: Had it been recognized in the community? Had healthcare workers or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2234.0,2239.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people that [you] talked to said, \"People are getting sick with something we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2239.0,2244.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"haven't seen yet.\" I was curious if there were these clues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2244.0,2249.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: There are again some important lessons here. I'll come back to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2249.0,2255.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"issue of diagnostics in a minute. There are some very important lessons because,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2255.0,2260.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yes, the clinicians knew they were seeing AIDS, and it had the same","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2260.0,2265.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"characteristics as described elsewhere in Africa. There was a room, it was like","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2265.0,2270.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something out of Dante, actually. There was a room in the Infectious Diseases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2270.0,2275.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unit where the most advanced cases of HIV with classic wasting syndrome were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2275.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"housed. This room had--a lot of these patients had chronic diarrhea, and the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2280.0,2285.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital was using cholera beds, these beds with the holes in the mattresses,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2285.0,2290.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for these patients. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2290.0,2291.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThis was room number 24. I remember it very well. It was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2291.0,2297.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just where people died, basically. You had these skeletal people, skeletally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2297.0,2302.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thin, barely moving. There was a very strong characteristic smell in that room","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2302.0,2308.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which would get into your clothes and into your hair. It was where the patients,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2308.0,2315.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly with chronic diarrhea, were sort of left. Chronic diarrhea and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2315.0,2320.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wasting syndrome. Actually, those people, we later learned when we were able to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2320.0,2326.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do more studies that these people had very advanced immunodeficiency, very low","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2326.0,2332.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CD4 counts and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2332.0,2334.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The hospital recognized they had a problem, particularly in infectious diseases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2334.0,2339.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it hadn't been counted in any way. What was interesting was I--another early","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2339.0,2345.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"study we did--I found somewhat haphazardly that actually, of course they had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2345.0,2351.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"admission ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2351.0,2351.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nregisters. I started looking at these registers, and these registers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2351.0,2356.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went back years. I thought, \"My goodness, here you've got--\" and they had a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2356.0,2363.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diagnosis usually listed, at least a provisional one, such as chronic diarrhea","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2363.0,2369.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so on. But what I did was to, again with help, to go through all these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2369.0,2377.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"registers, and we were able to show very clearly that between 1983 and 1988, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2377.0,2384.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly from about '85, there were these escalating deaths and rates of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2384.0,2390.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"death in admissions to the Infectious Disease unit or to the medical wards of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2390.0,2397.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the hospital or the hospitals across Abidjan. The rates of death were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2397.0,2403.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dramatically increasing, more in men than women. But I'll come back to that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2403.0,2409.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In surgical patients, this was not the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2409.0,2412.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncase. It was all documented there, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2412.0,2415.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nobody had actually looked at it. That was another paper that we published on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2415.0,2422.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mortality trends.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2422.0,2423.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"To go back to HIV-1 and HIV-2, obviously we--there was a sort of dual track to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2423.0,2431.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our work, if you will. Studying HIV disease overall, but also trying to learn","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2431.0,2438.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more about HIV-2. Of course, for this we had to get our diagnostics perfected as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2438.0,2445.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much as we could. This was difficult because the tests evolved over time, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2445.0,2452.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we first started there were no very good tests, actually. There was a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2452.0,2459.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of cross-reactivity between the reagents that we did have for HIV-1 and 2. So we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2459.0,2466.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spent a lot of time perfecting diagnostic algorithms and evaluating different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2466.0,2471.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reagents, including synthetic peptide-based ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2471.0,2473.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntests and Western blots, specific","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2473.0,2475.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Western blots. We spent a lot of money on buying reagents, and I think we were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2475.0,2480.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the biggest consumer in the world, actually.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2480.0,2482.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: So you were doing that all on site. It was not a case of sending","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2482.0,2487.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"specimens to Atlanta.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2487.0,2488.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: We were working with Atlanta, and we did send specimens back, but a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2488.0,2493.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of this was on site.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2493.0,2495.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: Really?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2495.0,2496.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: Yeah, yeah, yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2496.0,2498.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: You were doing some fairly advanced laboratory work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2498.0,2501.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: Well, it was serology. It was pretty basic. I do remember--I arrived in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2501.0,2506.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Abidjan in 1988, in late June, I think it was. We had our first site visit from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2506.0,2512.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"headquarters in about February, the following February. This was about eight","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2512.0,2516.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"months later, I remember because there were more people on the site visit than","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2516.0,2521.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were working in the project. It was very stressful, very, very stressful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2521.0,2525.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"having this. Jim Curran was leading the delegation. I think [Dr.] Gary Noble was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2525.0,2530.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the team. It was a big team. [Dr.] Harold ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2530.0,2533.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nJaffe was on the team as well. We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2533.0,2537.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were explaining the difficulties of serology, and I remember Harold shaking his","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2537.0,2543.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"head and looking very sort of depressed and saying, \"Well, if we can't figure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2543.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out this serology, we might as well pack this up.\" This was both a worrying and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2550.0,2558.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a motivating statement. I took it seriously, because I agreed. We did make","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2558.0,2564.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"progress and eventually were able to differentiate the two much more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2564.0,2569.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"specifically, particularly through the use of synthetic peptide-based tests.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2569.0,2573.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jim Curran then, I remember another phrase from him, saying after a lot of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2573.0,2580.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"discussion, \"All right, when are you going to start your first cohort study?\" We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2580.0,2587.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did then establish specific cohort studies looking at mother-to-child","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2587.0,2591.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transmission of HIV-1 and 2, comparing them. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2591.0,2594.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nHIV-2 barely transmitted from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2594.0,2596.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mother to child at all. Looking at differences in disease, [and] coming to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2596.0,2602.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conclusion that yes, HIV-2 does cause AIDS. It does appear to be slower and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2602.0,2608.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"associated with better survival, but still causes AIDS and death. And that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2608.0,2613.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually HIV-1 is the dominant problem, as it has become or rapidly became","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2613.0,2619.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"throughout West Africa. In a way actually, HIV-2 is sort of--we talk about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2619.0,2625.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"emerging infections. Infections can also recede, and in a way HIV-2 is a kind of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2625.0,2632.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"receding infection, but it still exists.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2632.0,2635.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: Let's go back to a couple of the points that you raised when you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2635.0,2642.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were describing some of your early findings. You said that the review of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2642.0,2648.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospital admission records indicated something changed about 1983-'85. That","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2648.0,2652.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"period of time is when you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2652.0,2655.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nreally began to see an escalation in admissions of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2655.0,2660.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this uncharacterized but clearly different syndrome. And also you talked about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2660.0,2666.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rates in men as opposed to rates in women. Were you able to go back and figure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2666.0,2675.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out, epidemiologically, what was going on in '83-'85, or actually before that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2675.0,2681.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What were the factors that led to this escalation and some of the differences","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2681.0,2688.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you saw in men versus women?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2688.0,2692.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: Yes, it was very interesting. When we did that hospital study, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2692.0,2699.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first one looking at the minimum incidence of AIDS, for every woman with AIDS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2699.0,2706.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were three or four men. Initially we found this perplexing, because one of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2706.0,2713.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the striking findings in Kinshasa back in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2713.0,2717.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n1983 had been a one-to-one ratio of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2717.0,2720.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"male to female, which was taken as evidence of heterosexual transmission. Here","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2720.0,2726.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were in an epidemic that we assumed was heterosexual, yet we had this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2726.0,2733.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"discrepancy. The explanation was that AIDS probably began with a group of sex","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2733.0,2739.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"workers, female sex workers, who had many clients. Abidjan is--and Côte","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2739.0,2744.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"d'Ivoire as a whole, but particularly Abidjan--is an unusual city in that many","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2744.0,2750.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people come there, particularly men, to find work. Or they used to at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2750.0,2757.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They come from many surrounding countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2757.0,2760.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, in that hospital study, we asked people where they were born. Rather than","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2760.0,2767.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"asking them what nationality they are, we asked them where you were born. And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2767.0,2774.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were something like 20 countries of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2774.0,2777.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\norigin. You'd never find that in--you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2777.0,2780.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wouldn't have found that in Kinshasa. So, men come to work, taxi drivers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2780.0,2786.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gardeners, security guards, laborers, et cetera, from all surrounding countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2786.0,2790.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they come on their own. So there was a very strong sex industry, and that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2790.0,2797.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"initially had been largely populated, or disproportionately populated, by women","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2797.0,2801.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Ghana. There was a tradition actually, that women from Ghana went to Côte","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2801.0,2807.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"d'Ivoire to work as sex workers and eventually would go home. So I think what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2807.0,2814.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you had was a restricted group of sex workers supplying a large group of men.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2814.0,2821.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"With time, what happened is that ratio slowly equalized out, but it took years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2821.0,2827.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2827.0,2828.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: I see.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2828.0,2829.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: There's a lot of literature on this and evidence. This is true. In","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2829.0,2836.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fact, again ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2836.0,2837.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwhat doesn't get into the materials and methods. We started, we set","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2837.0,2844.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up a sex worker clinic, again, trying to look for HIV-2 and working on the whole","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2844.0,2853.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"subject of other STIs (sexually transmitted infections) and HIV with our","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2853.0,2859.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"colleagues from Antwerp. We copied what they had done in the Matongé area of Kinshasa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2859.0,2867.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We set up a clinic. It was called the Clinique de Confiance. There's a story","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2867.0,2875.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there because it's a play on words, because there was a type of condom that was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2875.0,2884.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being promoted: Prudence. And the advertising slogan for Prudence condoms was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2884.0,2890.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Confiance d'accord, mais prudence d'abord.\" So confidence, trust, okay, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2890.0,2896.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Prudence, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2896.0,2897.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwhich is the name of the condom, first of all. So we called it the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2897.0,2903.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Clinique de Confiance because of this play on words with the condoms. But of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2903.0,2909.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"course, the acronym for Clinique de Confiance is CDC. It was kind of clever.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2909.0,2915.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We had set up that clinic because there was also a demand for services and for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2915.0,2922.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"testing. In fact, I had accompanied the head of the AIDS program, Dr. Odehouri","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2922.0,2928.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Koudou], who was one of our first contacts who facilitated our entry there and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2928.0,2934.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a main collaborator. He invited me to go with him to see the ambassador from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2934.0,2941.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ghana, who was a military man. The reason that Odehouri wanted me to go with him","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2941.0,2948.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is because the ambassador didn't speak any French and Odehouri didn't speak any","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2948.0,2953.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"English, so as was often the case in my career ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2953.0,2957.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nactually, I ended up translating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2957.0,2959.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between Africans.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2959.0,2960.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we go into the ambassador's office and sit down and how are you and so on. He","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2960.0,2968.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"says, \"I need your help. There are several hundred thousand Ghanaian women in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2968.0,2974.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Côte d'Ivoire, and they're all prostitutes.\" I said [to myself] the Ghanaian","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2974.0,2979.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ambassador has just said to me that all the Ghanaian women in Côte d'Ivoire are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2979.0,2986.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prostitutes. I thought to myself, \"I couldn't imagine sitting in the American","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2986.0,2991.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ambassador's office or the Belgian ambassador's and hearing this.\" But in fact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2991.0,2996.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were a lot of sex workers. Less today I think. There's a particular area","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=2996.0,3003.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Ghana where they came from, and there's historical reasons for all of this,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3003.0,3009.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a whole literature to it actually, and sociology and so on. It's a very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3009.0,3016.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting--it was rather ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3016.0,3017.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsad--fast forward, we did set up a clinic. We worked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3017.0,3021.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a lot of Ghanaian women. We worked with the chiefs and so on. It was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3021.0,3029.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well-known phenomenon. Of course, when these women got sick, they had very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3029.0,3034.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little help and would have to try and get home. It was--initially, when we first","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3034.0,3041.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"started out, was a very, very high prevalence: 70, 80% prevalence in this group","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3041.0,3047.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of women.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3047.0,3048.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: And so they became infected because their clients are coming from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3048.0,3053.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other countries in Africa where there were higher prevalence's and obviously HIV.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3053.0,3058.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: Because of so many contacts, they obviously are a risk group. So I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3058.0,3065.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think there's lots of evidence that in Abidjan, it started as an infection in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3065.0,3071.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sex workers and their clients, and then spread from there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3071.0,3075.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: Very interesting. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3075.0,3076.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nYou said the epidemic eventually, the ratios","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3076.0,3080.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between male and female genders, evened out, became more or less one-to-one. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3080.0,3087.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time that this is going on, that you're observing and describing this in Africa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3087.0,3094.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the epidemic in the [United States] US and in other more developed countries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3094.0,3101.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although certainly heterosexual transmission has been well recognized by this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3101.0,3106.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, [was] documented in these countries being tied more to IV drug use. But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3106.0,3113.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clearly still during this period of time, cases among homosexual men were the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3113.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"predominant risk category. I was just curious: in your studies, were you trying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3120.0,3127.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to probe for evidence of other risk factors, such as homosexuality in men,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3127.0,3134.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intravenous drug use, or use of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3134.0,3137.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nneedles, or other methods for percutaneous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3137.0,3140.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exposure. My sense is that, at least at that time, certainly cases in homosexual","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3140.0,3148.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"men, that as a risk factor was just not surfacing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3148.0,3154.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: We did ask the relevant question in our studies and found no evidence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3154.0,3162.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of it. On the other hand, across the continent, male-to-male sex is not easily","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3162.0,3170.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talked about and certainly wasn't back then. If you knew gay men and asked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3170.0,3178.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them--everywhere there's groups and societies. So, there definitely was a gay","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3178.0,3184.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"network, a network of men who have sex with men. We didn't--and later the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3184.0,3192.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"project has gone on to work with such groups--we didn't ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3192.0,3198.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhave evidence of them or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3198.0,3200.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"find them. And drug use at that time was not an issue either. Today we know from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3200.0,3207.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different studies in different countries that, yes, of course there are men that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3207.0,3213.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have sex with men, as there are everywhere. When you look, there are high rates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3213.0,3220.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of HIV, and the issue of drug use has increased as well, certainly in East Africa.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3220.0,3227.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: In terms of some of the other work that you did, I also understand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3227.0,3234.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you did a bit of work in looking at the impact of tuberculosis on mortality","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3234.0,3241.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in HIV-infected patients. That was an area that really brought some fruitful","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3241.0,3246.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"findings. Can you tell us a little bit about that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3246.0,3250.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: Yes. We did a lot of work on tuberculosis. Again, I think it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3250.0,3257.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fortuitous and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3257.0,3258.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfortunate that at the beginning we did make some good decisions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3258.0,3263.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The pilot study that we had done back in 1987 was really to look at HIV-1 and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3263.0,3271.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HIV-2 prevalence in some sentinel groups. The groups were hospitalized patients,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3271.0,3276.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"STI patients, tuberculosis patients, pregnant women, and blood donors. There","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3276.0,3281.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were the five groups. Tuberculosis patients had, as one would expect, a higher","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3281.0,3287.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[prevalence rate of HIV infection]--we can say now, as we would expect. In those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3287.0,3293.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"days, it hadn't been very long that it had been recognized that tuberculosis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3293.0,3299.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"itself was increased in frequency in people with HIV. The first firm description","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3299.0,3305.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of that out of Africa, I think it was only in about 1986–actually, it came","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3305.0,3312.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Kinshasa--but led very quickly to lots of people interested.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3312.0,3317.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So we'd set up ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3317.0,3319.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ngood relations with the tuberculosis program. When we started our","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3319.0,3324.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"definitive work, the director, who's a French colleague, Dr. [Raymond] Bretton,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3324.0,3329.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was only too pleased to work with us because we were providing him with what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3329.0,3337.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nobody had, which was HIV serology. So his patients were being universally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3337.0,3343.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tested from a very early, early time. Again, one of our early papers was to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3343.0,3350.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"show, looking at this question, does HIV-2 cause disease or not--one of our","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3350.0,3356.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"early papers was to show that there was an increased prevalence of HIV-2 in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3356.0,3363.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tuberculosis patients, and of course HIV-1, very much so. But also HIV-2","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3363.0,3369.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"compared with control populations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3369.0,3371.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Later, we did a very important study with a colleague of mine from England,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3371.0,3378.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Professor] Sebastian Lucas, who's a pathologist. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3378.0,3381.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI had gotten Sebastian","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3381.0,3383.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved in a smaller study looking at lung disease, where patients had been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3383.0,3391.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"autopsied and the histology slides needed to be read. This was a study that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3391.0,3399.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"showed people dying with HIV with lung disease had very high rates of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3399.0,3407.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tuberculosis but no Pneumocystis was found. Sebastian very kindly was visiting,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3407.0,3414.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he kindly read these slides and that paper was published. But he asked, \"How","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3414.0,3423.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"come all these autopsies were done?\" It turns out within the French system in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3423.0,3431.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that hospital, if patients were dying of an infectious disease then autopsies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3431.0,3438.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could be done routinely. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3438.0,3440.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAgain, a large logistic exercise was to invite","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3440.0,3444.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sebastian and a technician from [the United Kingdom] UK to come and set up a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3444.0,3452.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of almost industrial level-histology section to our project. He did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3452.0,3458.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hundreds of autopsies in the course of a year--a very important study showing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3458.0,3465.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that tuberculosis just dominates HIV pathology. He did several hundred","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3465.0,3470.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"autopsies, prioritizing also the smaller number of HIV-2 cases and really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3470.0,3476.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nailing down very firmly the disease associations and causes of death in people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3476.0,3483.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with HIV-1 and HIV-2.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3483.0,3485.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It actually was very important, it wasn't just descriptive, because that led to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3485.0,3492.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the question, \"Well, what can we do about this?\" before antiretroviral therapy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3492.0,3498.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and actually led to the proposal and then a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3498.0,3503.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nclinical trial of co-trimoxazole","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3503.0,3505.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"therapy, which was very, very important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3505.0,3508.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: Fascinating. Fascinating. I was going to ask you--there's obviously","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3508.0,3513.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a real richness to the studies that you're doing. You're coming up with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3513.0,3520.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important observations and findings. Were you early on able to translate some of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3520.0,3527.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these findings into prevention and control type messages and measures? How good,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3527.0,3533.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"effective were they? Were they hard for the population to take on board?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3533.0,3540.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: The country had a National AIDS Control Program, and we worked closely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3540.0,3547.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with them and provided data. Yes, we participated in crafting advice and trying","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3547.0,3554.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to help in whatever way we could, looking after patients. We were very aware of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3554.0,3562.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3562.0,3563.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nneed to do everything possible. How effective was prevention work? For","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3563.0,3568.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"example, working with the sex workers, we had impact because over the course of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3568.0,3574.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a few years, HIV incidence clearly declined, prevalence dropped, condom use went","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3574.0,3579.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up, and so on. But it still remained at very high levels. We did what we could.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3579.0,3587.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And of course, this led to the co-trimoxazole work, which was actually done","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3587.0,3593.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after I had left. But I think it did have an impact.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3593.0,3598.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We also engaged in and invested in training. We set up local courses, a sort of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3598.0,3605.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"simple two-week course on epidemiology, which then attracted people from the sub","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3605.0,3610.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"region. We sent quite a few of our people to do Master's degrees in the United","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3610.0,3617.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States or in Belgium. There were a lot ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3617.0,3621.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nof spin-offs that happened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3621.0,3623.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: Were you involved in setting up a systematic program of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3623.0,3628.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surveillance for cases of AIDS or HIV infection in Abidjan? If so, how did it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3628.0,3635.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"differ from systems of surveillance that perhaps were done in more developed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3635.0,3641.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries? You mentioned your classifying cases. I was curious about some of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3641.0,3647.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"challenges of a case definition in a country with limited resources. Talk a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3647.0,3653.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little bit about surveillance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3653.0,3655.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: Yes, perhaps the case definitions [came] first. In 1985, Joe McCormick,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3655.0,3661.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again, had been involved in a meeting, that [the World Health Organization] WHO","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3661.0,3667.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organized in Bangui in the Central African Republic, to discuss case definitions","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3667.0,3673.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for AIDS. Because at that time it seemed unlikely that serology would ever be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3673.0,3680.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\navailable on a large scale and that to recognize, document, and report AIDS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3680.0,3687.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cases would require some sort of clinical case definition. One was put together","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3687.0,3694.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with major and minor criteria. It focused on signs like fever and wasting and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3694.0,3701.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chronic diarrhea, lymphadenopathy, such things. Of course, evaluating such a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3701.0,3706.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"case definition was difficult, because studies were done and we did some.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3706.0,3712.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Evaluating it against HIV positivity was an imperfect way of evaluating a case","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3712.0,3719.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"definition. That was what was done.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3719.0,3722.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What we found was that, actually, the case definition was quite specific, in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3722.0,3729.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that most people who met the case definition, about 90% of them, were HIV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3729.0,3736.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"positive. But it was not sensitive. It was only about 50% ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3736.0,3742.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsensitive. So we got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3742.0,3744.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved in discussions about case definitions, and these discussions quickly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3744.0,3749.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became quite high level. We interacted a lot with WHO in Geneva, and we wrote","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3749.0,3757.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about this and so on. Actually, HIV testing did become much more available than","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3757.0,3764.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anybody had thought. Of course, tuberculosis had to be accommodated into some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3764.0,3770.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kind of case definition. It was never perfect, but we ended up influencing that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3770.0,3777.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whole international debate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3777.0,3779.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In terms of practice, really what ended up being most important in that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3779.0,3786.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particular historical era was sentinel surveillance in pregnant women. Looking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3786.0,3791.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[for], testing for HIV in pregnant women, who back then were considered proxies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3791.0,3798.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the general population. By definition, they were sexually active, they were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3798.0,3804.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nyoung. We now know actually that they're not good proxies for the general","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3804.0,3811.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"population. That approach actually overestimates the levels of HIV in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3811.0,3817.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"general population. The whole practice of surveillance has evolved and actually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3817.0,3823.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"continues to evolve. Large population-based surveys today are much more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3823.0,3828.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important, done every few years. There are beginnings of case reporting, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3828.0,3834.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're still beginnings. Our estimates for the global AIDS epidemic are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3834.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somewhat imperfect, and some of it is based on modeling more than anything else.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3840.0,3847.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But compared to other diseases, I think we've done reasonably well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3847.0,3853.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: You were there for five years as project director. How well did the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3853.0,3860.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"collaboration, the partnership with the government of Côte ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3860.0,3864.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nd'Ivoire work? Were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3864.0,3865.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there any significant social or political issues that arose? Sometimes I know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3865.0,3871.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tensions can crop up when a Western country is funding research in a foreign","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3871.0,3878.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country and perhaps the two countries' priorities don't align. Just curious","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3878.0,3883.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the relationship between the government health authorities and CDC's project.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3883.0,3888.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: I must say, I think Côte d'Ivoire was remarkably generous to us,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3888.0,3895.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the working relations never really were very difficult. There were odd","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3895.0,3901.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things that would crop up every now and then, but nothing, absolutely nothing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3901.0,3907.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"major. They were just remarkably welcoming. For myself, it was another","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3907.0,3912.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"life-changing experience and a very, very deep experience. A truly warm","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3912.0,3917.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experience. I've gone back a few times, and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3917.0,3921.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nalways feel so welcome there. I'm","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3921.0,3924.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"struck by the generosity of the country, and we didn't really have any","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3924.0,3930.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difficulties. But it requires work. It's diplomacy, it's tact. Obviously, you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3930.0,3935.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have to convince that you were not simply there to extract. I think we tried to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3935.0,3942.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"show that we were serious and that we cared about the country, we cared about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3942.0,3948.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the epidemic, and we weren't just doing parachute-type research. We were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3948.0,3953.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interested in system strengthening.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3953.0,3955.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: I'd imagine over time the vast majority of your staff ended up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3955.0,3961.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being recruited from within Côte d'Ivoire. I imagine the staff must have grown","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3961.0,3967.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[in size].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3967.0,3968.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: That's one of the, again, very sort of rewarding things is that many or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3968.0,3975.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of the staff have gone on to senior positions around the world--[The United","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3975.0,3981.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nations Children's Fund] UNICEF, WHO, CDC. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3981.0,3984.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nActually, there are several folks who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3984.0,3987.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked with RETRO-CI who have positions here in Atlanta now. Some did EIS. One","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3987.0,3993.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could say, \"Well, they're not in Côte d'Ivoire anymore.\" But some are. But on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3993.0,3999.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the other hand, the world is global, and they're working on what we worked on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=3999.0,4006.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way back then.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4006.0,4007.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: RETRO-CI is still in existence?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4007.0,4010.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: It is, but it changed. Unfortunately, and to my surprise, anything can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4010.0,4016.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happen anywhere. It's more likely in some places than in others. I never","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4016.0,4022.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expected political and civil disturbance in Côte d'Ivoire, but they did have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4022.0,4027.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, and it went on for many years. I left in 1993. I was succeeded by [Dr.] Alan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4027.0,4035.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Greenberg, another CDC colleague and good friend. Alan had done some good work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4035.0,4041.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Kinshasa also. He stayed for four ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4041.0,4044.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nyears, then he was succeeded by [Dr.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4044.0,4048.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Stefan Wiktor. What they really did, Alan and Stefan particularly, was to focus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4048.0,4055.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on interventions. A number of important studies were done, including two very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4055.0,4061.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important clinical trials: the co-trimoxazole study that really changed global","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4061.0,4066.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"practice, and a study on short-course [azidothymidine] AZT for the prevention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4066.0,4071.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of mother-to-child transmission. Now, all of that was based on the early work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4071.0,4078.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the infrastructure and so on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4078.0,4081.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In the 2000s, political disturbances happened. There was an evacuation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4081.0,4086.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Research--the early 2000s was also when the big AIDS money started coming,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4086.0,4092.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"initially with the Clinton administration, the so-called Life Initiative, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4092.0,4097.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then [the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4097.0,4101.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nPEPFAR. RETRO-CI is still","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4101.0,4103.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there, but it really has become a PEPFAR site. I was there just last December","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4103.0,4110.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we celebrated the 25th anniversary–actually a few years late--but we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4110.0,4115.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still called it the 25th anniversary. Two years late, yeah. The structure is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4115.0,4121.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still there. The staff, some of the old staff are still there, or a few of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4121.0,4129.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Some of the lab techs, for example, or a driver, a couple of the drivers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4129.0,4136.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: Amazing. Just a final couple of closing questions. You continue to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4136.0,4142.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be, Kevin, a real leader in global HIV/AIDS work. How has that affected you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4142.0,4149.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"personally and professionally? It certainly sounded like you were barely at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4149.0,4154.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"home, that you were constantly on the move. Just ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4154.0,4158.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncurious about when you reflect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4158.0,4160.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back on a career, what are your thoughts?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4160.0,4164.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: I feel very privileged really to have seen the things I've seen. You","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4164.0,4171.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"asked me earlier on at the beginning, going from clinical medicine to public","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4171.0,4177.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"health. I never took a conscious decision to do that. Obviously, it happened. In","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4177.0,4183.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some ways, I regret that I haven't stayed in clinical medicine. The last time I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4183.0,4190.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did clinical medicine was in the '90s. After RETRO-CI, I went to London for four","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4190.0,4197.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years and there I--it was just before [antiretroviral drugs] ARVs, the modern","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4197.0,4202.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"approach to antiretroviral drugs came in--and three months of the year I was the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4202.0,4208.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attending or the director of a large AIDS unit in London. It was extraordinary,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4208.0,4214.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night and day, seeing Western medicine ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4214.0,4217.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\napplied to late-stage HIV disease,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4217.0,4219.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I looked after the inpatients. Very sick people with very aggressive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4219.0,4224.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interventions, until it was clearly of no value anymore. It was a remarkable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4224.0,4230.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difference between what I'd just come from. At heart, I still feel a clinician,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4230.0,4236.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I think actually the approach we use in public health and the way you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4236.0,4243.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"analyze problems is not so dissimilar from the approach used in investigating an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4243.0,4249.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"individual patient. The identity of a physician remains very, very important to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4249.0,4254.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me, it's very core. CDC has been a good place to work. I'm grateful for that,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4254.0,4261.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and of course I've been involved in Ebola. What was very odd is that in the two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4261.0,4269.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years I was an EIS Officer, when I did lots of very interesting stuff, there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4269.0,4276.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were no ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4276.0,4277.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\noutbreaks of hemorrhagic fever. I wrote some guidelines and so on, but I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4277.0,4284.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't do any field work on any of these viruses. And so to have been involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4284.0,4293.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the last couple of years, quite deeply actually with several--with a total of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4293.0,4301.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"four--deployments to West Africa for Ebola, has been a remarkable sort of full circle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4301.0,4309.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CHAMBERLAND: I was going to say, you've come full circle. Well, gosh. This has","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4309.0,4317.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been very interesting. Thank you so much for sharing with us the early days of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4317.0,4325.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Projet RETRO-CI and its evolvement over time. Thank you again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4325.0,4331.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DE COCK: Thank you, Mary. Nice to talk with you. Thanks.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4331.0,4337.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/transcript/69291/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"2 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=4337.0,4338.0"}]},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/index/84935","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["content172424155420240821-522984-81iv4w.xml [English] [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/index/84935/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Education and professional interests","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741#t=60.0,326.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133956/file/248741/index/84935/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. De Cock talks about his education and some of the influences on his early career choices as well as his interest in liver diseases, hepatitis and the new phenomenon of 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