{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/s756d5r746/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Foege, William \"Bill\""]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["12813 (Foege_William.xml)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["All rights to the interviews, including but not restricted to legal title, copyrights and literary property rights, have been transferred to the David J. Sencer CDC Museum.","Interviews may only be reproduced with permission from David J. Sencer CDC Museum."]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["William H. 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My name is Hana Crawford, and I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=5.969,13.539"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"am the oral historian for the GPEI [Global Polio Eradication Initiative] History","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=13.539,16.589"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Project. I'm at the [United States] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=16.589,20.39"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[CDC] in Atlanta, Georgia, with Dr. [William H.] Bill Foege [MD]. Thank you for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=20.399,23.76"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being here. We are going to talk about intersections of your career and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=23.769,28.579"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experience with polio eradication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=28.579,31.41"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: Thank you. I've had the chance to watch the entire polio program, from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=32.179,37.82"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the pre-vaccine era until the point now where we're almost at eradication. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=37.829,45.38"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think the pre-vaccine era is something that most people will no longer relate to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=45.38,52.25"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because they only know this by history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=52.81,55.42"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We did not really have polio outbreaks until the late 1800s, when they started","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=56.46,62.02"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Scandinavia and then Europe and then in the United States. People attribute","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=62.02,67.239"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this to the fact that with poor sanitation, a lot of children were exposed to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=67.239,72.98"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polioviruses in their first year of life, when they were still protected by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=72.98,77.43"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maternal antibody. Then, as sanitation improved, there was a delay in exposure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=77.469,83.579"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to poliovirus, and so they no longer had the protection of maternal antibody. It","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=83.579,89.87"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became known as \"infantile paralysis,\" although some people weren't exposed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=89.89,94.959"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until they were adults, like FDR [United States President Franklin D.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=94.959,96.75"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Roosevelt]. In the '40s and '50s, outbreaks became more and more significant in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=96.769,105.62"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the United States. I recall this so vividly, the fear that people had every","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=105.62,111.379"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"summer. While they closed swimming pools and movie theaters and so forth, they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=111.379,116.609"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't really know why they were doing this because no one knew how the virus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=116.609,120.459"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was spreading.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=120.48,121.159"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a great day in 1949. I was only thirteen years old. A person, who would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=121.329,131.5"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"turn out to be one of my mentors, working in the lab as a virologist, [Thomas H.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=131.5,136.939"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Tom\" Weller, MD], was able to grow poliovirus for the first time. He wasn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=136.939,142.669"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trying to grow poliovirus; he was trying to grow chickenpox virus. He had come","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=142.689,148.75"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up with a new medium to try to grow this in, and he filled many vessels with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=148.75,155.819"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different strains of chickenpox. He had three left over, and on the spur of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=155.83,161.889"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"moment, instead of discarding them, he put poliovirus into those last three.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=161.889,167.719"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Over the next weeks, he was surprised that chickenpox did not grow, but polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=168.469,173.069"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did grow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=173.08,173.81"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: Did he choose polio? Was that his plan?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=173.83,177.65"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: No. There was no plan, and he was frank to say this in later years, that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=177.669,183.08"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was just a very fortunate person at the right place at the right time. Once","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=183.259,188.78"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were able to grow it, then that set the stage for Salk [Jonas E. Salk, MD]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=188.8,193.629"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Sabin [Albert B. Sabin, MD] to grow large enough batches to try for a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=193.65,196.909"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine. Weller and his two coworkers then got the Nobel Prize. I didn't know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=196.909,204.439"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him until years later. I was working for CDC as an EIS [Epidemic Intelligence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=204.439,209.24"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Service] officer when I read an article. It was his commencement address to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=209.24,215.99"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Harvard Medical School. It was called \"Questions of Priority,\" and the basis of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=215.99,221.759"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this was, \"You now have some of the best training in the world. How are you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=221.759,226.729"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to use those skills? Will you use them in the places where people really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=226.74,231.06"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"need them?\" I liked this so much I applied to spend a year with him. I was so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=231.06,237.129"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dumb I didn't know that he was a Nobel Laureate. And I did spend a year with him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=237.139,242.49"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Within about four years--that was 1949--within four years, Salk had already","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=243.52,249.96"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developed a killed-virus vaccine. He took the virus, and he was able to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=249.96,254.979"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inactivate it. He then made a vaccine that, when injected, produced antibodies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=255.12,260.6"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Salk did not want to do a field trial. He said he was so confident that his","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=261.48,267.29"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine would work that it would be immoral to have a placebo group.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=267.29,272.149"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He had a mentor by the name of Tommy Francis [Thomas \"Tommy\" Francis, Jr., MD].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=273.74,279.86"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tommy Francis was a virologist, the first person to ever isolate flu virus. He","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=279.86,285.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said to Salk, \"That's not the way science works; you have to do a field trial.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=285.019,289.569"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Tommy Francis went ahead and did the field trial, an incredible field trial. In","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=290.519,296.66"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two years' time, he employed hundreds of thousands of volunteers [and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=296.689,302.769"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccinated] 1.8 million children, all before computers. He did this at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=302.79,308.939"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University of Michigan [School of Public Health]. I am told that there were file","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=308.939,312.149"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cabinets up and down the halls with these 1.8 million records. In less than two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=312.149,319.089"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years, he had an answer.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=319.089,322.199"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Why did he need such a big study? Because when polio goes around, it infects a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=322.759,329.42"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot of people, but very few of them get paralysis. Some people say maybe only","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=329.42,334.67"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one in a thousand actually gets paralysis. You need a big trial to show a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=334.67,339.949"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difference in paralytic rates: 1.8 million children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=339.949,345.589"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then on April 12, 1955, he [Salk] had a press conference at the University of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=346.93,353.56"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Michigan. He had famous journalists there like [Ferdinand W.] Fred Friendly and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=353.579,359.54"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Edward R. Murrow. He came out, and in [three] words he summarized what he was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=359.97,366.04"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about to present: safe, something, and effective--oh, \"safe, potent, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=366.04,370.06"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"effective.\" With those [three] words, the journalists started jumping out of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=370.079,374.79"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their seats trying to get to a phone. This was all before cell phones. It","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=374.79,377.72"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"included Edward R. Murrow, and he, that night, took Salk to dinner. He said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=380.36,386.189"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Young man, today you have lost your anonymity.\" Then he gave Salk a watch that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=386.23,393.86"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Salk wore for the rest of his life, and he used to show it proudly--that he got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=393.86,398.24"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this from Edward R. Murrow.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=398.24,399.899"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was a high point, of course, scientifically. \"Safe, potent and effective,\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=401.589,408.129"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those are the [three] words. The high point scientifically was that day. No one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=408.689,417.699"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew that there was going to be a higher point within a couple of weeks. The day","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=417.709,424.459"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after the announcement, people were so overjoyed, but then they started asking,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=424.47,429.61"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"What's the government going to do about it?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=429.61,431.16"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Secretary of HEW [Department of Health, Education, and Welfare] was Oveta","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=432.769,434.769"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[C.] Hobby from Texas. She had come to Washington saying she would not do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=434.769,443.29"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything that assisted socialized medicine. She had no plan at all for the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=443.36,449.48"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"government to do anything. President [Dwight D.] Eisenhower told her to come up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=449.48,453.67"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a plan fast. She had a press conference and announced that she would seek","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=453.67,459.86"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an appropriation to buy polio vaccine for poor children. That sounded very good,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=459.86,466.389"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"except Senator [Joseph \"J.\"] Lister Hill then had a press conference and said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=466.72,472.339"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"No American child should have to declare themselves poor in order to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=472.61,478.389"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"protected. I will seek an appropriation for all children.\" That's what he did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=478.389,484.06"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Months later, it passed in the Senate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=484.589,486.699"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This became the beginning of our immunization program as we have it today, that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=487.279,492.889"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Federal Government actually buys the vaccines for all children in this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=492.889,497.87"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country. It was really quite a day because that day the vaccination status went","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=497.91,505.199"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from protecting individuals to protecting individuals and society. There was now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=505.199,511.23"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a social contract implied in being covered by this vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=511.23,515.59"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"As an aside, [United States President] Lyndon [B.] Johnson used the same","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=516.269,519.49"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reasoning ten years later to approve funding for the smallpox eradication","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=519.799,524.94"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program in the world: that no one should have to declare themselves poor; that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=524.94,529.659"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were going to get rid of this in the entire world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=529.769,532.899"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: Were there any objections to that approach?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=532.919,535.5"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: There were many objections to the approach because some people did see","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=535.94,540.639"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this as socialized medicine, and it is. It's effective, and it's worked all of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=540.639,546.919"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these years. It's one area of our medical practice where we actually have a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=546.919,553.629"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"single-payer system, and it works. People forget that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=554.139,558.21"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I might say as an aside here that we also have a single-payer system for the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=558.87,564.48"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"military. People do not think about that, and yet the military is able--see, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=564.49,571.12"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people that are opposed to a single-payer system see it is as socialism and that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=571.12,576.6"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the marketplace should be in charge. With the military, we have a single-payer","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=576.659,581.49"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"system, and then they use the marketplace to provide everything they need.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=581.49,585.94"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There's no reason we couldn't do the same thing in medicine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=586.179,589.929"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1955, now we have a vaccine. Salk was so happy that we had a field trial","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=590.84,599.029"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because just weeks later, we suddenly had what's been called \"the Cutter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=599.149,604.2"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Incident,\" where children who had received the vaccine came down with polio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=604.2,610.789"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This began the reputation of the EIS in this country because [Alexander D.] Alex","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=612.429,618.19"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Langmuir [MD, MPH], who had started the EIS five years earlier, overnight,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=618.2,622.539"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developed a polio surveillance system. [It was] only the second national","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=622.59,628.179"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surveillance [system] that we had for any disease in this country, the first","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=628.179,631.87"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being malaria in 1950 and now polio in 1955.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=631.87,635.889"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: Can you describe that surveillance system?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=635.889,638.35"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: The surveillance system consisted of every child with polio who had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=638.37,644.379"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"received polio vaccine being individually worked up by an EIS officer. These EIS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=644.379,650.34"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"officers were sent out, and they would do histories and physicals. They would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=650.759,654.85"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"find out when did the child get the vaccine, and they would trace the lot number","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=654.85,659.11"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the maker. They very quickly were able to show this was due to the Cutter","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=659.179,664.429"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Laboratories in California. Three other manufacturers did not have this problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=664.45,670.1"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If there had not been a field trial, I think you would have had to stop the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=670.36,675.029"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"entire program. You couldn't continue it with the other three manufacturers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=675.029,678.549"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The surveillance system then made the reputation of the EIS program. But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=679.889,684.919"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Langmuir went a step further: he predicted what the epidemic curve would look","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=685.09,690.2"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like based on how many doses of the vaccine had been given. Then he predicted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=690.2,696.029"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what the secondary epidemic curve would look like, of people who got polio from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=696.039,701.039"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those people. He was so close on both counts [that] it turned out to be an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=701.039,705.409"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important part of the history of CDC, establishing themselves as being able to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=705.429,711.679"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"predict what might happen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=711.679,713.379"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was all in 1955. Within six years, Albert Sabin had developed his own","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=714.809,722.259"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine. It was an oral vaccine, so you gave it on a sugar cube. The difference","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=722.259,727.48"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"between the two vaccines is that the Salk vaccine produces antibodies. A new","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=727.5,733.95"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"person will get the disease in their intestine, but the antibodies prevent that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=733.98,739.34"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"virus from going to the nervous system and causing paralysis. With Sabin's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=739.36,743.95"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine, the immunity was in the intestine itself, so you could not even have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=743.97,749.809"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the infection. The Sabin vaccine by '61-'62 became widely used in this country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=749.809,760.519"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I started the EIS [training] in July of 1962. I recall vividly just before we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=761.11,769.429"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were sent to our assignments at the end of that month that Alex Langmuir called","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=769.429,774.08"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everybody in to brief them on where we were with polio. With the Sabin vaccine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=774.08,780.86"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he had news that bothered him. He said some people getting the Sabin vaccine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=780.86,787.629"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a reversion of the vaccine strain to wild polio, and they get polio. At the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=788.529,795.61"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, they didn't know what the risk was, but they were estimating about one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=795.629,799.529"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"case of paralytic polio per million or two million doses of vaccine. So [it was]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=800.94,807.1"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a low risk, but it was there. We went off then to our assignments. Mine was in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=807.12,812.049"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Colorado, and in Colorado, we started having \"Sabin Oral Sundays\"--\"SOS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=812.049,818.039"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sundays\"--where we would give Sabin vaccine on sugar cubes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=819.049,823.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: Who received that vaccine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=823.679,824.549"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: Children, but anyone could receive it. The vaccine was aimed at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=825.6,830.08"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"protecting children because they were the ones at highest risk. Yes, there were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=830.259,835.6"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a few adults still getting polio, but it was [mainly] children. The theory was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=835.6,839.669"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if you stopped the transmission of the poliovirus, you protect the adults also.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=839.669,844.33"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: Do you recall where the children were from? Were they all drawn from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=844.5,847.789"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certain geographic areas? Were they targeted socioeconomically?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=848.35,852.289"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: Every state had their own program, but in Denver, we had so many sites on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=853.12,859.69"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sundays where you could get the Sabin vaccine that people were coming from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=859.69,864.879"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everyplace. You had them so spread out that people did not have to travel far in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=864.879,870.72"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"order to get them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=870.72,871.409"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"An interesting thing happened: I was asked to present to their medical society,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=872.509,876.309"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they thought the risk of paralysis [with the Sabin vaccine] was so low it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=877.22,882.149"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should not even be mentioned. I was arguing that it may be low, but they have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=882.159,888.049"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to--parents have to know everything we know. We cannot have secrets because the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=888.45,893.12"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first time you have a paralytic case in someone who got the vaccine, how do you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=893.12,897.61"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"answer that? But if they know in advance that there's a small risk, then you've","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=897.61,901.5"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already answered it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=901.5,902.84"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was getting no place in my talk to the medical society until a man by the name","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=903.049,908.409"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Gordon Meiklejohn [MD], head of Internal Medicine at the University of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=908.409,913.129"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Colorado Medical School, stood up. He just said, \"He's right; we have to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=913.129,918.12"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transparent.\" He had such a good reputation in Colorado [that] there was no more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=918.12,922.58"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"argument, and that was part, then, of what happened. CRAWFORD: Did you know him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=922.6,928.58"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: I did not know him at that time. I certainly did appreciate him, but I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=928.539,935.96"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"got to know him quite well after that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=935.96,937.75"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: Could you talk about him a little bit?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=937.769,939.19"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: Gordon Meiklejohn was an interesting, laid-back, quiet man who had such","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=939.23,946.36"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"depth that when people got to know him, they absolutely trusted him. He was one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=946.37,952.83"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these people that did not stay in his office. He was not an ivory tower sort","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=952.83,961.309"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of academic. In fact, later on in the 1970s when I worked in India for smallpox","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=961.309,969.409"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eradication, Gordon Meiklejohn came as a volunteer for three months. Then he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=969.429,975.7"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went as a volunteer to the smallpox program in Geneva [Switzerland]. He was very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=975.7,980.46"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much involved in the fieldwork, not just teaching in an academic setting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=980.46,986.47"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we're up to the early '60s and the Sabin vaccine. During the Salk years,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=988.669,997.809"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio decreased dramatically in this country. It was amazing, but then people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=998.389,1003.69"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"switched over to oral vaccine because the advantage was seen as this intestinal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1003.69,1010.009"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunity and stopping the spread of the virus, as well as stopping the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1010.029,1014.929"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paralysis. We later learned this is not all quite as simple as that, and I'll","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1014.929,1020.889"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get to that in a moment. But people went then to using oral vaccine in this country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1020.909,1027.88"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was the late '60s. We had our last outbreak of polio in this country in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1029.339,1035.269"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1979 in an Amish community in Pennsylvania. It spread to other states [Iowa,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1035.269,1043.849"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wisconsin, Missouri], but it always stayed in the Amish community. That showed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1043.869,1048.47"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the immunization program had actually provided very good public prevention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1048.49,1054.599"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because it [polio] did not get out of the Amish community.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1054.839,1056.92"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"An interesting thing----CDC, at that time, for the first time was able to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1057.95,1063.89"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fingerprint that virus. They were able to show that it was the same virus that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1063.93,1070.43"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went to the other states. It was not two outbreaks or three outbreaks that you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1070.43,1076.95"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"couldn't tell the difference; it was one outbreak. Then they were able to show","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1076.95,1080.509"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was a virus that came from a religious community in Canada. Then they were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1080.529,1086.619"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"able to show it was a virus that came from a community in the Netherlands. Then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1086.619,1091.279"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were able to show that that virus went back to the Middle East.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1092.18,1095.549"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was such an exciting time. I had no idea what that might mean at the time. If","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1097.849,1104.18"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can fingerprint a virus, are there legal implications if you can prove who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1104.18,1108.96"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you got your disease from? It's turned out not to be that kind of problem. But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1108.96,1114.069"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the classification and identification have become more and more sophisticated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1114.109,1119.769"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's been possible to track the families of viruses.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1120.059,1125.089"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: Has that had any political implications? Is that what you mean when","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1126.339,1130.269"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you're saying it turned out not to be that kind of problem?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1130.269,1132.869"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: Yes, I worried about, \"OK, if the Netherlands can say, we got this from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1132.88,1139.029"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such-and-such a country, and they should be paying for this.\" I wondered if that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1139.549,1143.68"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would happen, but it has not happened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1143.68,1145.45"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That takes us to the late '70s. A few years later, in the early '80s--I didn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1147.5,1154.019"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"look up the date of this--Dr. [Carlyle Guerra de] Macedo [MD, MPH, MPHA], who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1154.019,1157.72"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was head of the Pan American Health Organization [PAHO], called in a group. He","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1157.72,1163.829"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gave us one day to go through every bit of information that he could gather on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1163.829,1169.799"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio. He said, \"At four o'clock, I want you to come back and tell me what I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1169.819,1174.549"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should be doing about polio in this hemisphere. The one thing I do not want: I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1174.549,1181.66"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do not want you to come back and tell me I should eradicate it from this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1181.66,1185.18"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hemisphere.\" He said, \"I have no interest in talking about that. I want to know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1185.18,1188.97"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what I need to do to control it.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1188.97,1190.559"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We went through the day, and what we found is, with this fingerprinting so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1192.049,1196.71"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sophisticated, we could follow each family of polioviruses and show when they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1196.71,1202.259"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were stopped and how infrequently they popped up someplace else. You knew you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1202.259,1209.759"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a way of tracking and getting rid of an outbreak, and you knew where to put","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1209.759,1214.41"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your resources to stop an outbreak. We concluded, one just has to try to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1214.41,1220.69"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eliminate this virus from the entire hemisphere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1220.69,1223.92"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: When you say \"we,\" who else was working with you that day?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1224.309,1227.509"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: It included Ciro [C.A.] de Quadros [MD, MPH], who is a famous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1228.23,1231.839"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccinologist from Brazil who worked on both smallpox and on polio and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1233.22,1239.319"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunizations in general. It included D.A. [Donald Ainslie] Henderson [MD, MPH],","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1239.359,1242.24"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who at that time was Dean of the School of Public Health at Johns Hopkins","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1242.799,1248.119"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[University]. It included myself, and it included four or five other people, so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1248.46,1253.64"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was a small group. We really worked hard that day going through the materials.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1253.64,1257.73"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At four o'clock, we have our meeting, and we tell him we've concluded he should","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1259.17,1264.5"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"try to eliminate the virus from this hemisphere. He became very upset; he said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1264.5,1269.15"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"That's the one thing I told you not to come back with.\" There was argument back","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1269.17,1274.509"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1274.509,1275.119"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I then used an argument not to say we should do this, but to let him know how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1276.339,1283.559"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difficult it would be. I had no idea what that argument was going to do. I said","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1283.579,1290.859"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to him, \"If you decide to eliminate the virus from this hemisphere, you would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1290.859,1296.2"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have to know that you're in this alone. There is no other WHO [World Health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1296.2,1302.23"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Organization] regional office that will provide any support, not even moral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1302.23,1306.65"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"support, and that WHO [headquarters in] Geneva will say that this is an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1306.65,1311.15"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"atrocity; you should not have done that.\" He said, \"How soon could I announce","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1311.25,1317.079"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it?\" I had no idea that's the reaction that that would have, but he wanted to go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1317.079,1322.569"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it alone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1322.569,1323.23"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: Where do you think that reaction came from?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1323.25,1325.849"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: I do not know where that reaction came from, except that I think he was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1325.849,1333.079"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always thinking ahead. He wanted to do important things, and he was not afraid","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1333.089,1339.44"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of standing up to power. The idea that he would be standing up to his own boss","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1339.519,1346.319"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Geneva somehow attracted him. But it worked.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1346.7,1350.75"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He declared, \"We're going to get rid of polio in this hemisphere,\" and he did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1351.24,1355.349"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Much of the work was done by Ciro de Quadros, who was head of that program. That","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1356.609,1363.279"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was in the early '80s.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1363.279,1364.42"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: Do you mind backing up for just a second?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1364.92,1366.759"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: Sure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1366.779,1366.839"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: Do you remember any of the details of the back-and-forth?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1366.859,1370.539"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: The details are lost, in the sense that we were trying to convince him","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1371.91,1377.599"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this was worth doing. He was saying, \"I am not going to do that. That's the one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1377.65,1381.49"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing I'm not going to do; it's too difficult.\" But then, this challenge, that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1381.49,1389.079"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he would have to do it alone, somehow attracted him in a way that I can't quite understand.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1389.079,1394.819"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Macedo is still living in Brazil, and it would be worth trying to get an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1395.98,1400.259"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interview with him. His sister used to work at CDC, so it should be easy to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1400.269,1408.349"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"track him down.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1409.279,1410.069"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: I wonder if he would--if he's ever in town visiting. I know that there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1410.089,1415.759"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are some travel plans, but I'm not sure what that will look like at this point.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1415.779,1419.98"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: It's worth trying. It's worth trying.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1420.529,1422.16"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1422.16,1423.779"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: That was in the early '80s. Then, in 1985 when Rotary [International] saw","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1423.859,1430.309"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what had happened in this hemisphere, they made a decision to enter the polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1430.319,1436.75"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eradication field. A man by the name of Herb [Herbert A.] Pigman was in charge","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1436.759,1441.68"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of this for Rotary. I had numerous conversations with him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1441.69,1447.009"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Their aim was to raise $120 million dollars by the year 2005, which would be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1447.71,1452.95"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their centennial. I remember him calling me and saying, \"It's going to be done","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1452.95,1459.72"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in ten years.\" Then he called, and he said, \"Money's coming in so fast we're","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1459.74,1464.359"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to do it in five years.\" Then he called and said, \"We've done it.\" Rotary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1464.38,1469.259"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really got into this, and so they could be counted on, not just for money. They","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1469.309,1475.579"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have Rotarians around the world, who are in positions of power. They are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1475.579,1479.559"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"entrepreneurs; they are academics; they are in the sales force. These are people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1479.579,1488.349"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worth having on your side when you get to these countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1488.359,1491.819"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then, in 1988, March, we had a meeting in Talloires, France, sponsored by the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1493.539,1502.789"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Task Force for Child Survival [and Development], to look at what's the science","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1502.789,1509.22"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we now have behind polio eradication. We invited the ministers of health of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1509.549,1515.539"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the biggest countries--China, Nigeria, India, they were all there. Presentations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1515.539,1522.119"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were made over several days on the science, and the science was pretty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1522.18,1526.559"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"convincing. You could see as we were getting close to the end of this meeting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1526.65,1531.019"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that these ministers thought it's worth doing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1531.039,1533.349"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then Herb Pigman got up, and I remember his words that he said to the ministers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1534.22,1540.39"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of health: \"You are going to meet Rotarians in your country, and they're going","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1540.39,1546.73"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be so invested in this program you will think that they actually produced the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1546.73,1552.259"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine.\" He said, \"Be nice to them because they're going to help you. They will","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1552.259,1557.759"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"help you with transport and with publicity and with extra support.\" He said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1557.759,1565.059"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"They can help you eradicate this disease.\" This is March of 1988, and that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1565.069,1571.279"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meeting ended on a really high point with people excited. There's another aside","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1571.279,1577.549"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to this, though--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1577.63,1578.46"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: In March of 1988?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1578.769,1579.65"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: Say it again?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1579.819,1581.48"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: March of 1988.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1581.5,1582.19"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: In March of 1988, another side to this and that is that nowadays, we talk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1582.39,1588.569"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the millennial goals in health, and everyone takes this for granted. That","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1588.579,1595.46"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"idea started here in Atlanta, in 1978, a meeting at [Goodrich C.] White Hall in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1595.5,1602.789"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Emory [University], the second day at CDC, where experts from around the country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1602.819,1608.549"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came in to see if we could come up with objectives in health by 1990. We came up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1608.549,1616.809"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with 220 or so objectives, and then we tracked them over the next twelve years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1616.829,1622.97"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1990, we had a big meeting to see how we have done. Amazingly, fifty percent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1623.009,1629.64"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of those objectives had been achieved, twenty-five percent had not been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1629.64,1633.74"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"achieved, and twenty-five percent could not even be measured. It shows how far","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1633.74,1639.68"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ahead people were thinking. Some people see that as a glass half full, and some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1639.68,1647.049"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see it as a glass half empty, but the fact is, it started a process so that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1647.049,1652.619"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every ten years this country sets new health objectives and tracks them. It","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1652.66,1658.23"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doesn't matter who's in power, Republicans or Democrats, this continues every","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1658.23,1663.109"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ten years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1663.42,1664.14"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was at this March 1988 meeting in Talloires, France, that for the first time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1665.39,1673.089"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"objectives in health for children in the world--that this was presented. It was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1673.93,1680.94"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"presented by [Ralph H.] Rafe Henderson [MD, MPH, MPA], a CDC person who is now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1680.94,1684.71"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"head of the vaccine program [Expanded Programme on Immunization] for WHO. That","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1684.72,1691.009"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"led then to the UN [United Nations] setting millennial health goals [Millennium","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1691.059,1696.069"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Development Goals] and now sustainable goals. All of that started here in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1696.069,1700.349"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Atlanta and then was fueled in March of 1988.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1700.349,1704.95"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"These ministers then went home, two months later, they assembled at the World","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1705.89,1711.049"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Health Assembly in Geneva, and they voted to have a polio eradication program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1711.049,1717.75"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the world. WHO had not been very keen on this because they did not think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1717.75,1725.89"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they were at a point with immunization that they could take on one more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1725.89,1731.259"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing, and yet they went along with it. Why did they go along with it? Because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1731.259,1736.569"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Halfdan [T.] Mahler [MD], who was a visionary leader of WHO for many years, was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1736.73,1742.819"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about to step down, and his replacement had now been chosen, Dr. [Hiroshi]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1742.819,1749.099"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nakajima [MD, PhD] from Japan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1749.119,1750.74"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, Dr. Nakajima was not that interested in health. To tell you the truth, he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1751.4,1757.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was interested in his own CV [curriculum vitae] and wanted to be head of WHO.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1757.0,1762.519"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Japan spent heavily to get countries to vote for him. I never would have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1762.519,1768.41"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believed he was going to be elected, but he was. Halfdan Mahler, as head of WHO,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1768.42,1775.619"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talked to [James P.] Jim Grant [JD], who was head of UNICEF [United Nations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1775.859,1778.539"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Children's Fund], and they talked with Rafe Henderson: could we take this on?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1778.559,1782.759"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because if it's to be taken on, it should be done before Nakajima becomes head","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1782.799,1787.579"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of WHO because he will not push this at all. They went faster than they intended","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1787.579,1793.66"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and made it part of the WHO agenda just to get around that problem. From May","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1793.66,1800.299"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1988 on, this was the goal, eradication of polio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1801.259,1804.18"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: Looking back, I read maybe it was an obituary of Dr. Nakajima,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1804.789,1809.66"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something like that, but Margaret Chan [Fung Fu-chun, MD, DSc, FFPHM, MScPH] was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1809.66,1812.049"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"quoted as having said that he was a real champion for polio eradication. Was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1812.049,1818.7"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that something that happened in retrospect? What's your opinion of that comment?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1818.7,1822.759"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: You know, Garrison Keillor said that such nice things are said about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1822.779,1827.49"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people when they die that he's sorry he's going to miss that by just a few days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1827.49,1832.349"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's what happens when people die: you end up putting a better perspective.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1833.5,1839.66"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But he [Nakajima] was not for polio eradication; he was not for cooperation with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1840.13,1846.48"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other groups, like UNICEF and the World Bank and so forth. WHO is not the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1846.509,1855.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program it should be, and part of it is due to that. I have to say at the same","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1855.019,1860.71"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, it's not all due to leadership.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1860.71,1863.39"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We expect things out of WHO, and then you ask yourself, \"What is it we did to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1864.19,1870.45"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"set them up?\" For one thing, we were trying to protect the Pan American Health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1870.45,1876.23"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Organization. Seventy years ago, the United States insisted on strong regional","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1876.23,1881.539"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"offices to protect PAHO. This led to regional offices so strong that they can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1881.569,1887.92"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"undermine Geneva anytime they want. For example, with Ebola virus in West","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1887.95,1893.89"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Africa, you may or may not know that initially the fight was between the African","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1893.89,1900.319"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"regional office and Geneva on who would be in charge, and that set things back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1900.319,1906.72"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The one thing they could agree on was not to invite CDC because they wanted the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1907.13,1913.43"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"glory of getting rid of Ebola on their own.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1913.43,1917.569"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: Would you say that that interfered in responses to Ebola?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1917.589,1924.359"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: It interfered tremendously. It delayed things. See, the difference is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1924.42,1929.509"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that when Ebola gets into an urban population, it becomes a different disease,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1929.839,1934.509"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much more difficult to control. All of the experience up until that time had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1934.529,1939.7"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been with Ebola in rural areas, in villages and so forth. It did delay things;","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1939.7,1945.529"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's no question about it. That's one thing, the strong regional offices.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1945.529,1949.74"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The second thing is we made a board of directors of all ministers of health. Can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1950.119,1959.599"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you imagine any CEO [chief executive officer] accepting a job where the Board of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1959.599,1963.72"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Directors is 195 people? These are people who are in for two or three years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1963.72,1971.329"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They don't have long-term loyalty to WHO. It's an impossible thing to govern","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1971.329,1977.48"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when you have a board that big.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1977.75,1979.24"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The third thing is we continued to say to WHO, every year, \"Reduce your budget.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1979.66,1985.88"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The United States continued to say that, also. We always were putting them on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1986.789,1990.97"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"starvation rations, and then we act surprised when they cannot respond to Ebola.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1990.97,1997.059"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We put them in an impossible situation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=1998.41,2000.91"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Years ago, when I was president of the American Public Health Association--I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2001.519,2005.88"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think that's when it was--the United States was not actually paying its dues in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2005.9,2010.75"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"full to WHO. I wrote an editorial, and I quoted Dolly [R.] Parton, who said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2010.75,2018.319"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"You'd be surprised how much it costs to look this cheap.\" When Ebola came","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2018.329,2024.779"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"along, we found out how much it cost to be that cheap.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2024.779,2028.13"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When I criticize WHO, it's for good reason, but we set up the plan that made","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2028.44,2035.789"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that necessary for WHO. Now, in May of 1988, they've accepted the job of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2035.789,2045.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eradicating polio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2045.009,2046.67"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: The resolution [WHA 41.28]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2048.889,2049.94"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: The resolution, yes. In 1990 and 1991 and '92, CDC did studies in Sierra","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2049.96,2060.619"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Leone, Africa, on polio. We found that, while the initial decision of WHO to use","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2060.619,2068.8"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"oral vaccine may have made some sense based on what we knew, that is, it made","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2068.82,2074.909"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sense that you want intestinal immunity to try to slow down the spread of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2074.909,2080.36"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"virus. But they never considered using both vaccines simultaneously.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2080.36,2085.949"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: Why?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2086.23,2086.67"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: I don't know why, except that it had not come up as an idea at that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2086.69,2091.86"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"point. People were thinking of cost, and they saw what happened with oral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2091.86,2097.239"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine in the United States. Polio disappeared in this hemisphere. Polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2097.239,2102.599"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disappeared, but we didn't know enough about why. With Sierra Leone, I think we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2102.599,2107.36"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"found out why.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2107.36,2108.269"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The oral vaccine does well in the U.S. and Europe, but when you get into","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2109.17,2115.63"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tropical areas, you have other viruses competing in the intestine. You give the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2116.59,2122.179"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"oral vaccine, and you don't get as high a take rate under those circumstances as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2122.179,2127.75"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you get here. The CDC studies in Sierra Leone, in fact, showed you would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2127.75,2132.559"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably have to visit a child ten times with oral vaccine to get ninety percent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2132.559,2138.769"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"protection against type 3 polio. It's difficult to get a child ten times in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2138.78,2145.539"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States, but it's impossible to get there ten times in Africa. Ciro de","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2145.539,2151.309"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Quadros was such a driver that he was able to get the Americas to come close to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2151.28,2157.659"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that and get rid of polio in this hemisphere, but now in Africa, it's a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2157.659,2162.71"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different question.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2162.71,2163.51"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Most of the cost of vaccination is in reaching a child, not in the cost of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2164.07,2170.9"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine itself. If you're going to go more times, it's going to cost more money.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2170.9,2176.199"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the argument kept being that it cost too much to buy Salk vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2176.809,2181.94"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: And to administer the Salk vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2185.57,2187.469"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: It costs nothing to administer it because if you put it in the DTP","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2187.489,2191.369"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis vaccine]. Now you need no additional storage;","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2191.389,2195.94"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you need no additional vials. You need no additional needles and syringes, no","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2196.269,2200.73"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"additional vaccinators. It's hidden, so the cost is just the vaccine. Yet, even","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2200.73,2206.579"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at that, people did not want to do that. Part of it was that it looked like too","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2206.579,2211.76"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much work to add one more thing. It was hard enough to keep a polio program","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2211.76,2217.42"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going. I--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2217.51,2218.829"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: What was your evaluation of that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2218.829,2220.659"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: My evaluation is pretty clear. At the beginning, I can understand why","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2221.03,2227.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"oral vaccine was the decision, and based on the example of the United States,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2227.039,2233.539"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that worked. But in retrospect, when you see what happens in developing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2234.07,2238.809"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries and the vaccine does not work as well--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2238.809,2242.42"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then we found out from Dr. [T.] Jacob John [MBBS, PhD] in South India, a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2243.369,2249.219"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pediatrician, a virologist trained in this country who was so good [that] many","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2249.239,2254.53"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"places were trying to capture him. No, he wanted to go back to India, and he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2254.55,2259.4"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did. He did studies that showed even with Salk vaccine, you get a certain amount","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2259.4,2264.539"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of intestinal immunity. He did big studies where he used only Salk vaccine, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2264.539,2270.099"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the transmission of the virus went down. The intestinal immunity was not a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2270.11,2276.61"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hundred percent versus zero percent. The take rates were not as great in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2276.61,2281.849"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developing countries, but there is a third thing here that turned out to be very interesting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2281.849,2285.75"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We make a big thing out of herd immunity, and when I went to India, herd","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2285.789,2291.929"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunity was talked about for smallpox all the time. If you got eighty percent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2291.929,2296.03"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coverage with vaccine, you could reduce the spread of smallpox. Study after","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2296.139,2304.4"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"study in India showed that when they said they were at eighty percent and you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2304.4,2309.19"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"actually tested, they were probably at fifty percent or sixty percent because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2309.219,2313.09"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the vaccinators kept going back to the same places that were easy: schools. They","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2313.09,2319.07"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would get big numbers on immunization, but they weren't covering more people.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2319.07,2322.71"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other part of that is I realized in Bihar, if we got eighty percent coverage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2322.92,2329.539"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the vaccine, we would still have more susceptibles per square mile than we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2329.559,2335.809"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would have in Atlanta if we vaccinated no one. This is what's misleading about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2335.809,2341.98"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"herd immunity. Now we have polio, and in parts of the world where you have high","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2341.989,2348.57"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"population density, many children, and poor take rates from the vaccine, it's no","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2348.579,2354.42"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wonder we were having problems.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2354.429,2356.019"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In 1991 or '92, there was a meeting in India on polio eradication, and I decided","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2356.03,2367.48"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to present the CDC material and suggest that we use both Salk and Sabin vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2367.53,2373.989"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"My approach to this was, \"Why would you tie one hand behind your back when you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2374.69,2379.05"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have a big job to do? Why not use both vaccines simultaneously?\" Because CDC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2379.059,2384.26"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"found in Sierra Leone that instead of ten trips to get ninety percent immunity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2384.26,2390.389"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you could do this in four trips if you used both vaccines together. It just made","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2390.61,2395.199"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so much sense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2395.199,2396.219"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The night before I presented that, Ciro de Quadros told me, \"If you actually say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2397.05,2401.19"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that tomorrow you will set polio eradication back by ten years.\" The head of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2401.19,2407.059"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio program for WHO, [Nicholas A.] Nick Ward [MBChB], told me they would not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2407.82,2412.719"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"change what they were doing. He said, \"How can the world trust WHO if we change","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2412.719,2419.55"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strategies?\" I said, \"How can they trust you if you have the wrong strategy?\" I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2419.55,2425.429"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made it very clear in that speech [that] this is what we had to do. WHO made the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2425.429,2433.19"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decision not to change. Only a small number of people were in on that decision,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2433.19,2439.349"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but it was rigid. Ciro de Quadros was one of them. Ciro told me before he died.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2439.349,2446.179"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Privately, he said to me, \"You were right all the time about using inactivated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2446.26,2452.269"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Salk vaccine and Sabin vaccine.\" But he said, \"I never could say that publicly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2452.559,2459.09"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because I would be letting down the people who had made that decision,\" and he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2459.44,2462.84"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was one of them. CRAWFORD: Who were the other people who made that decision?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2462.84,2465.639"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: Nick Ward, who was head of the polio program, and D.A. Henderson. They","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2465.659,2470.139"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were the three key people. There were other people involved, but they would all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2470.139,2474.07"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bend to the will of those three, they were so strong. It was a good decision","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2474.71,2482.219"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"originally. This is all in answer to your question of how did I feel: [it was a]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2482.34,2486.269"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good decision originally, and then as we got more information, it just did not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2486.269,2490.469"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hold up. In 2001 or 2002, I was working for the [Bill \u0026amp; Melinda] Gates Foundation--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2490.469,2496.75"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: Can you talk about how you got there? Like what happened between CDC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2497.69,2500.86"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Gates?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2501.849,2502.579"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: When I left CDC, it was to become the executive director of the Task","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2502.599,2509.079"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Force for Child Survival. This was an interesting group because both UNICEF and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2509.079,2517.13"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WHO were doing immunization programs, and WHO had started the EPI, with Rafe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2517.869,2526.659"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Henderson in charge. They were really doing a great job of all the technical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2526.909,2533.71"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things; getting vaccine that was good, getting a cold chain that worked, but the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2533.719,2538.469"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coverage was increasing so slowly it was discouraging.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2538.53,2541.98"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In WHO, there was a feeling of the old horizontal-vertical debate, where WHO was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2543.07,2552.32"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taking the horizontal approach, that you have to improve the health care","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2552.32,2558.21"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"systems, and Halfdan Mahler was a great believer in that. There was a meeting in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2558.21,2564.84"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alma-Ata in the Soviet Union [1978], and \"Health for All by the Year 2000\" was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2565.86,2571.4"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the motto that came out of that. Mahler was behind that, so he was not for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2572.3,2578.01"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vertical programs. One of the greatest vertical programs was of course smallpox,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2578.019,2583.71"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he supported that completely. I spoke recently in an honorary lecture for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2583.739,2592.55"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"D.A. Henderson, who died, to show why he was so successful at WHO. Part of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2592.55,2598.34"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reason was that D.A. was on CDC's payroll for all eleven years. Halfdan Mahler","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2598.34,2605.9"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanted CDC's support, so he gave D.A. great latitude, and D.A. used that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2606.17,2612.059"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"latitude. He was able to pull off a program that I don't think anyone else could","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2612.059,2617.86"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have. I mean, he really did a superb job at that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2617.86,2622.579"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we have the WHO still, despite smallpox, wanting to have the horizontal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2623.909,2631.61"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"programs. Then at UNICEF, we get Jim Grant, who is a firebrand. He's a lawyer,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2631.61,2637.69"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and he's so good. He says, \"Let's pick out the three or four most important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2638.36,2643.51"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things and put our money there.\" He's coming up with vertical programs--that's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2643.51,2650.449"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right. He came up with what's called \"GOBI\": growth monitoring, oral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2650.449,2656.67"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rehydration, breastfeeding, immunization--those four things. He and Mahler had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2656.67,2663.559"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problems reconciling this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2663.559,2665.76"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: What did that look like? Were you in the rooms consistently with both","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2665.78,2670.719"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of them together as they were having these discussions?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2670.719,2673.34"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: Yes, and now I'll tell you the next part of this story. Jonas Salk and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2674.409,2683.719"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Former United States Secretary of Defense] Robert [S.] McNamara have watched","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2683.719,2686.65"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what's happened to immunization in this country under President [James E.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2686.659,2690.21"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Jimmy\"] Carter and [Joseph A.] Califano [Jr., Secretary of Health, Education","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2690.23,2693.659"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Welfare] and Alan [R.] Hinman [MD, MPH], Walter A.] Walt Orenstein [MD, DSc","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2693.679,2694.61"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"(Hon)], and [J. Donald] Don Millar [MD, MPH]. Our immunization program improved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2695.34,2699.21"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so fast, and they were asking, \"Why can't we do this globally?\" So they went to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2699.219,2705.36"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Kenneth S.] Ken Warren [MD] at the Rockefeller Foundation, and they decided","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2705.889,2710.34"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what they would do is have a meeting at Bellagio, Italy, at the Rockefeller","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2710.34,2715.159"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Center, to figure out what to do to speed up immunization in the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2715.159,2721.01"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: This was before Talloires, correct?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2721.11,2722.889"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: This what?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2722.909,2723.3"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: This was before France?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2723.32,2724.44"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: This is March of 1984, so it's four years before France. At this meeting,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2724.449,2733.92"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the convening power is so great that they've got the head of WHO, head of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2734.829,2739.86"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"UNICEF, head of the World Bank, head of UNDP [United Nations Development","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2739.869,2742.469"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Programme], head of USAID [United States Agency for International Development],","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2742.489,2746.059"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"McNamara, and Jonas Salk. See, this is a meeting [room] that can only hold","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2746.079,2750.13"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"twenty-four people, and they really got some of the best people you could","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2750.429,2755.19"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"imagine. Rafe Henderson was there, and D.A. Henderson was there, to ask, what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2755.3,2760.179"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could we do about immunization?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2760.179,2762.05"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before that meeting, Jim Grant and Halfdan Mahler came to see me alone, just the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2763.079,2771.099"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three of us in the room. What they said to me was, \"We have such big egos; we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2771.099,2777.769"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sometimes have trouble getting along. It's no wonder that our programs have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2777.769,2785.349"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trouble getting along. We go into countries, and we compete with each other when","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2785.36,2790.03"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we don't want to because we have the interest of immunizing children at heart.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2790.03,2794.519"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Yet, we compete.\" They said, \"If this Bellagio meeting ends up as we hope it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2795.039,2801.63"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will, with a task force, would you be the head of that task force? And would you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2801.63,2807.829"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never use the word 'coordinate,' because no organization wants to be 'coordinated.'\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2807.829,2813.96"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: Because it's not important enough?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2814.349,2816.09"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: They see themselves as the head. We started using the word \"facilitate.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2816.11,2822.78"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We found out that there was really quite a lot of antagonism between those two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2824.019,2828.039"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organizations, even though they had the same objectives. With meetings every","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2828.039,2834.449"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three months for ten years, we were able to bring up the immunization levels in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2834.449,2840.409"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the world from about fifteen percent to [the point that on] September 30, 1990,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2840.409,2847.769"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the World Summit for Children at the UN, Jim Grant got up and announced that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2847.789,2852.94"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eighty percent of children in this world have now received at least one vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2853.09,2858.44"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"He said, \"This is the biggest peacetime endeavor the world has ever seen.\" You","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2859.17,2865.98"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"see what happened in six years' time because the heads of agencies decided they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2865.989,2872.19"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanted it to happen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2872.19,2873.349"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: Can you discuss that in fuller detail? I've heard that one of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2873.75,2879.19"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things that you bring to this work, to global health, is your amazing ability to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2879.19,2887.539"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"connect with people, work with people. How did you work with that dynamic of competition?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2887.67,2893.63"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: It would not have worked if the immunization people in UNICEF and WHO had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2894.889,2901.71"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[not] come to say, \"Can you help us work this out?\" It has to be the heads of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2901.73,2906.67"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the agencies. I mean, that's absolutely crucial because then everyone below has","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2906.67,2911.51"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their marching orders. Those two men really did change the way they worked.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2911.51,2918.76"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Jim Grant came to me one day and said, \"We need to have some sort of publication","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2920.17,2925.929"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that goes to all immunization workers, regardless of who they are working for.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2925.94,2929.449"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[It will] let them know what are the problems, what's the accomplishment.\" He","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2929.65,2933.929"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"If we did this at UNICEF, it would just be one more problem with WHO","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2933.94,2938.119"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people.\" He said, \"I'll give you $60,000 dollars a year if you do this out of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2938.75,2942.86"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Task Force.\" The Task Force never had much money, but people were always","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2942.86,2948.8"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trying to give us money to do things, and so we never had to go out to solicit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2948.8,2953.25"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"At that meeting in March of 1984, Robert McNamara said if we could raise $100","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2953.989,2959.96"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"million new dollars for immunization, everything would change. Everyone said to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2960.28,2966.619"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"him, \"There's no way to raise $100 million new dollars because the world would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2966.619,2971.019"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say, 'You have to take it out of something else in health. You can't just add it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2971.019,2975.389"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to what we're doing in health.'\" Two years later, we would not have settled for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2975.389,2981.119"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"$100 million new dollars. Italy alone gave $100 million dollars for immunization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2981.28,2987.34"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Africa. Think of that. What happened with the Task Force was that people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2987.389,2993.5"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thought there was now a global plan, and there wasn't. I mean, we were just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2993.51,2997.829"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"barely hanging on, trying to figure out what to do next. But with people now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=2997.849,3002.409"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"giving money, $100 million dollars from Italy, we had to come up with a plan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3002.449,3006.96"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We continued every three months, working at what needs to be solved in order to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3007.809,3013.099"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"improve immunizations. Then people wanted to join this small group that met","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3013.11,3019.05"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every three months, which included WHO, UNICEF, World Bank, UNDP and the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3019.05,3024.23"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rockefeller Foundation, five people. We knew USAID desperately wanted to be in that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3024.23,3031.75"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: Why were they not?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3031.769,3033.239"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: Because if you let one bilateral in, how can you keep the other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3033.26,3038.61"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bilaterals out? And so DANIDA [Danish International Development Agency] would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3038.61,3042.269"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"want to join, CIDA [Canadian International Development Agency] Canada, SIDA","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3042.269,3045.38"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency] Sweden, they would want","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3045.38,3046.78"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to. We had to just draw the line at the people that had started this. But what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3046.78,3052.4"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we did was, every eighteen months we had a big meeting where we invited all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3052.4,3057.57"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those people. We'd have 150-200 people, and we would meet at different places.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3057.57,3063.19"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We'd always call it a Bellagio meeting, even though the next one was in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3063.469,3066.61"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cartagena and--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3066.719,3068.489"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: Colombia, yes?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3068.619,3069.86"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: In Colombia. And the president of Colombia--boy, I'm getting off the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3069.88,3074.179"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"track here, but--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3074.199,3074.3"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: This is great. This is great.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3074.32,3074.579"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: The president of Colombia was President [Belisario Betancur Cuartas]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3074.599,3077.099"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Betancur. He made such a big thing out of the program, the immunization program,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3077.119,3082.17"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they had immunization days. Rotary was helping to introduce it, and then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3082.659,3088.489"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Betancur himself would give the signal to open the clinics by giving oral polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3088.909,3094.96"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine to a child on TV [television], and this was the opening.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3094.96,3099.73"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was with him in his house as he did that, and afterwards, I said to him, \"You","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3099.739,3110.78"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know, that's pretty dramatic. In the United States we've only had one president","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3110.78,3115.909"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ever give a vaccine.\" He was a historian, so he said, \"Let me guess. It was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3115.929,3123.199"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gerald [R.] Ford with flu vaccine?\" I said, \"No, it was [United States","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3123.199,3126.15"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"President] Thomas Jefferson,\" who in 1804 was able to get vaccine from England","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3126.17,3135.3"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through a fellow by the name of [Harvard professor, Benjamin] Waterhouse [MD] in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3136.21,3140.449"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Boston. He went back to Monticello [Virginia] and vaccinated his family, his","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3140.59,3145.78"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"slaves, neighbors, and so he was the first one. Then President Carter went to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3145.78,3151.32"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Colombia and also gave vaccines, to become the second U.S. president to give vaccines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3151.32,3158.92"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: For polio?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3158.94,3159.989"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: For polio, yes. You can see how this whole thing started mushrooming.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3160.01,3165.01"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Country after country now was competing with each other. Jumping ahead, it was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3165.48,3172.269"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot of hard work, every three months, trying to figure out what needs to be done","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3172.269,3176.15"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"next and then holding these meetings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3176.15,3178.3"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But then, on September 30, 1990, the Summit for Children, seventy-one heads of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3178.369,3184.739"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"state gathered at the UN, the largest number of heads of state who had ever","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3184.739,3189.61"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gathered up until that time, and it was for children. Each head of state was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3189.61,3196.67"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taken to their seat by a child in national dress. Each head of state was given","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3196.679,3203.51"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five minutes to describe what they had done to improve child health and what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3203.51,3210.5"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they planned to do. Now if you can imagine heads of state, you have more ego in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3210.5,3217.71"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that room than you'll ever see again. All but one actually held to the five","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3217.71,3224.55"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"minutes. I was in the room and I watched that. It was dramatic. People started","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3224.55,3230.48"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"upping the ante as they would hear other people, \"This is what we're going to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3230.55,3234.36"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do, OK.\" We're going to do this and this and this. By the end of the day, you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3234.36,3238.969"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know, it was really a success for child health in the world. They held their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3238.969,3247.429"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"egos in check in order to have a global answer to things. When McNamara asked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3247.449,3255.739"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for $100 million dollars, suddenly money started flowing in. I tell you, up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3255.739,3262.11"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until September of 1990, this was one of the most exciting programs that you can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3262.11,3268.71"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"imagine in global health.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3268.71,3270.849"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CRAWFORD: What was the impact of suddenly having all this funding, having resources?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3270.869,3275.88"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FOEGE: The impact--we could not have gone from fifteen percent up to seventy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3275.849,3282.13"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"percent or eighty percent [vaccine coverage] without--that becomes crucial","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3282.15,3285.42"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because in many of the developing countries they simply don't have the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3285.42,3288.75"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resources. We can say, \"It's their responsibility. They should do it,\" but they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3288.75,3292.489"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can't do it. It's an example of putting the world first rather than your nation first.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3292.489,3299.34"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I'm very bothered by this idea of \"America first.\" It's the world first. If it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3299.489,3305.75"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good for the world, it's going to be good for America. I think of [Albert]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3305.76,3311.82"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Einstein saying, \"Nationalism is an infantile disease,\" he said, \"It's the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3311.82,3319.579"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"measles of mankind.\" We've got to think globally and what makes sense for everyone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3319.579,3326.13"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now we're up to--we have this program, I have advocated that they use both","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3328.269,3335.61"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccines; I have been overruled clearly, time and time again, by WHO. Then in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3335.61,3342.86"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"2001 or 2002--oh, you asked me how I got to the Gates Foundation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3343.289,3348.53"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went from CDC to this Task Force [for Child Survival and Development]. CDC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3349.239,3356.099"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agreed to pay my salary for the first months at the Task Force, so it didn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3356.26,3364.59"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cost the Task Force any money. I went to the president of Emory, [James T.] Jim","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3364.59,3372.179"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Laney, and I told him about the Task Force: we're small. Three of us have now","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3372.179,3377.219"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"formed a 501(c)(3) [nonprofit]. We have a few other people, but it's very small.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=3377.219,3377.63"}]},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/transcript/70411/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/070/411/original/Foege_William_Transcript.webvtt?1726168197","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/070/411/original/Foege_William_Transcript.webvtt?1726168197"}]},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/index/85538","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["Foege_William [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/index/85538/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Polio History\r\n","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=25.0,121.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/index/85538/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Foege covers a brief history of poliovirus.\r\n","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=25.0,121.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/index/85538/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are going to talk about intersections of your career and experience with polio eradication.\r\n","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=25.0,121.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/index/85538/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Europe","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Scandinavia","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"United States","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=25.0,121.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/index/85538/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"FDR [United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infantile paralysis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"maternal antibody","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"movie theaters","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio eradication","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"poliovirus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pre-vaccine era","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sanitation","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"swimming pools","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=25.0,121.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/index/85538/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mentor","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=121.0,243.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/index/85538/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Foege talks about his mentor and his mentor’s relationship to polio. \r\n","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=121.0,243.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/index/85538/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was a great day in 1949, [when] I was only thirteen years old.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=121.0,243.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/index/85538/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC [United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EIS [Epidemic Intelligence Service]","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Harvard Medical School","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=121.0,243.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/index/85538/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chickenpox virus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EIS Officer","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nobel Laureate","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nobel Prize","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"poliovirus","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sabin, Albert B. 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Program\r\n","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=243.0,533.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/index/85538/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Foege tells how the immunization program in the United States began.\r\n","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454#t=243.0,533.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/134277/file/250454/index/85538/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Within about four years—that was 1949—within four years, Salk had already developed a 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