{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/sx6445k665/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Evatt, Bruce"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["12495"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["David J. 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Today's date","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1.0,7.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is May 10, 2016, and we are in Atlanta, Georgia, at the Centers for Disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=7.0,13.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Control and Prevention [CDC]. I am interviewing Dr. Evatt as part of the oral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=13.0,19.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"history project, The Early Years of AIDS: CDC's Response to a Historic Epidemic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=19.0,24.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We are here to discuss your experience during the early years of CDC's work on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=24.0,30.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what would become known as AIDS [Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome]. I must","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=30.0,35.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ask, Dr. Evatt, do I have your permission to interview you and to record this interview?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=35.0,42.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: Certainly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=42.0,43.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Thank you. Bruce, you've been a national and global leader in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=43.0,48.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hematology, with emphasis on laboratory research and program implementation for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=48.0,52.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"persons with hemophilia throughout your career, with over 200 publications. For","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=52.0,57.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this oral history of AIDS at CDC, we are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=57.0,61.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfocusing on the early years, beginning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=61.0,64.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in June 1981, with the publication of the first Morbidity and Mortality Weekly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=64.0,71.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Report [MMWR] on the five cases of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia among","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=71.0,77.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"homosexual men. You served in several critical roles at CDC during these early","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=77.0,84.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years, including Director of the Hematology Division, 1978 to 1982; Director of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=84.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Division of Immunologic, Oncologic and Hematologic Diseases, 1982 to 1991;","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=90.0,96.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Assistant Director for Hemophilia Activities, Division of HIV/AIDS, 1991 to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=96.0,102.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"2004. Let's begin with your background. Would you tell me about where you grew","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=102.0,110.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up, your early family life, and then where you went to college?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=110.0,116.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: I grew up in Oklahoma. I was born ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=116.0,121.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nactually in a house, in the small town","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=121.0,125.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of Wayne, Oklahoma, which had a population of 401. In that little town, I went","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=125.0,132.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a grade school which was right next door and adjacent to the high school and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=132.0,140.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a classroom that had 28 students in the senior class. I wanted to get out of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=140.0,148.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that small town, and so I dropped out of high school and didn't finish. At that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=148.0,156.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time in Oklahoma, you didn't have to have a high school diploma to go to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=156.0,164.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University of Oklahoma if you made a high enough score on their entrance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=164.0,170.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"examination. So I marched off to the University of Oklahoma, took the entrance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=170.0,176.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"exam, and passed. My superintendent at Wayne High School wrote a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=176.0,181.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nletter to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=181.0,182.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"university telling them I was not university material, that I was immature, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=182.0,188.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they should not allow me into the university. I remember the interview with Dean","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=188.0,194.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Fellows at the time, who was Dean of Students. He says, \"Well, Bruce, the law","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=194.0,201.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"says we have to let you in, but we won't see you around next semester.\" So I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=201.0,209.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"entered University of Oklahoma and majored in physics and minored in math,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=209.0,215.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"although I had not had a single science course in high school.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=215.0,221.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Who or what influenced you to go to medical school?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=221.0,226.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: That was somewhat by accident as well. At the time, I was interested","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=226.0,232.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in--I wanted to fly. So I had become a part of the Air Force ROTC [Reserve","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=232.0,239.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Officers' Training Corps] ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=239.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand had taken advanced ROTC and was their top cadet. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=240.0,246.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was destined for a regular commission. It was out of a lark in the end of my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=246.0,255.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"junior year that I said, \"Well, I wonder what it would be like to go to medical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=255.0,264.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school.\" So I called up the University of Oklahoma Medical School and had not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=264.0,271.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"applied or anything, and asked, \"What does it take to get into medical school?\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=271.0,278.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They told me that the application deadline was six months before, but they had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=278.0,285.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one remaining interview left and why didn't I come up and interview for that. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=285.0,293.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I traveled up and interviewed for that and got a call two days later, giving me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=293.0,301.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=301.0,302.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nposition in medical school under the condition that I took the prerequisites","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=302.0,309.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for my remaining semester in college, because I'd had no biological sciences at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=309.0,316.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all. They were all physical sciences. So I thought about it and accepted it, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=316.0,325.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then I had to get out of the Air Force commitment. They let me go in order to go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=325.0,336.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to medical school. I entered University of Oklahoma Medical School the following","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=336.0,343.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fall and graduated with an MD in medicine. Unfortunately, I had to drop a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=343.0,351.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Philosophy 1 course. Although I had all the hours and other prerequisites, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=351.0,358.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't graduate from college either, because I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=358.0,362.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nlacked three hours of freshman","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=362.0,365.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"philosophy in order to get the degree. So the only degree I have is an MD degree.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=365.0,375.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: You had a very strong clinical and academic training in medicine in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=375.0,382.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hematology at Johns Hopkins Hospital. How did you get interested in hematology?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=382.0,389.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: I took an elective in hematology at the University of Oklahoma. There was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=389.0,397.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a professor there that was an extremely dynamic person. He made hematology a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=397.0,405.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of fun, and so I got interested in it at that point. Later, at Hopkins, during","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=405.0,414.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my internship I took an elective, and I decided to take an elective in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=414.0,422.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hematology ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=422.0,423.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwith Dr. [C. Lockhard] Conley's department there at Johns Hopkins","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=423.0,429.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"University. His group was a very exciting group, and I did some research and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=429.0,437.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"published a paper. With that paper, I also received a research award from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=437.0,444.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hopkins. That sort of cemented my interest in hematology, and it just continued","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=444.0,451.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to grow from there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=451.0,453.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: What led you to CDC and public health, first as an EIS [Epidemic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=453.0,461.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Intelligence Service] officer, 1968 to 1970, and then back in '76 for the rest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=461.0,469.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of your career?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=469.0,471.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: When I went to Hopkins, it was in 1964 that I did an internship at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=471.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hopkins. To remain at Hopkins ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=480.0,483.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbeyond internship, you had to have a deferment. We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=483.0,487.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were not yet committed to the Vietnam War very deeply, but there was still--the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=487.0,493.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"draft was going on, and they were drafting all physicians out of their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=493.0,498.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"internship. So if you didn't have a deferment, you couldn't stay on for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=498.0,503.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first-year residency at Hopkins. I applied for the Berry Plan [a lottery to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=503.0,508.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"allow young doctors to complete residency in a civilian hospital before serving","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=508.0,513.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the military]. The Berry Plan was a random event, and I lost the lottery. But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=513.0,519.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I also applied to the NIH [National Institutes of Health], where you could get a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=519.0,525.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deferment. The CDC actually picked up my application to the NIH. [Dr. Michael","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=525.0,530.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"B.] Mike Gregg at CDC called me up and said, \"Would you like to come to CDC?\" I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=530.0,537.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said, \"What's CDC, and where is it?\" Mike told me, and I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=537.0,542.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsaid, \"Will you give me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=542.0,544.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a four-year deferment?\" Mike said, \"Yes.\" And I said, \"I'll come to CDC.\" That's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=544.0,551.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how I initially got to CDC. My interest was not in public health, but I came to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=551.0,559.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC for those two years and worked with [Dr.] Clark [W.] Heath, who was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=559.0,566.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"marvelous to work with, and I learned a lot and obtained a completely different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=566.0,573.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"perspective about medicine from the point of view of practice and population","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=573.0,579.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medicine and so forth, working with Clark Heath. It was extremely valuable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=579.0,585.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: What was your emphasis during your EIS training? What types of things","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=585.0,591.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did you work on?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=591.0,593.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: Clark was head of the Leukemia Unit and Congenital Defects as well, so my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=593.0,600.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"assignment was with--because of my ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=600.0,602.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ninterest in hematology, my assignment was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=602.0,606.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with tracking down leukemia clusters and lymphoma clusters. That was a unique","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=606.0,613.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experience. While I was here, I got interested in developing different kinds of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=613.0,621.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"statistical analyses of clusters, because cluster analysis was a very difficult","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=621.0,627.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"science mathematically and there were no good statistical methods for doing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=627.0,633.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. I got very interested in databases and computers. In those days, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=633.0,641.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"computer--we had the IBM mainframe here, and the computer people were very good.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=641.0,649.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They would loan me--at night the computer was idle, and so they would loan me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=649.0,658.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their IBM mainframe to come in and play ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=658.0,663.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwith it all night. I'd spend many a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=663.0,667.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night up here in the middle of the night, just trying to develop methods of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=667.0,675.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doing cluster analysis that would be more fruitful. The experience was an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=675.0,682.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extremely good experience.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=682.0,684.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Moving into 1976, can you tell us a little bit about the areas of focus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=684.0,693.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at CDC before the AIDS epidemic began?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=693.0,697.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: When I came back to CDC in '76, shortly thereafter CDC reorganized.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=697.0,704.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Before it had been the Bureau of Labs and the Bureau of Epidemiology as the two","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=704.0,713.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"major areas. They functioned somewhat like silos. Dr. [William H.] Foege thought","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=713.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that by combining them so that each area ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=720.0,724.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhad its own laboratory associated with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=724.0,728.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, [there] would be a closer working relationship between the laboratories and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=728.0,735.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the epidemiology groups and would be a more fruitful kind of experience. So the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=735.0,743.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organization that CDC became was to organize a disease entity associated with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=743.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"its own laboratory that would then function to serve the epidemiology and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=750.0,757.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"laboratory working together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=757.0,759.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, there were a number of labs, though, that were somewhat orphaned. They were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=759.0,767.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hematology, immunology, and pathology, that really didn't belong to any kind of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=767.0,774.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"association with any specific disease. They were general. So that group of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=774.0,781.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"laboratories, and they were mainly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=781.0,784.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nlaboratories, was put into a Division of Host","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=784.0,789.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Factors. They were to serve as a general kind of support for the whole CDC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=789.0,798.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There was essentially no epidemiology associated with that group initially until","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=798.0,805.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"AIDS came along. The individuals in the Division of Host Factors were more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=805.0,813.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clinically oriented than some of the other divisions. They were the kind of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=813.0,821.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"groups that you would see in a major hospital, so that it was somewhat unique in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=821.0,831.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"terms of being a division of virology, a division of bacteriology, and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=831.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's how the Division of Host Factors ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=840.0,845.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwas organized. From that point of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=845.0,849.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"view, the Division of Host Factor interests were focused more on clinical kinds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=849.0,857.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of problems and unique reference laboratories and reference diseases for the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=857.0,864.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country and supporting other divisions, rather than being a specific kind of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=864.0,871.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease orientation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=871.0,872.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hematology was looking after rare diseases in terms of looking for ways of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=872.0,880.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prevention. Hematology was--I mean, hemophilia was one of those diseases,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=880.0,886.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bleeding and clotting disorders. Thrombosis was another. Immunology was looking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=886.0,892.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at arthritis and ways to prevent arthritis. And pathology was a general","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=892.0,899.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pathology support, for not only our division but also other divisions. That ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=899.0,906.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=906.0,907.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the kind of setting at the time that the AIDS epidemic hit.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=907.0,913.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Do you remember some of your main focuses when you first came to that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=913.0,921.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Host Factors Division?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=921.0,923.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: As head of the--I had headed the--I originally came back to CDC in '76.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=923.0,931.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The reason I came back to CDC is I loved Baltimore, but my wife did not. She","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=931.0,940.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really wanted to leave. She had been a social worker and she'd started the law","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=940.0,948.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"school, and she didn't want to stay in Baltimore. So a job came up to establish","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=948.0,957.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a national reference laboratory at CDC in '76 in hemostasis--blood clotting. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=957.0,963.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took that job as a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=963.0,966.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntemporary job because Mary loved Atlanta. I came down to let","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=966.0,973.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"her finish law school, and then I had considered--I was planning on staying only","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=973.0,982.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a couple of years and then going back into academic medicine. At the time we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=982.0,991.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came, I had grants at Hopkins and I was on the faculty. But then the AIDS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=991.0,1001.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"epidemic hit and changed everything.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1001.0,1004.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Moving on to your work on AIDS, as a reminder, can you start by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1004.0,1013.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"explaining the management of hemophilia in the early eighties?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1013.0,1019.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: In the early eighties, management of hemophilia had progressed rapidly ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1019.0,1026.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfrom about 1960. [During] the first four decades of the 20th century, hemophilia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1026.0,1035.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a horrible disease to have. There was no management. The children often did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1035.0,1045.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not live. The average life expectancy was about 29. The children were all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1045.0,1054.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crippled by the time they were in their teens, and employment rates were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1054.0,1063.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"85%-90%. It was a life of misery. The transfusion progress that the military had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1063.0,1073.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made during World War II was rapidly changing everything, because the ability to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1073.0,1082.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infuse fresh frozen plasma into children with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1082.0,1087.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhemophilia had greatly changed the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1087.0,1090.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease prognosis, so that they were living to be about 39 by 1960.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1090.0,1099.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But with the discovery of cryoprecipitate and then rapidly, the use of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1099.0,1107.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lyophilized cryoprecipitate--it was a form of concentrate. It wasn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1107.0,1113.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cryoprecipitate but a modification. During the sixties, it allowed patients with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1113.0,1120.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hemophilia to travel, to carry the medicine with them, and to improve the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1120.0,1129.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ability, so that life expectancy climbed dramatically. The problem was that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1129.0,1136.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentrates were made from four to five [thousand], as many as 20,000 donors.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1136.0,1145.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"During that period of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1145.0,1148.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntime, there was such a need for plasma products that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1148.0,1153.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people didn't worry much about blood-borne diseases. Even though everybody got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1153.0,1159.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hepatitis from the concentrates, it produced such a dramatic change in outcome","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1159.0,1165.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for the patients, nobody paid much attention to it. They thought it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1165.0,1172.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expected. Most of it was hepatitis B and non-A, non-B hepatitis. At that time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1172.0,1180.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they didn't know that non-A, non-B hepatitis was the worst, because it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1180.0,1187.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hepatitis C in reality. So that was accepted, and there was not much progress in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1187.0,1195.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"terms of trying to inactivate the virus in the concentrates. The difficulty with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1195.0,1202.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the proteins needed for hemophilia is that they're very labile, very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1202.0,1208.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n sensitive,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1208.0,1209.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so any kind of inactivation that you would use for viruses would most likely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1209.0,1217.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"destroy the effectiveness of the protein. So people just accepted this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1217.0,1223.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, there was a whole system of care [that] grew out of the care for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1223.0,1231.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hemophilia, with comprehensive hemophilia treatment centers. These were centers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1231.0,1236.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that concentrated patients with hemophilia and delivered not only their medical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1236.0,1242.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"care for bleeding disorders but cared for their psychosocial needs, as well as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1242.0,1249.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other disorders. Patients were doing fabulously, except they got hepatitis. But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1249.0,1255.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was a system where you had most of the patients in the US attending","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1255.0,1263.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hemophilia treatment centers and receiving treatment with concentrates that were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1263.0,1268.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transmitting blood-borne ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1268.0,1269.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndiseases. That's the setting that we were in with the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1269.0,1274.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"start of the AIDS epidemic in 1980.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1274.0,1278.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: In July of 1982, the MMWR reported on cases of Pneumocystis pneumonia in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1278.0,1286.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three persons with hemophilia A. Can you describe when you first heard about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1286.0,1293.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pneumocystis in patients with hemophilia, and what the earliest thinking was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1293.0,1299.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about this at that time? Who were some of your colleagues and so on?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1299.0,1307.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: I think that in terms of my own division, when the AIDS epidemic started,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1307.0,1315.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of course the first people noticed were individuals that were homosexuals. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1315.0,1321.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunology division was very interested in the immune disorder, because it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1321.0,1327.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an immune disorder ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1327.0,1329.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand what was causing it. [Dr. Thomas J.] Tom Spira was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1329.0,1335.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working in some of the clinics, collecting blood and seeing patients, and he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1335.0,1342.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"began collecting blood from some of these just to study the immunologic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1342.0,1349.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"abnormalities. As far as the hematology was concerned, we knew what was going","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1349.0,1356.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on, but we weren't really studying it until we got a call in the spring of 1982","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1356.0,1365.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from a physician in Florida, who said that he had a man, an elderly man who was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1365.0,1374.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a hemophilia patient who had died with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. He was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1374.0,1381.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wondering whether or not the Pneumocystis could have been transmitted in a vial","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1381.0,1388.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1388.0,1389.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nconcentrate. The processing of concentrate would not have eliminated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1389.0,1394.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pneumocystis, and I assured him that. But it raised my curiosity, because what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1394.0,1402.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hemophilia patients were sensitive to were blood-borne diseases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1402.0,1407.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, at the same time [Dr. James W.] Jim Curran's group was identifying patients","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1407.0,1415.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who were Haitians who had AIDS and also finding drug abusers who were developing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1415.0,1423.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"AIDS. Those three groups were coming down with AIDS. The leading theories for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1423.0,1431.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"AIDS at that time--it was unfortunately named for a homosexual disease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1431.0,1438.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Unfortunately, that made people focus on homosexuals as the focus of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1438.0,1445.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease. What that did in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1445.0,1448.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\neffect is lead to major theories that it was either","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1448.0,1453.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anti-sperm antibodies, which were the leading theories, or that it was caused by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1453.0,1460.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something--some contaminant of amyl nitrites, which homosexuals used to maintain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1460.0,1465.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prolonged erections. The focus was not on a blood-borne disease. If it appeared","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1465.0,1472.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in hemophilia patients, that would completely change how we thought about the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1472.0,1478.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease, AIDS.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1478.0,1479.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Now, being the most clinically oriented division, we had responsibility for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1479.0,1485.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"managing orphan drugs at CDC. We managed the orphan drugs that were not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1485.0,1492.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"licensed. One of those was pentamidine, which was used to treat Pneumocystis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1492.0,1498.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sandy [Sandra L.] Ford was the clerk that managed that, so I went down to Sandy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1498.0,1506.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Ford, and I said, \"Sandy, any ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1506.0,1509.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nrequest for pentamidine that comes in, find out if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1509.0,1513.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's a hemophilia patient. And if it is, please tell us because we will then go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1513.0,1520.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"investigate it.\" And so in June and July we had a case in Colorado and then one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1520.0,1527.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Ohio. Requests came in for pentamidine. [Dr.] Dale [N.] Lawrence was sent out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1527.0,1533.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to investigate those because he had been an EIS officer, and although he was in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1533.0,1540.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Immunology Division, he was the closest thing to an epidemiologist we had at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1540.0,1546.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the time. He went out and investigated those. Both those cases turned out to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1546.0,1553.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cases of AIDS. The physicians in those places did not know they (the patients)","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1553.0,1559.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had AIDS, but Dale informed them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1559.0,1562.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Those were the three cases that we had. One case didn't necessarily mean","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1562.0,1568.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anything, but three were ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1568.0,1570.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nvery highly significant, especially when these patients","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1570.0,1574.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did not have other risk factors. We immediately informed Dr. Foege, and wrote a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1574.0,1582.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"letter under Foege's signature to the Hemophilia Foundation that this might be a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1582.0,1589.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blood-borne disease. At the same time, Foege wanted a meeting in Washington, DC,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1589.0,1596.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in July to discuss this and present this to the blood banking industry and the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1596.0,1604.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recipients of blood, such as the hemophilia organizations and so forth that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1604.0,1611.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would discuss this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1611.0,1613.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Before that meeting, did you call around to find out about other cases?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1613.0,1621.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What was FDA [Food and Drug Administration] thinking? What was NIH thinking?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1621.0,1628.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: Definitely. First of all, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1628.0,1631.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwe were concerned because one of the theories","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1631.0,1635.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was that blood transfusions modified the immune system. This was used against","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1635.0,1641.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this (AIDS) being a blood-borne disease for a long time. We searched the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1641.0,1647.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"literature, we did a massive literature search to see if we could find other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1647.0,1654.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cases reported in the literature of patients with hemophilia who had developed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1654.0,1660.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, because I'd never heard of it and I'd been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1660.0,1666.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"treating hemophilia patients since medical school.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1666.0,1669.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We didn't find any except one case--there were two cases reported, but it turned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1669.0,1676.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out to be a single case reported in the Czechoslovakian literature. After we had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1676.0,1683.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it [the report] translated, it was in a patient who had received ACTH","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1683.0,1689.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[adrenocorticotropic hormone]--a steroid--it's not a steroid, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1689.0,1692.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbut it stimulates","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1692.0,1693.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"steroid production. That case had come down with--but no other cases were found","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1693.0,1699.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"anywhere. I called the FDA. The FDA has a registry so that unusual events that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1699.0,1706.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"occur in patients following treatment are supposed to be reported to the FDA.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1706.0,1712.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It's a passive system, and it's not the greatest in the world. But they'd never","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1712.0,1719.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heard of it. They had no reports of Pneumocystis infections ever in patients","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1719.0,1725.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with hemophilia.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1725.0,1726.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So, armed with this kind of information and no reports, we also called all the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1726.0,1733.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hemophilia treatment centers and learned they had not seen any Pneumocystis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1733.0,1738.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cases. Armed with that, we thought this was a new disease occurrence, and three","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1738.0,1744.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cases ought to be reported. The situation ought to be raised. But the key to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1744.0,1751.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finding these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1751.0,1752.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncases was the pentamidine file, requests for pentamidine. This is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1752.0,1757.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how we found all our cases, because most of the time medical personnel did not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1757.0,1765.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even suspect AIDS in these patients. Patients came down with Pneumocystis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1765.0,1771.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"requested pentamidine, and were investigated and found to have AIDS.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1771.0,1776.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Then later, on July 27th of 1982, the meeting that you mentioned was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1776.0,1783.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"held in Washington, where you presented the case histories of these three","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1783.0,1789.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hemophiliac patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia. Attendees there included","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1789.0,1793.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Federal officials, the blood banking industry, the National Hemophilia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1793.0,1798.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Foundation, university researchers, and community activists. Tell us what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1798.0,1803.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened during that meeting.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1803.0,1805.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: Well, we presented that information, but we received somewhat of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1805.0,1811.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\na cold","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1811.0,1812.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shoulder. The blood banking industry is a very stable industry. Changes occur","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1812.0,1820.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over long periods of time. They were not interested in three cases needing any","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1820.0,1829.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"modifications. The homosexual community were extremely good donors. They thought","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1829.0,1835.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were very civic minded in donating blood. They thought it was their duty to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1835.0,1844.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"donate blood and to be good citizens. In some cities they made up as much of a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1844.0,1855.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"third of the donors or donations in those cities, such as San Francisco. In","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1855.0,1864.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fact, there were blood drives in some of the gay bath houses, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1864.0,1872.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbecause they were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1872.0,1874.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such good donors and they could get lots of blood. The blood banking community","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1874.0,1881.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wasn't interested at all in raising any kind of hassle about the fact that some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1881.0,1889.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of their donors may be donating and may be causing this disease. And three","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1889.0,1896.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patients with hemophilia they felt was no proof at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1896.0,1901.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The hemophilia community was interested, but there were not--they saw this drug","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1901.0,1907.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as being a major life-changing event for patients with hemophilia. And to raise","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1907.0,1914.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the possibility that maybe it was transmitting this new disease, when there were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1914.0,1921.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"only three cases, it was so rare that they didn't want patients stopping the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1921.0,1928.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medicine. They were not interested in hearing of it as a risk ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1928.0,1934.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\neither, and there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1934.0,1936.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was still no proof. At that point in time, you still had lots of people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1936.0,1944.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believing that it was something else causing AIDS. It wasn't really a disease,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1944.0,1951.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it was a reaction to amyl nitrites. The FDA didn't believe it was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1951.0,1959.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease. They were not particularly interested.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1959.0,1962.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The NIH took some interest. Two important things came out of that meeting: one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1962.0,1969.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is that the disease was named AIDS, which was great because it took the emphasis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1969.0,1977.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"off the homosexual community [and] being a homosexual disease. Second of all,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1977.0,1983.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the NIH gave my division $285,000, I think, for an epidemiologist to just do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1983.0,1990.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some epidemiology on it. That was a godsend, because this was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1990.0,1996.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin a time of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1996.0,1998.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tremendous financial restrictions for CDC. In fact, that worked against CDC, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=1998.0,2004.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"financial restrictions, because it was said that CDC had invented the disease in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2004.0,2011.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"order to get more financial resources out of Washington, DC. That rumor spread","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2011.0,2018.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about that. Those are the two important things that came out of that meeting,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2018.0,2025.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but we didn't get much support from the rest of the community that it was going","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2025.0,2033.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to be blood-borne.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2033.0,2035.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: At CDC, within your colleagues, there was already some strong belief","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2035.0,2041.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it was blood-borne, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2041.0,2044.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: I think my division was thoroughly convinced that it was blood-borne. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2044.0,2051.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reason was if you lined up the four groups that had been affected: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2051.0,2058.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n homosexuals,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2058.0,2058.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"drug abusers, Haitians, and now patients with hemophilia--and we began to accept","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2058.0,2064.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that patients with hemophilia were an affected group--and you looked at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2064.0,2070.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"causes, the only thing that fit was, they were all patients that were at high","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2070.0,2077.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"risk for blood-borne infections. With that kind of logic, we thought it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2077.0,2083.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bound to be shown, that it was just a matter of time before we showed it to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2083.0,2092.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blood-borne. So we were convinced. The rest of the world wasn't, but we were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2092.0,2099.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"convinced it was going to be blood-borne.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2099.0,2102.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Throughout the rest of 1982, more and more patients with hemophilia came in. By","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2102.0,2109.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the time we got to December, we had about eight cases, I think. We also started","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2109.0,2117.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looking, working with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2117.0,2118.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nJim Curran's group, looking for possible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2118.0,2121.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transfusion-associated cases. We would go out, we'd try to track these down, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2121.0,2128.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we'd go out and try to locate the donors and find out what went on and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2128.0,2138.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the problems was that most people--about half the people who get a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2138.0,2146.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transfusion die just after the transfusion, just because they're really ill. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2146.0,2153.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finding a case that gets a transfusion that isn't causing underlying disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2153.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that might cause some immune suppression like cancer or something like that was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2160.0,2167.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very difficult. We repeatedly had to go out and do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2167.0,2173.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The blood banks also were not extremely helpful. They would claim ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2173.0,2179.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n patient","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2179.0,2180.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"privacy, and so they wouldn't give us the names. One case where we knew that a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2180.0,2189.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"possible transfusion case had occurred was in Boston, and they wouldn't give us","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2189.0,2196.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the name of the donors, but one person had slipped and we got the last name. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2196.0,2206.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"last name was a common name, and Dale Lawrence called every last name in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2206.0,2215.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"phone book, every person with the last name in the phone book to see if he had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2215.0,2225.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"donated blood. We never found the patient in Boston, but we found the mother,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2225.0,2233.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who said that her son had donated and had moved to St. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2233.0,2240.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nLouis. We tracked that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2240.0,2242.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patient down, Dale did, tracked that patient down through an STD [sexually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2242.0,2248.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transmitted diseases] clinic, looking if they had that, they might have some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2248.0,2254.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other STD. He tracked that patient down and found out that the person had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2254.0,2262.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"donated blood and also belonged to a risk group. This is the kind of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2262.0,2270.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shoe-leather epidemiology it took to get through the barriers that were set up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2270.0,2277.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by the blood banks, who were resisting investigation of possible transfusion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2277.0,2283.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cases. Finally, the first one was reported in December of 1982, which was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2283.0,2291.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"20-month-old baby in California, I believe. Then we had one sure transfusion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2291.0,2297.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"case and eight patients with hemophilia, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2297.0,2300.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand that's when the January 4th","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2300.0,2303.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meeting, 1983, was called.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2303.0,2305.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Were the health departments involved in tracking down patients or in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2305.0,2312.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"assisting with tracking down donors at that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2312.0,2316.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: I think the health departments did all they could, but I think this was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2316.0,2325.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very labor intensive, very focused kind of investigation so that--from Jim","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2325.0,2331.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Curran's group, he worked more closely with the health departments. My group","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2331.0,2338.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't really work with health departments. It really worked with universities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2338.0,2344.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and hospitals and with patient organizations. So it was a different approach. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2344.0,2351.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think we were coming at it from two different angles. Jim Curran would probably","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2351.0,2359.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2359.0,2360.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nable to tell you what assistance the health departments were able to add, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2360.0,2366.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we didn't really interact with them that much. They were helpful in St. Louis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2366.0,2372.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we were tracking down that donor, and when we had specific questions that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2372.0,2378.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dealt with their clinics, they were helpful. But it was really a one-on-one kind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2378.0,2384.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of detective work that we were doing, trying to locate these patients. Many of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2384.0,2390.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the times, as I say, the pentamidine file [was key].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2390.0,2394.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"One of the things that has occurred since the AIDS epidemic is the inability to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2394.0,2401.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get patients' names and records. Today it would be very difficult to do the kind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2401.0,2408.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of work that we did back in 1982, because of those rules and regulations and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2408.0,2415.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"laws regarding release of medical information, if not impossible. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2415.0,2419.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nMILLER: So for the hemophiliacs it would be especially difficult, since they got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2419.0,2425.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pooled concentrate?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2425.0,2426.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: Yes, they were much more the canary in the mineshaft, because really a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2426.0,2433.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transfusion recipient got exposed to one or two donors at most. But patients","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2433.0,2439.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with hemophilia would be exposed to four to 40,000 at a time. So you get a dose","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2439.0,2447.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of that, and many of these vials would have multiple donations that were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2447.0,2453.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infected, [and that many] people['s donations] could have gone into that. So the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2453.0,2459.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"level of difference was incredible. If you look at the percentage of infected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2459.0,2465.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"units that were calculated later, blood donations from, say, San Francisco, you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2465.0,2471.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"find that as much as one half or two percent of the units at the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2471.0,2478.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nheight [of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2478.0,2480.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"epidemic] might have been infected. But half the patients with hemophilia got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2480.0,2486.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infected with HIV.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2486.0,2488.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: What effect did this have among the major stakeholders, once there was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2488.0,2495.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"case in this child who had a blood transfusion, in thinking about blood-borne","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2495.0,2502.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transmission? Did that right away change people's minds?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2502.0,2506.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: No. In fact, the January 4th meeting was probably one of our most","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2506.0,2513.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"frustrating. I think everybody at CDC thought this will be a slam-dunk meeting,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2513.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we would go and present the data and everybody can obviously see it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2520.0,2527.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blood-borne, and the obvious way is to eliminate high-risk donors from donating","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2527.0,2533.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blood. So eliminating high-risk groups had been ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2533.0,2537.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndone as a common practice for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2537.0,2540.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"improving safety of blood control. Then Tom Spira's lab and [Dr. John Steven]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2540.0,2547.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Steve McDougal's lab had done studies on looking at possible surrogate tests,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2547.0,2553.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and 90% to 95% of these groups were positive for hepatitis B core antibody, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2553.0,2561.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they could just screen hepatitis B core antibody as a possible screening test.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2561.0,2568.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were also some immunological studies, but this test was licensed and could","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2568.0,2575.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be used. We recommended using this as a surrogate test for possible donations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2575.0,2582.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and to eliminate high-risk groups. And we thought everybody would see the same","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2582.0,2589.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing. Well, the meeting was held here in Atlanta in the old auditorium. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2589.0,2596.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"press were there and--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2596.0,2598.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Who else was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2598.0,2600.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthere? Who was in that meeting?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2600.0,2603.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: Well, of course all of the--there were a number of divisions involved in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2603.0,2610.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this at CDC. Certainly, Jim Curran's division, the Viral Disease Division, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2610.0,2616.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Division of Host Factors, and we had representatives from the different federal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2616.0,2622.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agencies who were here, the different blood banking organizations, AABB","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2622.0,2627.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[American Association of Blood Banks], ABC [America's Blood Centers]. Also the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2627.0,2632.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gay group organizations, as well as affected groups like the Hemophilia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2632.0,2637.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Foundation. All of those were here in a massive organization. So we presented","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2637.0,2643.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the data, which we thought was straightforward. I believe it was a total of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2643.0,2650.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eight [cases] at the time. I'd have to go back for the exact number. It could","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2650.0,2657.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have been one or two more than that. But eight ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2657.0,2662.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndefinite cases with hemophilia,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2662.0,2665.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one transfusion case, and then all the data on the fact that these groups were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2665.0,2674.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"highly infected with other blood-borne diseases. And then we were met with a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2674.0,2682.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wall of criticism, that we were jumping the gun, we didn't have an agent, we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2682.0,2691.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hadn't shown Koch's postulates. That we were jumping to conclusions, that we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2691.0,2699.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were bad scientists, and we wanted them to spend millions of dollars introducing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2699.0,2707.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tests and eliminating a lot of their blood donors, stigmatizing a group of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2707.0,2715.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American citizens and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2715.0,2718.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We looked at it entirely differently. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2718.0,2722.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThey thought they were being, I'm sure at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2722.0,2726.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the time, they were being careful scientists. The problem is nobody knew how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2726.0,2733.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extensive this disease was already in the population. Even we underestimated it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2733.0,2739.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They said, \"Why do all this for eight patients with hemophilia?\" The reason is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2739.0,2746.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that nobody realized that this disease had already extensively infected the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2746.0,2752.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"donor population, as well as the other populations. With that underestimate, no","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2752.0,2758.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one really knew what the extent of the problem was. So the problem was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2758.0,2765.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"underestimated. They thought they were being careful and cautious. We thought it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2765.0,2771.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was somewhat of an ethereal way they were approaching things, and practically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2771.0,2777.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they should adopt these things immediately.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2777.0,2780.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it ended ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2780.0,2782.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nup with nothing really coming out of that January 4th meeting,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2782.0,2787.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"except it did change the focus. That was the beginning, when people began the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2787.0,2794.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"process of the paradigm shift [away from] thinking this is a gay disease and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2794.0,2801.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"putting more and more emphasis on blood. This was such a shift in thinking,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2801.0,2808.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[because] at the time this occurred, people thought all infectious diseases were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2808.0,2814.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conquered. There were actually people advocating that CDC be closed, because we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2814.0,2820.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't need a federal agency when we knew all the infectious diseases that were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2820.0,2827.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to occur. And here out of nowhere comes this strange disease that's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2827.0,2833.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"completely underestimated and that many people believe CDC invented, and they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2833.0,2838.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wanted to close CDC. Then we're telling them they should ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2838.0,2843.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nspend millions of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2843.0,2845.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dollars to prevent something, when they don't even know what causes [it]. This","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2845.0,2852.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was the situation we were in in January, but it did start the shift in thinking.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2852.0,2861.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Were there particular individuals that stand out in terms of what their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2861.0,2868.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"arguments were? Specific people from the blood banks or personalities that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2868.0,2874.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dominated the thinking?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2874.0,2876.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: Well, I think Dr. Bovey was one from the blood banking industry that felt","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2876.0,2885.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that CDC was overstepping its bounds. The other thing is that normally the FDA","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2885.0,2893.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would have been the person or the agency responsible for holding these kinds of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2893.0,2901.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meetings that the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2901.0,2903.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nCDC was somewhat out of bounds in terms of where the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2903.0,2909.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"responsibility lay. FDA had the legal ability to regulate blood banking, and for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2909.0,2916.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC to be stirring up this kind of trouble outside of the other agency was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2916.0,2924.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ruffling feathers at that time. The other thing is that the FDA didn't really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2924.0,2931.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believe in this disease, so they weren't convinced it was anything but a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2931.0,2938.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"syndrome. That it might be caused by something else rather than an infectious","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2938.0,2945.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agent. It's much different now when we know all about it, but if you go back to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2945.0,2954.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1982, when the scientific community thinks about this disease completely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2954.0,2959.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"differently and that it's a syndrome, it's not an ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2959.0,2964.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nindividual disease. You get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2964.0,2966.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"effects, but that might be caused by anything. Besides, we hadn't seen an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2966.0,2974.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infectious disease anywhere that does anything like this. And so the FDA wasn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2974.0,2982.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"convinced. It really wasn't convinced it was a real disease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2982.0,2988.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: What about the clinicians? New York, San Francisco--were they more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2988.0,2994.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"alarmed, more in line with CDC's sense of the disease?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=2994.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: The hemophilia community, which had been affected, was greatly split on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3000.0,3007.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this. You had advocates for CDC, such as Dr. Jean Lusher and Dr. Harold Roberts","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3007.0,3016.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at Chapel Hill, who strongly supported CDC's position. You had other physicians","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3016.0,3023.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that were great ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3023.0,3025.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nleaders in the hemophilia community, like Dr. Lou Aledort, who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3025.0,3031.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"greatly opposed CDC's involvement and really tried to keep the NHF [National","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3031.0,3038.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hemophilia Foundation] from working with CDC on this issue, because he thought","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3038.0,3045.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it was not really a disease that was a major effect on the hemophilia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3045.0,3054.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community. Within the community themselves, you had this split based upon their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3054.0,3061.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"belief. When you don't have absolute proof, you always have that kind of inner","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3061.0,3069.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fighting that often, in terms of recommendations, what comes out of these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3069.0,3076.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organizations are compromises. So you had CDC on one side, you had the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3076.0,3084.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n naysayers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3084.0,3085.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on the other side. So CDC would make a recommendation for the NHF to recommend","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3085.0,3094.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to its community, and you would get a compromise. You'd get somewhere in the middle.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3094.0,3103.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that occurred everywhere. You had major people in the leaders of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3103.0,3111.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"homosexual community that were totally against the stigmatization of the gay","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3111.0,3117.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community. These organizations were fighting for civil rights and for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3117.0,3123.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recognition that they were good American citizens. And here you had a disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3123.0,3131.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was going to be blamed on them if all of this turned out to be correct.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3131.0,3141.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is one of the problems: that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3141.0,3145.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nit got labeled initially by the media as a gay","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3145.0,3150.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease rather than a blood-borne disease. If it had been labeled as a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3150.0,3156.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blood-borne disease so that the gays were victims just like everybody else, it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3156.0,3162.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"might have had a different progression in the beginning. But since it got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3162.0,3168.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"labeled as a gay disease, it created an atmosphere that was difficult to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3168.0,3174.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"overcome, and it took a great deal of effort in future years for people to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3174.0,3181.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"overcome that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3181.0,3182.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: By March of 1983, CDC, FDA, and NIH agreed on a set of guidelines","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3182.0,3189.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"published in the MMWR, and they were--I guess a compromise--where recommended","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3189.0,3194.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"members of groups at increased risk should avoid donating blood. Was that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3194.0,3200.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"effective? How was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3200.0,3202.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: That was very interesting because what ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3202.0,3205.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhappened was, after we recovered","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3205.0,3208.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from that January 4th meeting, because all of us were--as I say, I can't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3208.0,3216.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"emphasize [enough] how deflated we were after that meeting. The patients with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3216.0,3223.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hemophilia kept piling up and so forth, and so we got together in Dr. [Walter]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3223.0,3232.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dowdle's office and decided CDC couldn't issue guidelines, but the Public Health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3232.0,3239.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Service could. So we got together a draft for recommendations to come out of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3239.0,3248.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Public Health Service. [Dr.] Ed Brandt was Assistant Secretary of Health at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3248.0,3256.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, and Ed Brandt is, by the side, my wife's cousin. So we put together ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3256.0,3265.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3265.0,3266.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"guidelines and shipped those off to the other agencies and to Ed Brandt's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3266.0,3273.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"office. Well, a firestorm hit, of course.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3273.0,3277.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: And the guidelines were basically?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3277.0,3280.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: To defer high-risk groups and to do surrogate testing. A firestorm hit,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3280.0,3287.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because we were overstepping our bounds once more, even more than the January","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3287.0,3294.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"4th meeting. The FDA was absolutely furious. Absolutely furious. They flew down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3294.0,3301.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and met with Walt Dowdle, who was my boss and Jim Curran's boss.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3301.0,3308.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: He was the Head of--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3308.0,3311.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: Head of Infectious Disease. Walt and his diplomatic ability smoothed that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3311.0,3318.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"over. But anyway, it got reviewed by three ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3318.0,3323.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndifferent agencies, and it got","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3323.0,3326.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"watered down quite a bit, so it got published in March.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3326.0,3332.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So they left out the surrogate testing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3332.0,3336.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: They left out the surrogate testing, and they watered down the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3336.0,3343.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"elimination of homosexual donors, watered that down to men that had had multiple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3343.0,3350.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sex partners or something like that. So that got published. Still, the FDA was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3350.0,3358.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reluctant to believe that it was a blood-borne disease, but they went along with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3358.0,3366.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those recommendations. So that got published. But again, you're progressing into","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3366.0,3372.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the change. Now, if you go back and look at the infectivity of units of blood,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3372.0,3381.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which an investigator by the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3381.0,3384.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nname of Bush has done in San Francisco blood banks,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3384.0,3391.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you'll find that that did have a major impact on blood transfusion infectivity,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3391.0,3399.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that it fell fairly dramatically. So that by the time the test was actually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3399.0,3409.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"introduced in mid-1984, the infectivity of individual units had dropped considerably.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3409.0,3416.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Just from the recommendations that urged members of high-risk groups to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3416.0,3424.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"abstain from donating blood voluntarily.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3424.0,3427.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: Voluntarily. So that was effective in terms of producing a lowered risk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3427.0,3435.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for transfusion recipients. The effectiveness for hemophilia is difficult to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3435.0,3442.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say, because so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3442.0,3444.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmany donations go into a unit that probably--that was not what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3444.0,3450.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"affected the hemophilia. What affected hemophilia was the heat treated--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3450.0,3456.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Can you tell us a little bit about that? You and colleagues at CDC,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3456.0,3464.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Steve McDougal and others, did quite a bit of research on inactivation of virus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3464.0,3472.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with heat treatment, as was done a few years before, looking at hepatitis B. Can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3472.0,3480.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you describe that a little and what the impact was?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3480.0,3486.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: Surely. Well, in 1983, Baxter introduced heat-treated factor. It was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3486.0,3492.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lyophilized [freeze-dried] material they stuck in an oven and heated, and it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3492.0,3499.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"licensed by the FDA for prevention of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3499.0,3503.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhepatitis B transmission. They","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3503.0,3505.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unfortunately charged three times market price for a regular factor. This","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3505.0,3511.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medication is so expensive anyway that nobody would buy it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3511.0,3516.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So Factor VIII cryoprecipitate, now you're heating it and it's tripling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3516.0,3522.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"its cost?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3522.0,3523.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: It's purified. It's beyond cryo. It's purified factor. So they take cryo","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3523.0,3530.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and purify it. Out of the cryo they purify Factor VIII. Then they heat it in an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3530.0,3539.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"oven. They put it on the market for hepatitis B prevention. Well, at that point","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3539.0,3547.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in time, people didn't even know anything about whether or not it was effective","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3547.0,3554.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against HIV, so nobody would buy it. Nobody would pay three times--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3554.0,3560.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: And how much are we talking ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3560.0,3564.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nabout in dollars at that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3564.0,3567.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: Factor VIII I think at that time was selling for about 15 cents a Factor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3567.0,3575.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"VII unit. Now Factor VIII unit, a patient receives a thousand units at a time or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3575.0,3583.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more, depending on how big they are. So 15 cents per unit is a lot of money. But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3583.0,3592.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you raise that to 50 cents a unit, and you really have--you're really producing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3592.0,3599.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some increased cost, especially if you're bleeding twice a month and you had to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3599.0,3606.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"treat for two or three days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3606.0,3609.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Was insurance paying for that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3609.0,3612.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: Yes, but there's a lifetime cap on insurance. Many times, the patients","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3612.0,3619.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had to pay 15% or 20% of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3619.0,3623.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncost, so nobody would buy it. The question is, was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3623.0,3628.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it effective? Well, when the French found LAV [lymphadenopathy-associated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3628.0,3633.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"virus], they sent it to [Dr. Robert C.] Gallo.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3633.0,3638.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: At NIH.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3638.0,3640.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: At the NIH. Gallo was not one of my favorite people, and he certainly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3640.0,3648.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wasn't one of [Dr. Donald P.] Don Francis's favorite people. Gallo suddenly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3648.0,3654.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"discovered it at the same time and called it HTLV III [human T-lymphotropic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3654.0,3661.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"virus], I think. So we requested some of the material of Gallo's to work with at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3661.0,3670.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC. Gallo refused and wouldn't send it to CDC. The French were very helpful,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3670.0,3678.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the French actually sent Steve McDougal some LAV, so we ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3678.0,3684.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhad LAV in our","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3684.0,3687.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"laboratory. McDougal ran my immunology lab. Very bright guy. Very careful. But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3687.0,3695.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"he was an immunologist. This didn't make the viral disease people very happy,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3695.0,3703.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we were working with LAV. But McDougal worked out an assay for LAV and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3703.0,3712.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could quantitate it. So he could grow up tons of this stuff in his laboratory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3712.0,3721.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I went to Steve, and I said, \"Steve, look, let's try some of this stuff in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3721.0,3732.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concentrates and heat it and see what happens to the titer.\" Steve says, \"Sure,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3732.0,3741.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's easy to do.\" So ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3741.0,3744.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSteve grows up the thing. I get him some concentrates. He","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3744.0,3749.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spikes the concentrates and then we heat it. First of all, we wanted to heat it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3749.0,3757.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both in a liquid state, because there was one company in Germany that heated it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3757.0,3764.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in liquid state, as well as the dry state in [as done by the] American","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3764.0,3771.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"companies. We wrote to the Germany company, and they wouldn't give us their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3771.0,3777.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"method of doing it. It didn't make any difference. We just got it from the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3777.0,3784.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patent office and copied the patent. So he did these things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3784.0,3789.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So you're heating up concentrates of the HIV virus, LAV.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3789.0,3794.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: Concentrates of, clotting concentrates that would go into hemophilia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3794.0,3799.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patients, but we spiked ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3799.0,3801.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthem with the virus and then we heated them. Then the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3801.0,3807.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"liquid one, we had to re-lyophilize.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3807.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Lyophilizing is--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3810.0,3812.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: Means freeze drying. So we tried to find somebody at CDC that would let","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3812.0,3820.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"us use their lyophilizers to lyophilize LAV. That was not an easy thing to do.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3820.0,3828.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Finally, we found a discarded one over in the basement of the virology building.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3828.0,3836.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We wrapped it up in HEPA [high-efficiency particulate air] filters and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3836.0,3842.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything and lyophilized the liquid stuff. We then heated the freeze-dried","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3842.0,3848.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"material in the dry state. Then Steve McDougal looked at the titers, and we had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3848.0,3856.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about a six-log diminution of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3856.0,3859.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntiter. So we thought this was fantastic. I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3859.0,3864.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going to the World Congress of Hemophilia, which was being held in Rio. I went","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3864.0,3872.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"down there and I presented this to the congress down there, where it had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3872.0,3880.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries from all over the world, that heat inactivates this stuff. It was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3880.0,3887.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fantastically received, but nobody wanted to use the Factor yet. So we were able","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3887.0,3895.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to put it through the commercial companies' processes. Alan Brownstein, who was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3895.0,3902.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Executive Director of the US Hemophilia Foundation, got four manufacturers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3902.0,3908.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together. I had lunch with Alan and those four manufacturers. Two of them, Alpha","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3908.0,3916.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Cutter, agreed to put the virus ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3916.0,3920.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthrough their processing plant. We got back,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3920.0,3924.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they sent us the material, we spiked it, we sent it back to them, and they put","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3924.0,3933.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it through their processing and sent it back to Steve McDougal. He tested it,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3933.0,3940.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and same results. Extremely--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3940.0,3942.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: That was brave of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3942.0,3945.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: Yes, extremely effective. Baxter didn't and Armor didn't. Baxter came","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3945.0,3951.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back later and asked us to do it, and we did it once more. But we got the same","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3951.0,3961.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"results in all. Then I flew up to meet with the head of the Medical Advisory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3961.0,3969.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Council for the National Hemophilia Foundation, along with [Dr.] Jeanine Jason,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3969.0,3975.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we presented this data to the Foundation. They ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3975.0,3980.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nimmediately recommended that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3980.0,3981.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all--that people switch to heat treated. Although we still had two vigorously","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3981.0,3987.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opposing physicians on that council that opposed the switch.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3987.0,3991.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So that heat treatment then did not inactivate the protein you had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3991.0,3997.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"originally been concerned about?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3997.0,3999.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: No. Well, it may have partially heated it, may have partially inactivated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=3999.0,4005.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it, but not enough that it was still extremely effective therapeutically and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4005.0,4011.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it inactivated. Well, if you go back now and look when that switchover","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4011.0,4018.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"occurred, which was the end of '84, you go back and look at birth cohorts in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4018.0,4026.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patients born in years '85, '86, '87, '88, none of the patients were infected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4026.0,4033.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with HIV after that. So that switch to heat treated stopped the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4033.0,4039.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nepidemic. That","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4039.0,4040.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was before the testing was introduced in July of 1985. So that switch was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4040.0,4048.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extremely effective in stopping an epidemic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4048.0,4051.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: In December of '83, the Blood Products Advisory Committee of the FDA met","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4051.0,4059.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to discuss options of surrogate marker testing, and testing was proposed but not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4059.0,4066.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recommended again.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4066.0,4067.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: That's correct.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4067.0,4069.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Finally, in January of '85, when an antibody test for the virus was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4069.0,4077.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"available, provisional PHS [Public Health Service] recommendations for screening","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4077.0,4082.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"donated blood and plasma for antibodies of the virus were established. It is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4082.0,4089.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said that many, many hemophiliacs and recipients of blood transfusions were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4089.0,4095.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infected during the two years between ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4095.0,4098.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n1983 and 1985 (1983 and 1984). Is there an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4098.0,4103.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"estimate of how many were infected?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4103.0,4106.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: The estimates are difficult, because you had so many who died. We went","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4106.0,4114.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back and tried to look at the estimation of the number of--there were at least","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4114.0,4122.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"50% of the patients, and it may have been closer to 60%, 65% infected. But they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4122.0,4131.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were all estimates. We don't know for sure. A lot of the patients didn't--the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4131.0,4139.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease didn't show up till later. So we know from birth cohorts that the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4139.0,4147.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infections stopped at the end of 1984. So nobody got infected after the end of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4147.0,4155.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1984. But we've continued to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4155.0,4158.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfind cases through 1985, '86, '87, '88 that didn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4158.0,4162.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"know they'd been infected back prior to 1984, but they'd all received factor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4162.0,4167.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back in those early days. This made it difficult, because when that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4167.0,4172.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recommendation was made in 1984, this was a surveillance problem.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4172.0,4176.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"When that recommendation was made in 1984, we had no in vivo [taking place in a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4176.0,4183.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"living organism] data that said it would prevent the infection. All we had was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4183.0,4189.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the in vitro [taking place outside a living organism] data on the inactivation,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4189.0,4194.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so that we had to set up a surveillance program that followed after that. Now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4194.0,4200.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one of the problems that occurred in that surveillance program is that you have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4200.0,4206.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so much noise, because you have patients that have never been tested that are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4206.0,4212.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"coming down with AIDS during the next several years, because of that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4212.0,4217.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n long","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4217.0,4218.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"incubation period of up to ten years before they came down with one of these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4218.0,4226.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"identifying conditions. Without a prior test, we couldn't determine whether or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4226.0,4232.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not someone that came down with a new infection was a possibly new case or not.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4232.0,4240.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But we did manage to find some, because one of the manufacturer's processes was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4240.0,4247.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inadequate. Not enough heat, not long enough.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4247.0,4251.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: In terms of looking at numbers of even hemophiliacs, are we talking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4251.0,4258.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about tens of thousands or are we talking--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4258.0,4262.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: Well, there's about--the number of hemophilia patients in the US, there's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4262.0,4268.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about a total of 15, 16, 17,000 total in the United States. In a number of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4268.0,4276.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Factor VIII [deficient patients] that became ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4276.0,4279.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ninfected, I would approximate it as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4279.0,4282.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"probably between 6,000 and 8,000 total. Because [out of] all of those hemophilia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4282.0,4289.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patients, some of them are Factor IX, which didn't get as high a dose because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4289.0,4297.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they don't take as much factor. So that if you look, there's probably 14,000 to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4297.0,4305.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"16,000 patients with hemophilia A, Factor VIII deficiency, and those were most","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4305.0,4311.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heavily infected.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4311.0,4312.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Then their partners.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4312.0,4314.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4314.0,4315.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: So additional cases that were created from them. With the luxury of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4315.0,4322.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hindsight, could we have responded differently? What were some of the barriers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4322.0,4328.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to responding differently?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4328.0,4330.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: I think for transfusions, I think that if we had had--if you look from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4330.0,4338.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the time that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4338.0,4340.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntransfusions--[when] the gay population started becoming infected","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4340.0,4345.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to the time that the restriction of high-risk groups [was in place], it was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4345.0,4355.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"period of ten years. So ten years of exposure of transfusion recipients with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4355.0,4364.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"increasing frequency occurred up until the ban on high-risk donors donating. Had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4364.0,4372.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the same thing occurred--if you go back historically and look, the same thing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4372.0,4381.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"occurred in the 1960s and 1970s with hepatitis. But then they--at that point in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4381.0,4391.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, there was such a demand for plasma and blood products that ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4391.0,4399.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthey were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4399.0,4400.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bringing in blood from foreign countries, they were bringing in blood from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4400.0,4406.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prisons, they were bringing in blood from--they were paying for blood, they paid","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4406.0,4412.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"donors. They were paying, they were buying blood everywhere, and half the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4412.0,4418.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patients, 25% to 50% of the patients from those paid donors in some studies","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4418.0,4425.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would become infected with hepatitis. So it was a major hepatitis epidemic. That","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4425.0,4431.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developed the all-volunteer donations. What they were doing in essence was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4431.0,4436.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"screening out high-risk donors for blood-borne infections.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4436.0,4439.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They focused on the wrong thing. They focused on the philosophical question that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4439.0,4445.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"blood is a gift, and so it shouldn't be paid for. Now, if they'd focused on the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4445.0,4453.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"factor, screening out high-risk donors and the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4453.0,4456.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npaid donations for blood-borne","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4456.0,4458.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infections, they could have had that already in place. The one thing that was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4458.0,4464.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"missing in that group were the homosexual donors, who are also a high-risk group","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4464.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but weren't identified with the paid donors because they voluntarily gave. But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4470.0,4475.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that was the first time, and that long lag time infected tons of people with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4475.0,4481.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hepatitis C and hepatitis B. I think that was the first exclusion, but it became","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4481.0,4487.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a religion of paid versus voluntary. But it wasn't--that wasn't the issue. It","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4487.0,4493.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wasn't the fact that you paid a donor that made it infective. It was the fact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4493.0,4500.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you were drawing it from populations at high risk. Now commercial blood banks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4500.0,4506.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pay for donations for plasma products, but they do an extremely extensive","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4506.0,4511.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"screening process, and their background rates of these blood-borne infections","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4511.0,4515.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4515.0,4515.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nlower than the voluntary donors. So if they'd focused on the right thing,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4515.0,4521.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they could have eliminated a large portion of that population. They would still","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4521.0,4527.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have missed it for this epidemic though, because of the year--high-risk donors,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4527.0,4533.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you had a major population of high-risk donors that were voluntary donors, so it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4533.0,4540.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wouldn't have held for this particular epidemic.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4540.0,4543.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Would money and resources have changed the picture? Do you think it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4543.0,4550.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"limited resources, both financial and human personnel? Was that a big barrier?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4550.0,4556.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: I was surprised how quickly--you know, people did all kinds","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4556.0,4561.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of--afterwards--but I was surprised how quickly these epidemics were resolved in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4561.0,4566.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"terms of--if you go back and look at the history of things. Especially with ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4566.0,4573.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n such","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4573.0,4573.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a paradigm shift in terms of how people had to change their way of thinking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4573.0,4580.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about infectious disease and blood-borne infections and so forth. First cases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4580.0,4585.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"appeared--after the first cases appeared, the identification of the groups went","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4585.0,4590.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reasonably quickly, considering you had a passive system. It wasn't an active","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4590.0,4596.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"system, and the pentamidine file was the most active way we had of finding them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4596.0,4603.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[cases]. If we hadn't had that, it may have been delayed another year. But it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4603.0,4610.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"occurred reasonably quickly. The inactivation--if the switchover had occurred to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4610.0,4615.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the heat-treated factor in '83, it would have eliminated a lot of patients with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4615.0,4622.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hemophilia. The test occurred later, but already by the time the tests occurred,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4622.0,4628.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the elimination of the high-risk groups had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4628.0,4631.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nalready had a major effect on the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4631.0,4635.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HIV epidemic. By that time infectious units were quite low, by the time that the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4635.0,4643.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"test was introduced in terms of screening.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4643.0,4647.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it really didn't have the effect that the exclusion of groups had had, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4647.0,4655.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that came from the basic epidemiology and recommendations. I think had that been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4655.0,4662.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made earlier, you could have prevented a lot of blood transfusion cases. I'm not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4662.0,4669.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sure it would have made any difference in hemophilia. I think the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4669.0,4675.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inactivation--you had to inactivate the material for hemophilia. That's personal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4675.0,4680.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"opinion. But if you look at the data, I think it supports it. I think that my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4680.0,4689.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recommendation for the future is that high-risk groups ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4689.0,4693.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfor blood-borne","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4693.0,4694.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infections ought to be excluded, possibly including medical personnel, because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4694.0,4700.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they're a high-risk group for a number of blood-borne infections acquired in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4700.0,4707.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hospitals and just through what they do. But I think that that should be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4707.0,4715.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the--unless you have a blood shortage, then it changes the nature of things.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4715.0,4723.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: There were a lot of legal proceedings that took place after this. Now,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4723.0,4731.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was this involved with persons with hemophilia who developed AIDS and their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4731.0,4738.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"families suing the blood banks, or what happened there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4738.0,4743.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: I think that's important. After something like this occurs, everybody","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4743.0,4749.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looks around for somebody to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4749.0,4752.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nblame. There were two. Another cause of the mindset","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4752.0,4757.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that occurred is as a result of the fights between the volunteer versus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4757.0,4764.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"non-volunteer in the 1960s, blood banks--there was legislation introduced in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4764.0,4769.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"most states that blood banks couldn't be sued for transmitting diseases. So they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4769.0,4776.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"felt protected. Now, the companies didn't, because they had product liability","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4776.0,4782.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and they were more sensitive to going along with recommendations. In fact, many","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4782.0,4789.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of them started excluding high-risk groups long before the recommendations came","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4789.0,4795.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of the Public Health Service. They wanted to be ahead of the curve because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4795.0,4803.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they knew they were going to get sued. Blood banks didn't get sued as much as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4803.0,4811.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the commercial ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4811.0,4812.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncompanies, and the commercial companies got sued. There was so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4812.0,4818.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much money involved in that, that was quite an inviting plum for the lawyers to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4818.0,4827.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get into those lawsuits.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4827.0,4829.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Were some of them won by the plaintiffs or--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4829.0,4835.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: What they did, they came to a settlement, a general settlement. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4835.0,4843.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"companies all went together and settled across the board with the plaintiffs. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4843.0,4851.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it all got filed, folded into a class action suit. Although individual suits did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4851.0,4860.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"occur, and those were varied in terms of the outcomes. But it was difficult to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4860.0,4869.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do. The companies ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4869.0,4871.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndidn't intend, for the most part, didn't intend to harm their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4871.0,4879.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"patients. But they made some very bad decisions in some cases. Unfortunately,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4879.0,4887.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those decisions probably did end up in some big claims.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4887.0,4894.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: In closing, I just wanted to get your sense of the personal aspects of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4894.0,4904.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your work on AIDS. How did your work at this very intensive time during the AIDS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4904.0,4915.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"epidemic affect you personally?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4915.0,4918.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: Well, it was very time consuming. First of all, I think of time. It was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4918.0,4929.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extremely busy. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4929.0,4930.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nNow, it was not my major interest at all. I just wanted to get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4930.0,4936.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this thing over with, so I could get back and work on the things I wanted to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4936.0,4944.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work on. It was kind of a diversion that being at CDC, you're responsible and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4944.0,4951.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have to do it. I think that was, for the most part, the attitude of my whole","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4951.0,4959.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"division. We worked with it, we tried to solve it as quickly as we could, tried","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4959.0,4966.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to help wherever we could, but it was not--we did not consider it career","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4966.0,4972.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enhancing to work in this area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4972.0,4975.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In retrospect, it probably was more important than the things we wanted to work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4975.0,4981.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"on, but that's the way it is. In retrospect and if I had to do it again, I'd","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4981.0,4989.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still do the same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4989.0,4991.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthing. It was a major problem, it was confronting the American","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4991.0,4996.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"public, and it had to be solved, and it had to be solved as quickly as possible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=4996.0,5004.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If I have any regret or any feeling of failure, it's really that I couldn't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5004.0,5011.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"convince these people to do what should have been done any faster. I don't know","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5011.0,5018.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"whether it was my communication skills or what it was, but I couldn't convince","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5018.0,5025.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them to exclude high-risk groups and to think about surrogate testing. Because I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5025.0,5031.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think those would have made a difference in the blood transfusion recipients if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5031.0,5037.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they'd been done earlier.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5037.0,5039.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: With the advantage of 35 years of hindsight, do you have any additional","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5039.0,5046.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thoughts on CDC's response to the epidemic?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5046.0,5049.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: I think ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5049.0,5050.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nCDC's response was excellent. When I compare it to the other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5050.0,5057.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"agencies, it's exemplary. Now within CDC, there were clearly turf battles. I'm","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5057.0,5064.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not going to deny that. That got in the way sometimes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5064.0,5071.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MILLER: Can you give an example? Or rather not?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5071.0,5076.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EVATT: Rather not give examples, but there were turf battles. It depended on, to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5076.0,5084.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some extent, on how people were--what they looked at this condition to do. We","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5084.0,5092.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"looked at it as something as a job we had to get done. Other people looked at it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5092.0,5103.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a career, and they had a different perspective. You had people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5103.0,5110.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nlike Gallo","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5110.0,5111.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that looked at it as a Nobel Prize, and that changed the way they cooperated and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5111.0,5121.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it changed the way their interactions. But that's just normal reactions. But in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5121.0,5129.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"terms overall of how CDC came out of this, they did a first-rate job. You go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5129.0,5139.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back and you can't blame CDC for anything that they did incorrectly in this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5139.0,5148.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was I think due to the exemplary leadership that CDC had at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5148.0,5157.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Working with Walt Dowdle was just fantastic. Walt really directed the overall","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5157.0,5165.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"direction of this AIDS epidemic investigation and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5165.0,5169.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nprocesses, and he kept","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5169.0,5174.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everybody on a level head. He deserves a lot of credit, which I don't think he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5174.0,5196.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gets in terms of what he did to keep us all together and working towards this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764#t=5196.0,5218.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2847/collection_resources/133980/file/248764/transcript/69307/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"common 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