{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/v40js9k645/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Hinman, Alan"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["12456"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["David J. 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Thank you for coming, Dr. Hinman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=12.0,17.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ALAN HINMAN: Thank you, Karen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=17.0,19.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I am Karen Torghele, and I'll be talking with Dr. Hinman about the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=19.0,24.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"role of polio in the history of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=24.0,29.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[CDC] for the Global Health Chronicles Oral History Project. To begin, Dr.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=29.0,33.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Hinman, would you tell us a little bit about your background before you came to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=33.0,38.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=38.0,40.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: I went to Cornell University as an undergraduate, and then to Western","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=40.0,45.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Reserve University in Cleveland to medical school. I entered medical school in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=45.0,49.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1957. I graduated in 1961, just about the time that the oral polio vaccine was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=49.0,54.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being introduced. I was in medical school and in clinical training at a time","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=54.0,59.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we were still seeing ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=59.0,61.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncases of polio. At the hospital where I trained,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=61.0,65.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital, it was a center for northeastern Ohio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=65.0,70.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for patients who needed to be put into iron lungs, respirators. I had a chance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=70.0,76.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to see a number of patients in iron lungs, and I can describe those briefly if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=76.0,83.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you'd like.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=83.0,84.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What they are, basically, is large metal cans with a diaphragm at one end","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=84.0,90.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attached to a plunger. The other end has a lid that can be removed, and it has","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=90.0,97.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the center a hole where the patient's head comes through. The patient's neck","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=97.0,103.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was then swathed in a towel, so that it was in essence an airtight seal. When","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=103.0,110.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this was closed, the plunger at the bottom would pull back, and it would create","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=110.0,116.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"negative pressure inside the can. And that would cause the patient's lungs ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=116.0,121.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=121.0,121.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expand, bringing air into the lungs, and then the plunger would come forward and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=121.0,127.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"create positive pressure, which would collapse the lungs and air would go out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=127.0,132.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This was a way of life for some patients. Some patients were fortunate in that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=132.0,138.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they didn't have paralysis that prevented their breathing. Others had bulbar","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=138.0,143.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paralysis: inability to breathe only for a short time. Others spent years in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=143.0,148.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"iron lungs, and it was a really tremendous issue. Just imagine lying in a can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=148.0,154.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for twenty-five years and being deathly afraid that the power might go off,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=154.0,159.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because if the power went off the respirator would cease to function, and so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=159.0,165.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"might you. Now of course hospitals had emergency generators, but still,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=165.0,170.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thunderstorms were a matter of great concern for people in iron lungs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=170.0,175.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Could they ever come out of those iron lungs?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=175.0,179.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=179.0,179.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nMany people did. And the clinical pattern of polio is that you may have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=179.0,186.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fairly severe paralysis and much of it may resolve over the course of several","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=186.0,193.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"weeks or months. But then we have discovered recently, in the last thirty, forty","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=193.0,200.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years, that sometimes after many, many years, people will begin to have the same","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=200.0,207.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"symptoms of weakness that they had when they had acute polio. That's called","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=207.0,213.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"post-polio syndrome, and it probably represents weakening of the muscles that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=213.0,218.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"somehow got pulled in to reinforce the weakness that had been caused by the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=218.0,225.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio damage.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=225.0,226.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So you, as a physician during that time, would be able to diagnose a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=226.0,233.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"new polio case, but a lot of physicians now wouldn't know how to do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=233.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: We ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=240.0,241.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncould diagnose that someone had a fever and acute or floppy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=241.0,246.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paralysis. At the time, that was likely going to be due to polio. There are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=246.0,252.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other causes, but when polio is in the community, that may be the most likely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=252.0,258.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cause. But we depended also on laboratory tests to make the diagnosis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=258.0,263.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: That gets us to the time that you were at Centers for Disease Control.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=263.0,269.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I wondered if you could tell us how you came to choose to be there, and how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=269.0,277.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that worked for you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=277.0,279.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: I trained in internal medicine and infectious diseases, and my career","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=279.0,284.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"plan was to be a hospital infectious disease doc. But there was something called","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=284.0,290.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Selective Service Act, or the draft, and when I graduated medical school in 1961","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=290.0,296.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was a very good chance that after my internship I would be drafted ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=296.0,302.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=302.0,303.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a general medical officer somewhere, taking care of gonorrhea and diarrhea and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=303.0,308.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"possibly gunshot wounds, including a year in Vietnam. Alternatively, you could","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=308.0,312.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apply for a deferment to complete your clinical training, but you had an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=312.0,317.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"absolute obligation then to go into the service for two years, but you'd go in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=317.0,323.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as a specialist.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=323.0,324.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I applied for a deferment to complete my training in internal medicine and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=324.0,329.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infectious diseases, and I applied to the U.S. Public Health Service to the NIH","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=329.0,334.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[National Institutes of Health], which is what I think everybody did in 1961,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=334.0,339.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with my second choice being the Communicable Disease Center or CDC, since, after","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=339.0,344.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all, I was going into infectious diseases. I got a letter back in the mail","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=344.0,350.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"telling me that I was now a member of the Epidemic Intelligence Service [EIS],","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=350.0,355.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of which I had never heard. I came to Atlanta to the EIS course expecting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=355.0,361.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=361.0,362.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my two years' government service and then to go back and be a hospital","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=362.0,368.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infectious disease doc for the rest of my career.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=368.0,372.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I got sent to the California State Department of Health, and it was the most","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=372.0,378.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"incredible experience you can imagine. The day I arrived, I walked into the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=378.0,383.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"office in the morning, in the afternoon I drove out in a state car to Madera, a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=383.0,390.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"city in the Central Valley, with about fifteen thousand people, where one out of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=390.0,396.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every six people had gastroenteritis, what they called \"the don't knows.\" You","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=396.0,401.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't know which end to put on the pot. It developed that this was caused by a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=401.0,408.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gopher digging a tunnel that connected a field that was irrigated with partially","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=408.0,413.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"treated sewage, it was called a sewage farm, to a pit where the housing, there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=413.0,419.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a housing for one of the fourteen ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=419.0,422.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwells, that provided water to the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=422.0,425.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community. The water was not chlorinated because it was deep well water, virgin","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=425.0,431.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"water. Most public water supplies in California at that time were not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=431.0,437.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"chlorinated, never mind fluoridated. They weren't chlorinated, and someone had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=437.0,442.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"removed the top of a sounding tube to check the water level in the well and had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=442.0,450.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neglected to put the top back on. As a result, when this partially treated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=450.0,457.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sewage flowed into the pit, it then rose up, got above the level of the end of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=457.0,465.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the tube, and was sucked down into the well, spreading sewage mixed with water","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=465.0,472.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"into the public water supply.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=472.0,474.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That was a really fascinating introduction to public health. In fairly rapid","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=474.0,480.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"succession, I investigated California's first case of human ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=480.0,484.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nplague in fifteen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=484.0,485.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years and two cases of botulism associated with home-canned tuna, an outbreak of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=485.0,491.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meningococcal disease at an institution for the retarded, an outbreak of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=491.0,496.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tuberculosis, and I spent about five weeks in Honduras investigating a polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=496.0,501.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outbreak and helping organize a nationwide polio vaccination campaign. Well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=501.0,506.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this is just such an incredible experience. How could anyone ever think of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=506.0,512.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leaving that? So, I never did leave it. Fifty-one years later, here I am.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=512.0,518.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Can you talk a little bit more about that outbreak of polio in Honduras?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=518.0,525.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: Well, at the time, Honduras was not using polio vaccine. This was 1965.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=525.0,531.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Oral polio vaccine had been introduced in 1961, but many countries in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=531.0,537.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developing world were not yet using it. It was sort of a typical ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=537.0,543.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nkind of polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=543.0,544.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outbreak. There were, I think, in total about two hundred cases. I don't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=544.0,549.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember many of the precise details. I remember trying to get characteristics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=549.0,554.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of age, sex, et cetera, degree of paralysis, but cases were occurring all over","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=554.0,560.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the country, it wasn't concentrated just in one place.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=560.0,564.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I also remember riding in a Huey helicopter delivering polio vaccine to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=564.0,569.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different communities around the country, which for someone who is afraid of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=569.0,574.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heights is not a particularly pleasant experience, because, I don't know if you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=574.0,579.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remember what the Huey helicopters looked like that were being used in Vietnam,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=579.0,584.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but they had a big open door and just a strap across the door. I was the only","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=584.0,592.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thing that was in the hull part, except for polio vaccine. I was holding on very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=592.0,599.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tight. Honduras is mountainous country, and so you'd clear ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=599.0,603.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe top of mountain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=603.0,605.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then all of a sudden you'd be three thousand feet above the valley. It was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=605.0,612.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an experience.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=612.0,613.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: You speak Spanish too, so you were able to communicate with the pilot.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=613.0,619.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: Yes, well except that I didn't have any microphone connection.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=619.0,624.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So he couldn't hear you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=624.0,627.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: No. What's to talk about?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=627.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I'm assuming you were well-received. I don't know if that's always the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=630.0,636.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"case with the EIS officers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=636.0,638.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: As it happened, I wasn't there by myself. We had in my EIS class a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=638.0,645.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"physician epidemiologist from Argentina, and he and I went together. And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=645.0,650.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fortunately, I'm fluent in Spanish, so it wasn't as big a shock as it might have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=650.0,657.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"been if someone showed up who didn't speak any Spanish. I had ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=657.0,662.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nno issues of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=662.0,663.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"acceptance. The people in Honduras and the Ministry of Health were really very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=663.0,669.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"welcoming and cooperative, and I think we were able to provide some help to them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=669.0,676.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: As far as the mechanism for how you got from CDC to Honduras, how does","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=676.0,684.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that work? Does the Ministry of Health request help from the U.S. and they refer you?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=684.0,692.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: I believe the Ministry requested help from the Pan-American Health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=692.0,697.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Organization, PAHO, and then PAHO in turn passed the request on to CDC. I was in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=697.0,705.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berkeley, California, not in Atlanta, but it was known that I spoke Spanish, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=705.0,712.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so they determined that I was a likely person to send. I flew from San Francisco","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=712.0,720.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Washington to get an official ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=720.0,723.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npassport and meet people at PAHO, and then down","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=723.0,728.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Atlanta, and then from Atlanta to Tegucigalpa. I still remember, in trying to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=728.0,735.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"make plane reservations for this trip, having to spell \"Tegucigalpa\" for the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=735.0,741.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"person at the airline.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=741.0,743.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: When you started your EIS two years, you had some training, is that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=743.0,750.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"right, beforehand?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=750.0,751.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: Yes. The EIS course at that time was about six weeks long, divided","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=751.0,758.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pretty much into epidemiology in the morning and biostatistics in the afternoon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=758.0,764.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alex Langmuir gave almost all the lectures in epidemiology and led the epidemic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=764.0,771.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"investigation case problems, which were one of the main ways of teaching us to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=771.0,778.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learn how to analyze data, how to categorize things, develop epidemic curves, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=778.0,784.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat kind of thing. The statistics was taught in large measure by Robert","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=784.0,791.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Serfling, who was a statistician, and Virgil Peavy, who was another","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=791.0,797.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"statistician. And Virgil was a really good teacher. He could make statistics","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=797.0,803.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tolerable and possibly even interesting, which is a tall order, quite frankly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=803.0,809.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for many of us. Virgil was a good old boy from Georgia and had been a lineman, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=809.0,818.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believe, at the University of Georgia, and was at CDC for more than thirty years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=818.0,826.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and really a stalwart of training in statistics. He was organizationally housed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=826.0,832.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the training parts of CDC. There have been an awful lot of people exposed to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=832.0,840.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Virgil Peavy in learning statistics, and I think every one of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=840.0,846.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthem remembers him fondly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=846.0,848.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And how was Alex Langmuir as a teacher?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=848.0,852.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: He was effective. He was egocentric with some biases. Alex had done a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=852.0,859.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lot, and so he could talk about things in the first person. And he did use \"I\" a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=859.0,868.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fair amount when he spoke, but he also was clearly talking about something he","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=868.0,875.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"knew about and felt strongly about. He had a really good picture, I think, of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=875.0,882.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the context of events.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=882.0,884.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EIS is called the Epidemic Intelligence Service for a reason. It was, at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=884.0,891.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time, it was during the Cold War, and there was concern about the possibility of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=891.0,898.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"biological warfare. And part of the basis for approving the Epidemic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=898.0,903.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Intelligence Service was to have trained ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=903.0,906.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nepidemiologists around the country who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=906.0,908.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"might be able to recognize or suspect that some biological or chemical event was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=908.0,915.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about to happen. The word \"intelligence\" was consciously, I think, put into the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=915.0,921.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"title of the entity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=921.0,923.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So he used that very effectively, it sounds like.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=923.0,928.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: Yes. Alex also was effective in other ways. There was, at the time the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=928.0,935.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EIS was formed, there was some competition between the National Institutes of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=935.0,941.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Health and CDC. If a health department called CDC and said--We have a problem","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=941.0,948.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we'd like some assistance, Alex would say, Okay, well, let me check with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=948.0,955.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"folks at NIH and see if they'd like to get involved in it. So he'd call NIH, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=955.0,963.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they, of course, were dealing primarily with planned research ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=963.0,967.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand protocols, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=967.0,969.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not really set up for reactive investigations. So they would say-- Well, why","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=969.0,976.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't you go ahead.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=976.0,978.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The CDC and the EIS became, then, the go-to place for investigations. When MMWR","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=978.0,986.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was transferred from Washington to CDC, they began publishing notes about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=986.0,992.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outbreaks and the occurrence of various issues in the country. Before that time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=992.0,999.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"MMWR had been essentially a statistical compilation. But by putting text in and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=999.0,1006.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"making it more meaningful, MMWR became a much, much more powerful entity, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1006.0,1013.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remains one of CDC's main ways of communicating to the outside world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1013.0,1020.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Remind us what MMWR stands for.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1020.0,1024.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1024.0,1027.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI had the pleasure of serving as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1027.0,1031.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"acting editor of MMWR for about three months in 1969.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1031.0,1036.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: That must have been an interesting job.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1036.0,1040.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: It was a little nerve-racking. It's become, I think, much more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1040.0,1046.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nerve-racking now, as public health issues are much more in the public's mind.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1046.0,1053.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: After your two EIS years, what did you do?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1053.0,1058.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: We decided we wanted to go overseas, so after a year in California,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1058.0,1065.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transferred to the Malaria Eradication Program, which had recently been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1065.0,1070.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transferred to CDC from USAID [United States Agency for International","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1070.0,1075.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Development],and came back to Atlanta for training in malaria and malaria","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1075.0,1081.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eradication before being posted to El Salvador, where I was charged with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1081.0,1087.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"evaluating ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1087.0,1088.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nprogress in malaria eradication programs in a number of countries in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1088.0,1093.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Central America and Brazil, Paraguay, Haiti and Ecuador. I spent about a year","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1093.0,1099.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and a half in El Salvador doing that. The office got closed because of budgetary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1099.0,1106.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"constraints, and I was fortunate that CDC agreed to sponsor me to get my MPH","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1106.0,1113.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Masters of Public Health], so I went to Harvard in 1967-'68, excuse me,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1113.0,1119.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"'68-'69,and then came back to Atlanta in 1969, working in the viral diseases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1119.0,1125.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"branch with Mike Gregg, who was the chief of the branch at the time. I spent a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1125.0,1133.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little over a year doing that and then I was offered the possibility of being","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1133.0,1140.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"state epidemiologist in New York. So I resigned my commission and moved to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1140.0,1146.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Albany, where we spent five ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1146.0,1148.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nyears. Then, after a year or so as state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1148.0,1152.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"epidemiologist, I was made assistant commissioner for preventive services, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1152.0,1156.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that included maternal and child health, family planning, TB [tuberculosis], and nutrition.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1156.0,1161.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After five years in New York, went to Tennessee, to the State Health Department,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1161.0,1167.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where I had much the same kind of position, in addition to which I had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1167.0,1174.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"responsibility for the state public health lab. Then I got offered the position","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1174.0,1180.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as director of the immunization division in 1977. Came to CDC, where I spent the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1180.0,1187.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"next nineteen years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1187.0,1188.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Tell us a little bit about the Immunization Division, how that came to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1188.0,1194.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be, and what was it like when you first started?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1194.0,1198.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: The Immunization Division started as an immunization activity in 1964, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1198.0,1203.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believe, as a result of the passage of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1203.0,1207.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nVaccination Assistance Act of 1963,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1207.0,1210.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which established a federal role in supporting state and local health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1210.0,1216.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"departments in providing vaccines. It started as a fairly small activity, and I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1216.0,1223.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came in 1977 as the third director. It had been previously directed by Bob","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1223.0,1231.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Shackleton, who was director for several years, and then John Witte, whom I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1231.0,1238.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"succeeded. When I arrived, the division had about twenty-seven employees. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1238.0,1244.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"total budget for the program, including grants to states and purchase of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1244.0,1251.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccines, was thirteen and a half million dollars. Today, the National Center","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1251.0,1258.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases has about four hundred employees and a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1258.0,1265.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"budget of two or three billions of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1265.0,1269.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndollars, largely because of the Vaccines for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1269.0,1273.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Children Program. So it's grown a lot. When I left in 1987, the division had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1273.0,1281.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grown to perhaps a hundred people, but it's certainly undergone a major","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1281.0,1287.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"expansion, and the number of vaccines that are being dealt with has grown","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1287.0,1294.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"greatly. When I went in 1977, we were dealing with diphtheria, pertussis,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1294.0,1300.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tetanus, measles, mumps, rubella, and polio. We've since added another eight or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1300.0,1306.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so vaccines to the schedule.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1306.0,1309.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Now we're going to talk a little bit more specifically about polio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1309.0,1316.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"During this time and during the time in the '60s when you first came to CDC, CDC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1316.0,1325.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"must have been continuing to do some work with polio. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1325.0,1330.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nCan you talk a little bit","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1330.0,1333.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about that? Were there acute outbreaks, for instance, and what was CDC's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1333.0,1339.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involvement? And how did they get involved?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1339.0,1342.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: CDC has been involved in polio since before Sabin oral polio vaccine was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1342.0,1349.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"introduced in 1961. CDC had been involved in polio. I don't know to what extent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1349.0,1356.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"until the time of the Cutter incident in 1955, when, just after the Salk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1356.0,1363.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inactivated polio vaccine had been introduced, it became apparent that some of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1363.0,1369.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the children who had received the vaccine, which was supposed to be a killed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1369.0,1376.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio virus injected, developed paralysis, often in the limb where they had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1376.0,1382.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"received the injection. Some of them had close family members who also developed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1382.0,1388.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paralysis, typical polio. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1388.0,1389.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThis created a major, major concern, and involved then rapid response from CDC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1389.0,1396.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the Epidemic Intelligence Service. I think every EIS officer on duty at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1396.0,1403.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time was involved in the investigation. Within about six weeks, they were able","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1403.0,1410.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to determine how many cases of vaccine-induced paralysis there were, or contact","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1410.0,1416.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"spread, and the fact that all of these cases occurred in people who had received","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1416.0,1424.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a vaccine from a particular laboratory, particular manufacturer. Further","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1424.0,1429.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"investigation at the manufacturer then revealed that the steps they had taken to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1429.0,1436.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inactivate the virus in the vaccine were not adequate. The way the Salk or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1436.0,1443.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"inactivated polio vaccine was made was to grow wild polio virus in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1443.0,1450.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"laboratory, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1450.0,1451.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthen inactivate it, typically with formaldehyde, and then inject it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1451.0,1455.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there was a part of the inactivation process at the Cutter laboratories that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1455.0,1461.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"didn't necessarily get to every virus. I think it was an issue of filtration, so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1461.0,1468.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that some of the vaccine had living wild poliovirus in it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1468.0,1473.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The result of the investigation was that within, as I say, about six weeks, as I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1473.0,1480.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recall, the government was able to reassure the American public that polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1480.0,1485.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccination was safe. It had been already shown to be effective, and that by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1485.0,1491.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"removing this one vaccine from the market the problem could be taken care of. In","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1491.0,1498.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many ways, I think that made the name of the Epidemic Intelligence Service, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1498.0,1504.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think made CDC, the Communicable Disease Center, much more a matter on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1504.0,1510.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people's consciousness.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1510.0,1511.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1511.0,1511.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThe Cutter Incident, did that affect the immunization rates after that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1511.0,1517.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: At the time, the Federal Government was not really providing any","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1517.0,1523.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"assistance or any vaccines or vaccinations to states. There was, when the Salk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1523.0,1530.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine was initially launched, there was a one-time purchase of polio vaccine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1530.0,1536.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for use in outbreak settings, but the Federal Government at that point had no","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1536.0,1544.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"formal role in immunization programs. They were deemed to be matters of state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1544.0,1551.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and local health departments and the private sector. It wasn't until the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1551.0,1557.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Vaccination Assistance Act of 1963 that the Federal Government got into the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1557.0,1563.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"business of providing vaccines to state and local health departments. And polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1563.0,1569.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1569.0,1570.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwas one of those vaccines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1570.0,1573.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Was CDC involved at all in evaluating the vaccines themselves for safety?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1573.0,1580.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: Post-licensure, yes. The Food and Drug Administration [FDA] has the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1580.0,1586.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"legal responsibility for assessing the safety and efficacy of vaccines. As part","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1586.0,1593.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the process of licensure, there are large-scale field trials, which look for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1593.0,1600.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"adverse events associated with vaccines. And with the Salk vaccine, the Francis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1600.0,1607.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Field trials, they were called, were one of the largest clinical trials ever","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1607.0,1614.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"carried out, with, I think, a few hundred thousand schoolchildren in the United","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1614.0,1621.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"States involved in the trials. The Sabin oral vaccine was tested in, I think, a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1621.0,1629.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"few million children, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1629.0,1631.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nprimarily in Russia, but also in the U.S.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1631.0,1635.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"After a vaccine is licensed and in use, then CDC has an important role in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1635.0,1643.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"monitoring safety. And it was in that light, I think, that in about 1963 it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1643.0,1651.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became apparent that there were rare occasions when people who received the oral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1651.0,1658.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio vaccine developed paralysis, or people who were close contacts of theirs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1658.0,1664.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developed paralysis. This is called vaccine-associated paralytic polio. CDC was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1664.0,1669.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"heavily involved in investigating. This issue remained heavily involved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1669.0,1674.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"throughout the course of the use of oral polio vaccine in this country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1674.0,1681.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It developed that vaccine-associated paralytic polio occurred about once for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1681.0,1686.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"every six hundred thousand first doses of oral polio vaccine administered. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1686.0,1692.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nAlmost all cases of vaccine-associated paralysis occurred associated with the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1692.0,1698.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first dose of the vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1698.0,1701.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: A lot of people are interested in Jonas Salk and Albert Sabin and what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1701.0,1709.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were like as people. Did you happen to know either of them?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1709.0,1716.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: I met both of them on several occasions. They were brilliant people,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1716.0,1723.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"obviously. They had quite different personalities, also. I think Jonas Salk was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1723.0,1730.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much more, perhaps, introverted. He also I think, was viewed by many people in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1730.0,1738.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the field as not being a great collaborator, and he was criticized for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1738.0,1745.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"publishing many papers with only his own name on it. Albert Sabin, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1745.0,1752.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\non the other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1752.0,1754.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hand, was I think, a more collaborative person. Most of his papers had multiple authors.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1754.0,1762.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They had a fundamental difference in their approach to immunization. Albert","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1762.0,1768.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sabin believed in attenuated live virus vaccines, whereas Jonas Salk believed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1768.0,1774.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very much in killed inactivated virus vaccines. This was reflected in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1774.0,1781.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccines they developed, and they remained in competition, I think throughout","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1781.0,1787.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their lives. They didn't appear together very often. I remember one time in, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1787.0,1795.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think 1985, when at the Pan American Health Organization there was a discussion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1795.0,1802.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about the possibility of global polio eradication, and Albert Sabin and Jonas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1802.0,1809.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Salk were seated in the same ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1809.0,1812.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nrow, with Alex Langmuir in between as sort of a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1812.0,1817.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"buffer. Each stated that polio could be eradicated, but they had different views","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1817.0,1824.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as to which vaccine should be used to do so.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1824.0,1829.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: That must have been interesting to have them there together presenting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1829.0,1835.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their points of view, and having them differ so much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1835.0,1840.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: They didn't speak a lot at that meeting, actually, but other people were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1840.0,1847.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"speaking. They were, as I say, they were both brilliant, and Albert Sabin","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1847.0,1854.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"continued active in the vaccine area, essentially until the end of his life, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1854.0,1861.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believe. I remember in the early '80s getting a call from Dr. Sabin, who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1861.0,1868.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"happened to be visiting the Pan American Health Organization, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1868.0,1873.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand he had just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1873.0,1875.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learned that the Dominican Republic was going to carry out a mass campaign using","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1875.0,1881.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"DTP [diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus] vaccine. At the time, there was a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1881.0,1887.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of discussion and debate as to whether DTP vaccine was associated with serious","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1887.0,1893.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"adverse events. So Dr. Sabin called and said--you've got to take advantage of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1893.0,1899.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this opportunity when they're doing a mass campaign with DTP to look at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1899.0,1905.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"likelihood of adverse events. While it wasn't his primary field of interest, it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1905.0,1911.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was an indication of his level of intellectual curiosity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1911.0,1915.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: It must have been a thrill to get a call from him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1915.0,1921.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: Yeah. I had the pleasure also of interviewing both of them as part of a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1921.0,1928.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Delphi exercise on safety and efficacy of polio vaccines. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1928.0,1932.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThey were really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1932.0,1933.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting characters.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1933.0,1934.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Sounds like they were. How was the decision made to use either the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1934.0,1941.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"killed vaccine or the live attenuated vaccine, and when did that happen in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1941.0,1947.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relation to the other?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1947.0,1949.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: In 1955, inactivated polio vaccine was licensed, and was greeted with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1949.0,1955.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"delirious joy because we were having, at the time, annual epidemics of polio in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1955.0,1962.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the United States. In 1952, we had more than twenty thousand cases of paralytic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1962.0,1969.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio in this country in one year. Everybody knew someone who had had polio or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1969.0,1976.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had someone in their family who had had polio. Of course we had had, ten years","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1976.0,1984.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"before, a president who was afflicted with polio as an adult. The arrival of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1984.0,1991.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Salk's vaccine was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1991.0,1993.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmatter of headlines, and I think a ticker tape parade in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1993.0,1998.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New York City, even. The Cutter incident put somewhat of a damper on that, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=1998.0,2005.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then after that got thoroughly investigated, people went back to using IPV","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2005.0,2010.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[inactivated polio vaccine] and the rates of polio in this country dropped","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2010.0,2015.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dramatically. However, there continued to be outbreaks of polio, including in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2015.0,2020.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some areas where vaccination rates were fairly high. This was a result of one of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2020.0,2027.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the characteristics of the inactivated vaccine. The inactivated vaccine is given","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2027.0,2032.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by injection. It induces protection for the individual who received the vaccine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2032.0,2037.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's very good protection. If you're vaccinated, you've had a course of IPV,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2037.0,2043.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the likelihood of your developing polio, even when exposed to the virus, is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2043.0,2049.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very, very, very low.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2049.0,2051.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"However, there were still ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2051.0,2053.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsome cases occurring, and when the Sabin live","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2053.0,2057.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attenuated vaccine, the oral polio vaccine, was introduced, it fairly quickly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2057.0,2062.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"became the vaccine of choice in this country, and there were a few reasons for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2062.0,2069.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it. One of them is that it's easy to give. You don't have to know how to give an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2069.0,2078.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"injection. You don't have to have a needle and syringe. If you can count to two,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2078.0,2085.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can administer oral polio vaccine. The second is that as a live virus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2085.0,2091.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine, when you swallow it, it actually multiplies in your gut. It sets up an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2091.0,2098.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infection with this attenuated virus, and this leads to the induction of mucosal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2098.0,2104.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or intestinal immunity, which then means that if you're exposed subsequently to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2104.0,2109.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"poliovirus, it won't multiply in your gut, you won't be a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2109.0,2114.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npart of transmission.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2114.0,2115.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It provides excellent protection to the individual, but because it multiplies in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2115.0,2121.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the gut, it's excreted in the stool and then passed on to people in close","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2121.0,2128.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"proximity. So there is also a community protection effect from the oral polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2128.0,2134.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine that you don't get from inactivated. So for those reasons, in the U.S.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2134.0,2141.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we fairly quickly switched from IPV to OPV [oral poliovirus vaccine]. Around the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2141.0,2147.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world, OPV quickly became the primary vaccine used. IPV was the only vaccine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2147.0,2153.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used in some Northern European countries, and many of them were able to get rid","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2153.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of polio entirely because they had such high immunization levels.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2160.0,2165.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Who makes the decision? How does that happen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2165.0,2169.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: In the U.S., we have something called the Advisory ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2169.0,2174.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nCommittee on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2174.0,2175.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immunization Practices [ACIP], which was established in 1963 or '64. It is a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2175.0,2183.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"body of fifteen members who are not government employees; they are independent","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2183.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experts representing expertise in infectious diseases, pediatrics, public","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2190.0,2195.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"health, these days also an economist, a representative of the public. The ACIP","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2195.0,2203.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meets currently three times a year, I believe, either two or three, and reviews","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2203.0,2211.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the evidence of safety and efficacy of vaccines, and makes recommendations as to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2211.0,2219.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their use. I think it has been a model for advisory committees in many other countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2219.0,2229.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In recent years in the U.S., it has ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2229.0,2234.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nalso taken on an additional role that is not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2234.0,2238.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the case in virtually any other country. And that is as a result of the passage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2238.0,2245.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the Vaccines for Children Act, which provides free vaccine as an entitlement","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2245.0,2251.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to children who are unimmunized, who are Alaska Natives or Native Americans, who","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2251.0,2257.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are under-immunized, or who are on Medicaid. About half of all the children in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2257.0,2263.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the United States are guaranteed free vaccine through the Vaccines for Children","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2263.0,2268.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Program. The ACIP now has the role, and has since the Vaccines for Children Act","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2268.0,2274.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went into place in about 1994,of determining what vaccines will be included in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2274.0,2280.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Vaccines for Children Act. As a scientific public health advisory body, they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2280.0,2286.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"make a recommendation as to the use of a vaccine. If they recommend that it be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2286.0,2293.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"used in all children, they ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2293.0,2295.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthen take a separate vote as to whether it should be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2295.0,2300.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"included in the Vaccines for Children Program. If they vote yes, then that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2300.0,2306.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine automatically will be covered, and the federal government has to find","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2306.0,2311.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the money to purchase it and provide it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2311.0,2315.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: When the decision was made to switch to the oral polio vaccine, was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2315.0,2321.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there pushback?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2321.0,2322.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: I don't really know. I doubt that there was a lot, because the oral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2322.0,2329.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine had been shown to be quite effective. And when it was first introduced,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2329.0,2335.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we didn't really know about vaccine-associated paralysis. And the ease of use,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2335.0,2340.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the fact that it had this indirect community effect, made it not a hard","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2340.0,2347.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decision. It became more difficult then later on, when in the United States,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2347.0,2353.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"when we no longer ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2353.0,2355.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhad polio, but we still had cases of vaccine-associated polio,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2355.0,2361.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then the discussion became a lot more intense as to whether we should continue","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2361.0,2369.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to allow five to ten cases of vaccine-related paralysis a year for the community","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2369.0,2377.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"benefits of oral polio vaccine. It was in 1997 or '99, I can't remember which,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2377.0,2386.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the decision was made by the ACIP that we should switch to a combined","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2386.0,2395.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"schedule in which we gave two doses of inactivated vaccine first, which would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2395.0,2403.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"induce very good protection in the individual who received it, and protect them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2403.0,2411.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from the potential of having vaccine-associated paralysis ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2411.0,2415.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthemselves when you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2415.0,2417.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"administered oral polio vaccine as the third and fourth doses. This, then, would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2417.0,2424.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"provide also the good intestinal immunity that helped provide protection","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2424.0,2430.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"throughout the community.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2430.0,2432.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We did that for three or four years, and it worked. We got rid of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2432.0,2440.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine-associated paralysis in recipients. However, there were still some cases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2440.0,2446.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of vaccine-associated paralysis in close contacts of vaccine recipients, so that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2446.0,2452.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"led in '99 or 2000 to a decision to use only inactivated vaccine in this country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2452.0,2461.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: How was vaccine-associated paralytic polio characterized? Was that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2461.0,2466.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC? They must have had a role in that too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2466.0,2472.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: This was a very important ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2472.0,2475.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nactivity of CDC's, and of the ACIP, to monitor","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2475.0,2481.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what was happening. CDC was very heavily involved in the investigation of cases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2481.0,2489.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of vaccine-associated polio, and the Polio Surveillance Unit at CDC was equally","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2489.0,2496.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"attuned to investigating cases of wild poliovirus-induced paralysis or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2496.0,2502.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine-associated paralysis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2502.0,2503.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: How could they determine the difference between the wild and the vaccine-associated?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2503.0,2511.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: It was very difficult initially, and basically it was the epidemiologic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2511.0,2518.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"circumstances. If someone received oral polio vaccine and two weeks later","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2518.0,2525.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developed paralysis, or if someone developed paralysis whose sibling had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2525.0,2531.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"received oral polio vaccine two weeks before ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2531.0,2535.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand there was no polio in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2535.0,2539.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"community, then it became likely. We did not initially have effective laboratory","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2539.0,2547.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tests to differentiate between wild and vaccine-associated paralysis. This came","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2547.0,2553.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to a head in 1971, I believe, or '72, when there was an outbreak of polio along","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2553.0,2564.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Rio Grande area, the border between Texas and Mexico. A vaccination campaign","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2564.0,2572.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was carried out, and a little girl named Anita Reyes, who had received oral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2572.0,2581.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio vaccine, developed paralysis ten days later. The assertion by the parents","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2581.0,2589.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and their lawyer was that this was vaccine-associated polio, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2589.0,2595.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwhereas the public","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2595.0,2597.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"health authorities and the epidemiology suggested it was likely to be wild","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2597.0,2603.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio. Lab tests at the time were not conclusive enough to be able to say with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2603.0,2611.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"certainty whether it was vaccine-associated or wild polio. The courts held that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2611.0,2617.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was vaccine-associated paralytic polio, and that it was the responsibility of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2617.0,2623.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the manufacturers to ensure that the patient or the parents had been adequately","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2623.0,2630.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"informed of the risks as well as the benefits of vaccination.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2630.0,2636.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"If the vaccine is being given in a private physician's office, then the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2636.0,2643.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"manufacturers could reasonably assume that there was an individualized medical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2643.0,2648.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decision being made, whereas vaccine given in public clinics was typically ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2648.0,2654.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nadministered under standing orders by non-physicians and there was not an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2654.0,2659.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"individualized medical decision being made as to the use of the vaccine. A","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2659.0,2665.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"result of that was the insistence by the manufacturers that the federal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2665.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"government, if they were purchasing the vaccine, assume the responsibility for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2670.0,2675.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"notifying parents of the risks as well as the benefits of vaccines. And that's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2675.0,2681.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how we came to develop what were first called Important Information Statements","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2681.0,2686.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and are now called Vaccine Information Statements, which are required to be used","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2686.0,2692.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with every dose of federally purchased vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2692.0,2695.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And those are now also given to parents and people who are receiving","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2695.0,2701.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the vaccine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2701.0,2702.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: They are given to parents. Oh yes, the policy is that for every vaccine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2702.0,2708.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"administered to a child, before the vaccine is administered, a Vaccine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2708.0,2713.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Information Statement is to be ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2713.0,2715.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ngiven to the guardian or the person with the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2715.0,2721.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"child, and that they read and sign it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2721.0,2726.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: There's also a reporting system, Adverse Events Reporting System.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2726.0,2732.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2732.0,2733.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Can you talk a little bit about that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2733.0,2739.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: VAERS is the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System, and it began in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2739.0,2747.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the late '70s as a consequence of I think, primarily the swine flu program and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2747.0,2756.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the occurrence of Guillain-Barre Syndrome associated with the swine flu vaccine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2756.0,2763.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as well as, then, the insistence that we provide information statements to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2763.0,2770.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents about vaccines. We developed a reporting system ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2770.0,2775.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncalled MSAEFI,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2775.0,2776.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Monitoring System for Adverse Events Following Immunization. CDC took this on as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2776.0,2784.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an activity, and then in the 1980s when the Childhood Vaccine Injury","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2784.0,2792.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Compensation Act was passed, that formally established VAERS, the Vaccine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2792.0,2799.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Adverse Events Reporting System, which now is dually administered by the FDA and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2799.0,2808.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC. This is, then, a system in which, in principle, vaccine providers are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2808.0,2817.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"required to report to the system any adverse event occurring within a month","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2817.0,2826.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"after vaccination that they think might be associated with the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2826.0,2833.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nvaccine. VAERS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2833.0,2834.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"receives several thousand reports a year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2834.0,2837.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Does the public have access to the results of that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2837.0,2842.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: Yes. You can go to the VAERS website and see the results. It's very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2842.0,2849.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difficult to interpret the results, however, because children receive several","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2849.0,2854.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccines at one time, so how do you know if something that occurs after","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2854.0,2861.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"receiving four different vaccines or five vaccines, which one might be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2861.0,2866.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"responsible? It's also the case that the events reported to VAERS are events","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2866.0,2872.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that occur after vaccination, not necessarily as a result of vaccination. In","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2872.0,2878.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"principle, if you are run over by a car the day after receiving a vaccine, that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2878.0,2886.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"should be reported to VAERS. When we were using oral polio vaccine, a case of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2886.0,2893.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paralysis following ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2893.0,2894.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nadministration of oral polio vaccine, DTP vaccine, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2894.0,2898.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"simultaneous administration of those vaccines would be ascribed, would be put in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2898.0,2904.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the column under each of the vaccines. Now, it doesn't make any sense that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2904.0,2911.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paralysis would be associated with measles vaccine, but that's the way the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2911.0,2917.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"system works. So it has a lot of limitations, but what it can very importantly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2917.0,2924.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do is to provide an early warning system if something really unusual happens, or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2924.0,2931.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"something you've never heard of before. As an example, the VAERS system was one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2931.0,2938.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the ways in which the issue of intussusception following administration of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2938.0,2944.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the initial rotavirus vaccine in the United States was discovered.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2944.0,2949.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The reporting didn't prove that there was a causal relationship, but what it did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2949.0,2956.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2956.0,2956.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwas, This looks like it's not quite right, and that triggered then a very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2956.0,2963.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intensive and extensive investigation that was able to demonstrate that, in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2963.0,2969.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fact, the rotavirus vaccine was associated with an increased risk of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2969.0,2975.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"intussusception of about one in ten thousand doses. And the vaccine was withdrawn.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2975.0,2982.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: During your time in the vaccine division, did you have any interaction","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2982.0,2989.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with the anti-vaccination people? Can you talk about that a little bit if you did?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2989.0,2997.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: Yes. In the late 1970s, there was an assertion in the United Kingdom","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=2997.0,3004.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that pertussis vaccine was causing permanent brain damage, and there was a Scots","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3004.0,3011.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"epidemiologist named Gordon Stuart who promoted this concept, and there were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3011.0,3017.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parents of children ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3017.0,3019.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwho had brain damage who thought that that was caused by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3019.0,3025.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pertussis vaccine. They formed an Association of Parents of Vaccine-Damaged","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3025.0,3031.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Children, I think it was called. A fair amount of publicity, and this led to a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3031.0,3040.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dramatic decline in the use of pertussis vaccine in the United Kingdom, which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3040.0,3047.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was followed about four years later by a massive resurgence of pertussis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3047.0,3054.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The same concerns were raised in the United States and in 1983, '84, a so-called","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3054.0,3062.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"documentary was developed by Leah Thompson, a reporter at television station WRC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3062.0,3069.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Washington, which was the NBC affiliate. It was called DTP: Vaccine Roulette,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3069.0,3076.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it was a very clever juxtaposition ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3076.0,3080.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nof children who were horribly suffering","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3080.0,3083.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from infantile spasms or other really heart-wrenching and totally consuming","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3083.0,3089.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nature, brought this into your living room. Parents said--This is a result of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3089.0,3096.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pertussis vaccine, and then it would switch to, for example, Gordon Stuart","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3096.0,3103.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saying, Yes, pertussis vaccine causes permanent brain damage. Then it would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3103.0,3109.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"switch to someone like me saying that-- Actually, there is no evidence that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3109.0,3116.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pertussis vaccine causes permanent brain damage. Then it would switch to another","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3116.0,3123.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"picture of a terribly tragic event, a family whose entire existence was consumed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3123.0,3130.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"by caring for this child with infantile spasms. Then it would switch to another","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3130.0,3138.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mealy-mouthed ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3138.0,3139.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbureaucrat saying, Blah, blah, blah, and it had a tremendous impact.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3139.0,3145.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was shown twice in Washington that week, and a piece of it was picked up by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3145.0,3154.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Today Show. The American Academy of Pediatrics protested, and so they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3154.0,3160.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"invited a representative of the American Academy of Pediatrics on the Today","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3160.0,3166.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Show, so first they reshowed a clip of the assertions. Then the representative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3166.0,3173.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of the American Academy of Pediatrics said, No, actually, this is what the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3173.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"evidence shows. Then there was another little recap, a rejoinder. It had a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3180.0,3187.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"substantial impact, and in particular since it was originating in Washington","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3187.0,3193.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where there are a lot of people who are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3193.0,3198.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ninvolved in the government. One of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3198.0,3202.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people who watched the program was an attorney named Jeff Schwartz, who was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3202.0,3209.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"working in Congress, I believe, for the Environment and Health Sub-Committee. He","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3209.0,3215.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"saw the program and though, Oh my goodness, that must be what my daughter has.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3215.0,3223.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So he called the station and was unable to get through. He kept calling back and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3223.0,3231.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finally they said--The lines are melting, so many people are calling. He said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3231.0,3238.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Give them my number, and then people began calling to him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3238.0,3244.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"A result was that he and two other people, Barbara Lowe Fischer and Kathy","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3244.0,3251.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Williams, each of whom felt that their children had been affected in the same","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3251.0,3258.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"way, founded an organization called ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3258.0,3261.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nDissatisfied Parents Together, DPT. This has","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3261.0,3265.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"since evolved into the National Vaccine Information Center, or NVIC, which is a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3265.0,3273.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very prominent web presence. And if you ask for vaccines or immunization, NVIC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3273.0,3281.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is one of the high picks that will come up on your screen. It sounds like an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3281.0,3292.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"official entity, but it actually is primarily providing the negative aspects of immunizations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3292.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Where do they get their information to support their claims?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3300.0,3307.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: From VAERS, in part, and from cherry-picking studies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3307.0,3313.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So that movement is still going on?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3313.0,3318.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: Yes, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3318.0,3319.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand in fact the vaccine hesitant or vaccine skeptic or anti-vaccine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3319.0,3325.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"movement is spreading, not only in the United States, but around the world.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3325.0,3332.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are a number of different organizations now, and a number of different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3332.0,3339.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reasons why people may not favor immunization. But it is a really serious","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3339.0,3346.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"concern for immunization programs, not just in the U.S. but, for example, in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3346.0,3353.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Zimbabwe about eight years ago they had a massive epidemic of measles with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3353.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"several thousands of cases and deaths among members of an apostolic community,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3360.0,3367.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which rejected immunization.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3367.0,3369.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: How has it affected polio, this movement?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3369.0,3374.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: It's difficult to know. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3374.0,3377.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nThere has been concern about, for example,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3377.0,3381.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine-associated paralysis when we were using OPV, but polio has not been a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3381.0,3389.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"primary feature of the anti-vaccine movement. I think measles and autism,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3389.0,3396.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thimerosal and autism, these have been some of the primary concerns. Polio has","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3396.0,3404.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not featured very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3404.0,3407.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I wanted to talk now about the polio eradication efforts, how that's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3407.0,3415.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"going, how you feel about it, and who some of the people are who have been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3415.0,3425.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved in it and other organizations, if you could talk about that a little bit?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3425.0,3435.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: Polio ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3435.0,3436.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\neradication is a topic near and dear to my heart. In 1988, I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3436.0,3443.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"believe it was, or '87, I was an author on a paper called The case for global","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3443.0,3452.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eradication of poliomyelitis. I have been a promoter of polio eradication since","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3452.0,3458.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the early mid-'80s. I was a member of the technical advisory group for the Pan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3458.0,3466.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"American Health Organization, and the Americas led the way in polio eradication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3466.0,3472.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Americas was the first region of the world to achieve eradication of polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3472.0,3479.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and really demonstrate that it could be done, including in developing countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3479.0,3485.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I guess I've been involved pretty much from the beginning of the eradication","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3485.0,3492.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"movement. It has been a remarkable effort in part because of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3492.0,3498.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n private-public","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3498.0,3499.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"partnership that has developed, and Rotary International has been an extremely","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3499.0,3505.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important player, and I think Albert Sabin had something to do with that. In","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3505.0,3512.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1985, Rotary International was beginning to consider what they might do to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3512.0,3518.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"celebrate their centenary in the year 2005. The president of Rotary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3518.0,3524.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"International at the time was a Mexican physician named Carlos Canseco, who had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3524.0,3531.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked with Albert Sabin in the '60s, late '50s and '60s, when Sabin was doing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3531.0,3539.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"studies on oral polio vaccine in Mexico.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3539.0,3543.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Canseco and Dr. Sabin were talking, and Dr. Canseco was saying that Rotary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3543.0,3550.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was looking for a big project to celebrate their hundredth anniversary--And Dr.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3550.0,3556.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sabin said--Well, why don't you eradicate polio from the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3556.0,3561.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nworld? All you have to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3561.0,3563.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do is give a dose of polio vaccine to every child in the world on one day and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3563.0,3572.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then you can eradicate it. Right. So Dr. Sabin was a very persuasive man and a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3572.0,3580.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"brilliant man. So Dr. Canseco thought about this and held a meeting at Rotary's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3580.0,3587.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"headquarters in Evanston, Illinois, to talk about the feasibility of this. Bill","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3587.0,3593.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Foege, who was at the time director of CDC, was unable to attend the meeting, so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3593.0,3601.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I went as his representative. Another science kind of person, John Sever, a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3601.0,3607.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"virologist at NIH, who also was a Rotarian, also was there, and we were charged","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3607.0,3614.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with providing sort of scientific technical knowledge or views on the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3614.0,3619.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feasibility and desirability of Rotary getting ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3619.0,3622.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ninvolved in polio eradication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3622.0,3624.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Well, of course, it's not as easy as just giving every child in the world a dose","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3624.0,3631.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of oral polio vaccine on one day. First of all, they need more than one dose.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3631.0,3638.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Secondly, it would not be feasible to do it all in one day, the logistics issues","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3638.0,3645.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and vaccine supply, et cetera, would be prohibitive. On the other hand, you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3645.0,3650.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could do it, and so polio was a candidate for eradication. So Rotary decided","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3650.0,3656.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they would do it. They would support polio eradication. They would provide","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3656.0,3661.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"free vaccine to every country in the world, whether or not the country had a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3661.0,3667.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rotary Club, for five years in order to achieve polio eradication. They then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3667.0,3672.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said--Well, how much is this going to cost? And they did some calculations on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3672.0,3678.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"number of births in the world and ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3678.0,3681.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nnumber of doses that would be required, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3681.0,3685.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came to an estimate of about a hundred and twenty-five million dollars as a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3685.0,3692.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"requirement to provide free vaccine to every country in the world for five","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3692.0,3698.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"years. And they set about raising it, and they did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3698.0,3703.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They exceeded their target. In fact, as of today, Rotary has committed more than","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3703.0,3710.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one billion dollars of support to the polio eradication initiative, and they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3710.0,3716.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have been a major, major player in the achievement so far. Not just through the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3716.0,3723.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"money, but in some ways more importantly, through Rotarians themselves. There","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3723.0,3728.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are more than a million Rotarians around the world. There are three thousand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3728.0,3734.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rotary clubs, and the members--volunteer time. They volunteer equipment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3734.0,3738.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Rotarians in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3738.0,3739.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndeveloping world tend to be the rising middle class, and they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3739.0,3745.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"may be the owners of the brewery that has refrigerated trucks that can help","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3745.0,3752.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transport vaccine. Hundreds of thousands of Rotarians have been mobilized to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3752.0,3758.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"participate in mass vaccination campaigns. Although Rotary started as primarily","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3758.0,3763.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just providing vaccine, over time, they have become much more technically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3763.0,3769.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved in the program, and the leadership of the global polio eradication","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3769.0,3775.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"initiative now reflects WHO [World Health Organization], UNICEF [United Nations\nChildren's Fund], CDC, and Rotary as the primary movers.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3775.0,3785.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And Rotary is nonpolitical.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3785.0,3788.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: Rotary is nonpolitical, with the exception that Rotary understands the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3788.0,3794.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"political workings, and Rotary are very important in assuring U.S. congressional ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3794.0,3800.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsupport for the global polio eradication initiative. They hold a congressional","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3800.0,3806.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"reception every year in Washington and recognize polio heroes from among","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3806.0,3812.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Congresspeople who are particularly supportive of polio eradication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3812.0,3817.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Do they sponsor the people, they must sponsor the people who give the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3817.0,3825.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccines. I know that some have lost their lives in that effort.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3825.0,3832.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: Rotarians themselves volunteer in India, I think, by the tens of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3832.0,3839.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thousands to support campaign activities. There are now, I think, more than a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3839.0,3846.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hundred vaccinators who have been killed, murdered in the polio eradication","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3846.0,3852.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"initiative, primarily in Pakistan and in Nigeria. It's a tragic event. There are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3852.0,3859.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3859.0,3860.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\na number of polio workers who have died as a result of traffic injuries and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3860.0,3868.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this kind of thing, but these deliberate murders are just really tragic events.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3868.0,3875.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There are some fairly effective approaches being taken now in Pakistan, for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3875.0,3881.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"example, in that women in the community are being mobilized in support of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3881.0,3888.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"continued polio eradication efforts, and they can be quite effective in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3888.0,3894.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"modifying behaviors, apparently.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3894.0,3896.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Excellent! So if Pakistan and Afghanistan are the only two countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3896.0,3902.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now where eradication has not happened [NOTE: Since this interview, three polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3902.0,3908.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cases have occurred in Nigeria in July-August 2016]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3908.0,3912.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: Pakistan and Afghanistan are the only two countries in which there is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3912.0,3919.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"continued ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3919.0,3920.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncirculation of wild poliovirus, and Pakistan is the primary source of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3920.0,3926.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the virus. Afghanistan's cases of polio, many of them are attributable to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3926.0,3933.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"viruses that originated in Pakistan. We do still have some areas in which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3933.0,3940.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine-derived polioviruses are still circulating and can cause outbreaks of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3940.0,3946.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paralysis that is indistinguishable from polio caused by wild poliovirus. So the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3946.0,3953.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio eradication initiative is not just to get rid of paralysis due to wild","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3953.0,3961.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"poliovirus, it's to get rid of all paralysis caused by polio, whether wild virus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3961.0,3969.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or vaccine-associated virus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3969.0,3971.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Now there are three strains of the polio virus, and I understand that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3971.0,3979.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"one ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3979.0,3980.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhas already been eliminated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3980.0,3982.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: That's right. Type 2 poliovirus was last isolated in 1999, and a couple","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3982.0,3990.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of years ago, the Global Eradication Certification Commission certified that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3990.0,3996.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Type 2 polio virus had been eradicated. Now, this has led to some changes in our","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=3996.0,4006.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strategy for the endgame of polio eradication, because the primary vaccine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4006.0,4013.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's been used has been trivalent oral polio vaccine. It contains all three","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4013.0,4021.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"types of poliovirus. Type 2 virus has been the primary cause of vaccine-related","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4021.0,4029.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paralysis around the world, not just vaccine-associated paralysis in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4029.0,4035.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recipient or immediate contacts, but also it's the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4035.0,4040.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncase that vaccine virus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4040.0,4042.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's excreted in settings where there is a low level of population protection","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4042.0,4049.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"against polio may circulate, may recombine with other viruses and regain the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4049.0,4055.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ability to cause paralysis. This is called circulating vaccine-derived","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4055.0,4060.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"poliovirus or CDVDP, which you have to practice a lot to be able to say.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4060.0,4068.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDVDP that we have seen around the world, the vast majority of it is caused by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4068.0,4076.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Type 2 virus, so this has led to the notion that we should take Type 2 strain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4076.0,4085.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out of oral polio vaccine. And in fact, we just accomplished that over about a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4085.0,4093.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"three-week period in April/May of this year. One hundred fifty-five countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4093.0,4099.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around the world essentially simultaneously withdrew ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4099.0,4102.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nall trivalent oral polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4102.0,4104.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine and replaced it with bivalent oral polio vaccine. Now, because there is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4104.0,4112.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still some risk of Type 2 virus escaping from a lab or continuing to circulate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4112.0,4121.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as part of the CDVDP cycle, we preceded the switch from trivalent to bivalent by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4121.0,4130.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"introducing at least one dose of injectable trivalent inactivated polio vaccine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4130.0,4137.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in all countries. That has not been completed as yet because of some production","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4137.0,4146.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supply problems, but that's the strategy, introduce at least one dose of IPV,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4146.0,4154.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"switch from trivalent to bivalent, and then ultimately withdraw all use of oral ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4154.0,4162.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\npolio vaccine once we've interrupted transmission.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4162.0,4165.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: All of those countries are cooperating with the plan?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4165.0,4170.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: Yes. It was, the switch, I think, was astonishingly smooth. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4170.0,4176.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"introduction of IPV has been more complicated, primarily because issues of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4176.0,4182.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supply. Some countries have not yet introduced IPV because of supply issues.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4182.0,4188.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: That's pretty astonishing, though.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4188.0,4191.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: Oh, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4191.0,4193.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: That must have taken a lot of work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4193.0,4198.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: It took a lot of work by a lot of people, and I'm happy to say that the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4198.0,4208.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Task Force for Global Health was, I think, involved in an important way in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4208.0,4216.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"introduction and switch, and supporting WHO and the Global Polio Eradication","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4216.0,4222.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Initiative with support from the Bill \u0026 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4222.0,4226.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nMelinda Gates Foundation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4226.0,4228.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Well, as we wrap up, I know there are probably things we didn't talk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4228.0,4237.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about that you might want to-- events or people or both.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4237.0,4243.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: It's tough to know where to start. There's so much to talk about for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4243.0,4252.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio. The last outbreak of polio in the United States, 1979, among Amish","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4252.0,4259.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people. The virus originated from the Netherlands, members of Dutch Reformed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4259.0,4265.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Sect who traveled to Canada to see people who were relatives or other church","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4265.0,4273.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"members. In the U.S., the Amish population is distributed in several states,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4273.0,4280.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pennsylvania having the largest concentration. And one of the characteristics ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4280.0,4286.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4286.0,4287.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Amish society has been to encourage travel of young people to meet other young","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4287.0,4294.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, so that they can maintain genetic diversity in their population, because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4294.0,4300.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there have been some genetic diseases that have been more prevalent in Amish","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4300.0,4307.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people because there was a lot of intermarriage. So taking trips to seek brides","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4307.0,4314.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has been a part of society, and we believe that that's probably how the virus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4314.0,4322.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"came to the United States from Canada. Young men going up to make acquaintances","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4322.0,4329.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and becoming infected and bringing it back. Amish people did not vaccinate their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4329.0,4336.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children. They believed that if paralysis occurs, that's God's will. On the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4336.0,4342.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other hand, they didn't want to be viewed as threats ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4342.0,4347.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nto society, so ultimately,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4347.0,4349.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with a lot of effort, we were able to vaccinate about 75% of the Amish","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4349.0,4356.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"population in response to the outbreak, but it took a lot of work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4356.0,4362.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And negotiating, I imagine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4362.0,4364.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4364.0,4365.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Diplomacy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4365.0,4366.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: It's a very decentralized church, so that it basically was almost","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4366.0,4372.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"church-by-church. A lot of public health advisors from CDC were involved in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4372.0,4378.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that. Two EIS officers, Marjorie Pollack and Melinda Moore, were very heavily","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4378.0,4384.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"involved in the investigation of the outbreak.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4384.0,4387.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And that was the last outbreak in this country?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4387.0,4392.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4392.0,4393.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And how long has the Western Hemisphere been without polio?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4393.0,4398.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: 1992, I believe. The last case occurred in a little boy in Peru. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4398.0,4405.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nTORGHELE: Some people have asked, since smallpox was eradicated, why is it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4405.0,4412.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"taking what seems to be a lot longer time to eradicate polio?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4412.0,4419.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: There are a number of reasons, I think. Smallpox was a really dreaded","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4419.0,4427.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease. It also was a disease that was quite visible, almost everyone who was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4427.0,4435.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infected with smallpox developed a recognizable and ugly disease. Whereas with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4435.0,4441.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio, for every two hundred infections, there may be one case of paralysis. It","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4441.0,4449.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was easier to track smallpox than it is to track polio. It was also more feared.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4449.0,4458.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think in many developing countries, polio did not occur so ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4458.0,4464.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmuch in outbreaks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4464.0,4466.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as it did in individual cases of paralysis, so in many places was an invisible","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4466.0,4474.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problem. It wasn't until we started doing surveys called lameness surveys, to go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4474.0,4481.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"out and find, at the household level, where there were cases of flaccid","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4481.0,4488.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paralysis-- that it became apparent how much polio there was because in many","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4488.0,4495.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"developing countries, children with paralysis just were left in the house and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4495.0,4501.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"never made it into society; were never seen.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4501.0,4505.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another characteristic of smallpox was that when you vaccinate someone it leaves","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4505.0,4511.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a scar, so you can easily tell if someone has been vaccinated, whereas with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4511.0,4518.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio you don't know. Those are a few of the reasons. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4518.0,4524.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nTORGHELE: That's really interesting. What's your prediction about the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4524.0,4529.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"possibility of completely eradicating polio?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4529.0,4532.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: It's going to happen. As of I think last week, we were at nineteen cases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4532.0,4541.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of polio thus far this year, compared to, I think, twenty-seven at this time a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4541.0,4549.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"year ago. It's hard. It's hard work. It has required an extraordinary amount of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4549.0,4557.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very imaginative research, even at the very end stages of eradication, and it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4557.0,4564.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"just really astonishing to see what has been accomplished and what kinds of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4564.0,4571.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things have been happening. And we'll make it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4571.0,4575.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I think so too. Thank you so much. This has been very interesting, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4575.0,4583.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you've ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4583.0,4584.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncontributed a lot to these oral histories, and I know you have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4584.0,4598.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"contributed a lot to the eradication of polio and other diseases.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4598.0,4611.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: We're going to do measles next.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4611.0,4619.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Okay, measles next. Well, thank you so much, Dr. Hinman.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4619.0,4632.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"HINMAN: You're very welcome.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4632.0,4637.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: It's been fun.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4637.0,4642.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/transcript/69296/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1 ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=4642.0,4643.0"}]},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/index/84941","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["content172424242720240821-522984-8vgy8f.xml [English] [Index]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/index/84941/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":" Background/ Early Education","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Title"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=29.0,518.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/index/84941/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Dr. Hinman introduces himself and talks about his education and how he became involved in public 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Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=29.0,518.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/index/84941/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"California State Department of Health","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cleveland Metropolitan General Hospital","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Cornell University","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Epidemic Intelligence 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University","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Subjects"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=29.0,518.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/index/84941/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"botulism","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bulbar paralysis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Communicable Disease Center","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gastroenteritis","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"human plague","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Keywords"]}},{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infectious 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outbreak.","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Synopsis"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=518.0,743.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/index/84941/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Can you talk a little bit more about that outbreak of polio in Honduras?","format":"text/plain","label":{"en":["Partial Transcript"]}}],"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748#t=518.0,743.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133963/file/248748/index/84941/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"supplementing","body":[{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Berkeley, 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