{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/wp9t14wh6s/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Arnold, Earl H."]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1984-01-01"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["Earl H. Arnold, Assistant Director - Laboratory Division Virus \u0026amp; Rickettsial, Montgomery, Alabama, Sanitary Engineer.\u003cbr\u003eAt :48:21 Dr. Morris Schaeffer former Chief of the Virus and Rickettsia Section in Montgomery, Alabama joins Mr. Arnold. Interviewed by James G. Paine"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["oral history"]}}],"summary":{"en":["Earl H. Arnold, Assistant Director - Laboratory Division Virus \u0026amp; Rickettsial, Montgomery, Alabama, Sanitary Engineer.\u003cbr\u003eAt :48:21 Dr. Morris Schaeffer former Chief of the Virus and Rickettsia Section in Montgomery, Alabama joins Mr. Arnold. Interviewed by James G. Paine"]},"provider":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/247/468/small/201179_Earl_H_Arnold.mp4_1722774722.jpg?1722774722","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 1 - 201179__Earl_H_Arnold.mp4"]},"duration":3511.508,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/247/468/small/201179_Earl_H_Arnold.mp4_1722774722.jpg?1722774722","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-globalhealthchronicles.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/247/468/original/201179__Earl_H_Arnold.mp4?1722774720","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3511.508,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["[AssemblyAI Transcript] 201179 Earl H Arnold [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Good afternoon, Mister [Earl H.] Arnold, and welcome to CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=16.64,19.67"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you. I'm pleased with the opportunity to be here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=19.67,22.558"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e We're glad to have you back one more time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=22.558,24.446"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh well, it's nice to be back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=24.446,26.094"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e When I first was introduced to Earl Arnold some thirty years ago and found that you were from the state of North Dakota. I was convinced that everybody in the Public Health Service came from North Dakota.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=26.094,39.344"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Some people felt that North Dakota lost a lot of people when——with a few that were here in the Public Health Service. Actually, Mark [D.] Hollis, who was one of the early people in the Malaria Control in War Areas [MCWA], had come from North Dakota and was probably responsible for several of us coming into the service.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=39.344,63.05"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e There were others too, I believe, weren't they?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=63.05,65.114"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Mark [D.] Hollis, Harry [G.] Hansen, Wes [Wesley E.] Gilbertson, Chris [A.] Hansen. There were a number of others. I don't recall their names at the moment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=65.114,77.234"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e I guess that justifies my feeling. All right, you did your undergraduate work at, what school was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=77.234,85.02"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e At North Dakota, at North Dakota State University.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=85.02,89.27143"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e And subsequent graduate work?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=89.27143,91.39714"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e At Harvard.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=91.39714,92.46"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e At Harvard. And your first position was at——was in North Dakota?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=92.46,97.348"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e I first went to work in North Dakota as a chemist in the Water Pollution Program and spent three years there before coming into the service [Public Health Service].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=97.348,110.82"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e And then you came in 1943 into the service?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=110.82,114.324"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e In 1943 I came into the service and was stationed at Montgomery [Alabama], I mean, excuse me, in Savannah [Georgia] at the old Carter Memorial Laboratory, which was a part of the Malaria Control in War Areas program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=114.324,129.639"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you commissioned then?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=129.639,130.959"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I was commissioned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=130.959,132.503"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e And what was your assignment down there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=132.503,136.519"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, my assignment was serve as assistant chief of the laboratory under Doctor [Samuel \"Sib\"] Simmons, who, you know.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=136.519,147.64016"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=147.64016,148.18792"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e I had several administrative responsibilities, and then I had to undertake a problem of identifying blood meals of mosquitoes, which at that time was important since you needed to know which species of malaria were——or which species of mosquitoes were important in the transmission of malaria. We examined mosquitoes from pretty much throughout the world and identified blood meals, those that fed on humans we considered potentially important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=148.18792,184.34"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e I believe you also devised a test for host preference.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=184.34,188.164"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, this was part of the study.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=188.164,192.52331"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e That was part of the study.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=192.52331,195.5524"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e We determined which of the major families of warm blooded animals mosquitoes had fed on. This was very helpful, I think, in malaria control work in the Pacific.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=195.5524,207.236"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e What type of test was it? Was that a precipitant test?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=207.236,210.176"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e It was a precipitant test.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=210.176,212.84"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e And then after you worked in Savannah [Georgia] for several years, you returned to North Dakota?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=212.84,219.928"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e I returned to North Dakota in 1946 and took charge of the water pollution control studies. We were at that time studying the effects of cold weather on soft purification in streams and in particular, the efficiency of waste treatment plants at low temperatures. This is a critical period so far as water pollution is concerned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=219.928,250.282"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Was that an assignment with CDC, or was that unrelated to CDC?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=250.282,253.642"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e No, I had left CDC. I had left the service at that time. I was on inactive status.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=253.642,260.22"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e And you came back to CDC in forty-nine?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=260.22,262.972"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e I came back to CDC in forty-nine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=262.972,265.14"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e And what was the occasion for that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=265.14,268.66"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e I had, had planned on coming back to the service after I'd finished my graduate work at Harvard. At that time, Doctor Andrews got in touch with me and said——","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=268.66,282.91332"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e That's Justin Andrews?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=282.91332,284.3878"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Justin Andrews——","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=284.3878,285.8021"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=285.8021,286.7249"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e ——thought that I was needed down the Montgomery Laboratory, and would I like to come down for an interview, which I did. I met Morris Schaefer at that time, and the two of us struck up a good relationship. I subsequently came down to Montgomery [Alabama] with Morris.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=286.7249,307.488"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e And Doctor Schaeffer was the director at that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=307.488,310.624"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Doctor Schaeffer was director of the laboratories.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=310.624,313.56"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e And as I recall, you all sort of took over from the Rockefeller?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=313.56,318.92"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right. It was originally a Rockefeller laboratory. It had been taken over by the CDC at the time that it was created, but had been, I think, essentially inactive for nearly a year. Then some folks, B. [F.] Howitt was one, were recruited to come in and they were doing some diagnostic virology work. They felt, I think the people in headquarters felt that it needed more thrust, more drive, and certainly more expansionist attitude. And when Morris came, he certainly provided that. So that I think, really the major impact of the Virus Laboratory was felt after 1949, when Morris showed up on the scene.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=318.92,380.78"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e What were the facilities like? I know you——","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=380.78,385.69429"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, they were pretty primitive. We had one building, a frame building, it was infested with wild rodents, with insects, roaches, things like that. And this one building provided the office space, the laboratory space, and the experimental animal space. And conditions were such that with wild rodents roaming through the place, you really couldn't be sure that what you had in the cage came from an inoculation needle. So that the real problem was to provide some decent working facilities. And that required a major effort for several years, actually, because while funds were available, they were somewhat limited. We were hamstrung by the fact that everything that we constructed had to be portable. And this imposed some difficulties, but I think we ended up with a very workable place. And as you know, many of the things that we did would have been very, very difficult to do under different scrutiny than we had.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=385.69429,470.09"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e You also were instrumental in the early recruitment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=470.09,474.41"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, yes, I did play some role in recruitment. There were many people, of course, that we were interested in. There was a problem of building a competent staff. We had to, I think, be quite selective because we had a youthful and vigorous chief and certainly we had to look for compatibility there. I think Morris was, he was intellectually stimulating, and he wanted to be stimulated himself. This was a factor in recruitment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=474.41,525.989"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e And were you able to get technicians and caretakers and things of that nature locally to your satisfaction?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=525.989,531.653"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, yes, oh yes. This represented no problem. First of all, there was a school in Montgomery [Alabama] that provided a lot of well-trained technicians. Actually, they shouldn't have been called technicians. These were college graduates with training in chemistry and microbiology that came to work for us. There were people at the sub-professional level that were very diligent workers. I think we had excellent people there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=531.653,574.05"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Equipment, as I recall, the years following the war and then particularly in Montgomery [Alabama]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=574.05,579.93"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, equipment was a problem in the first place. I think we were somewhere in the cutting edge of, certainly of diagnostic virology, and the equipment for doing the things that we needed to do just didn't seem to be available. Animal cages were the sort that were difficult to clean. We had to do some developmental work there, working with the people who produced stainless steel cages for us. Much of what we did in, both in the polio work, in the arbovirus work, had to be devised. Gadgeteering of all kinds took place. Everything from, from trying to figure out how to judge the quantity of a virus that it took to infect a mosquito, for example, to the development of light traps that you can carry out into the swamps where you obviously couldn't carry an automobile battery in a big, conventional New Jersey light trap.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=579.93,646.058"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, well, that's the way it started off.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=646.058,647.762"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e That's the way it started off. But we very quickly got to something else.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=647.762,656.1"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e And this was the period of surplus property, too?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=656.1,659.292"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, yes, oh, yes. And we took great advantage of that. We raided surplus property warehouses, as you know, and provided much of our laboratory equipment that way.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=659.292,672.34"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Now, the chief of the Division of Labs was Doctor Miller, Doctor Seward Miller.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=672.34,680.504"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Doctor Seward Miller.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=680.504,682.28"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e And what kind of freedom did he give you all in working in Montgomery [Laboratory]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=682.28,687.912"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e I think Doctor Seward Miller gave us all kinds of freedom. I think he had great faith in Morris, and I think he leaned over backwards to give us every bit of support that he could. I think that Morris was very fond of Seward, and I think Seward reciprocated that affection.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=687.912,714.41"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e I believe the stream of visitors that eventually turned into a flood starting——started these early years, didn't it, Errol?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=714.41,722.418"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, they did. It was actually, we had thought originally that Montgomery [Alabama] might be sort of a desert, from that standpoint, it wasn't the easiest place to get to. But it wasn't long before we began to have a flood of visitors, not only from this country and from important laboratories in this country, but from abroad as well. I think probably, of their diagnostic training programs, we touched well, almost every country that had the level of sophistication undertake that sort of work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=722.418,764.61"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e While you're early, while you were involved in program, I believe that one of your major contributions in the early days was certainly in the design of facilities and buildings and cages that you've alluded to. But could you give us some examples? I keep thinking about the animal cages that we had to redesign in the, the buildings that had to be removable as well as portable, so——","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=764.61,789.02"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, those pose problems. We, fortunately, were able to talk the state into assisting us. They furnished prison labor, which we could use in——with the relatively simple jigs that we had laid out for producing sections of buildings. And so, we were able to provide buildings, whatever was needed in the multiple of eight feet. This seemed to work out quite well. We had the problem that the government regulations at the time didn't permit air conditioning buildings that people occupied, but we could air condition animal space. And as you know, Montgomery [Alabama] is pretty hot and uncomfortable in the summertime. We had ventilation problems, and we had had to work out arrangements for staying reasonably comfortable in the laboratories. Much of the animal handling facilities had to be designed and built. We had dog runs there that were difficult to clean, we did not have property waste treatment facilities, the cages for the monkeys were inadequate, they were constantly escaping, the animals were exposed to feces, so that we had to correct all of those things. And this was a time consuming job. It was——it occupied a good bit of time in the initial stages, even such things as cleaning glassware adequately was a problem. And we ultimately ended up participating in the design of glass washing equipment that was installed in the laboratory. At that stage, there were many, many difficulties that we had to overcome, and I think even in that area, the laboratory contributed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=789.02,925.05"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e I think one of your contributions was the OD [off-duty] system, which I believe was unique to Montgomery [Laboratory]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=925.05,932.13"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, well, I think it was probably unique, in the——at least so far as we knew in the service at that time. But we had so many calls, we had so many deliveries, we had to make certain that our animals were properly cared for. Every once in a while there'd be an escape and we'd have to round up a crew and go and catch monkeys or something like that, so that we had to have someone on board that could undertake these sorts of things or handle the problems as they came up. So, we had an OD system. People didn't like it, but Morris didn't give them any choice.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=932.13,971.86"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e As I recall, you were on for a weekend and you furnished your own transportation, you weren't reimbursed, and you handled whatever happened.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=971.86,982.504"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=982.504,983.12"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Or got in touch with an expert.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=983.12,985.28"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=985.28,986.464"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e But this was one of your, this is one of the contributions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=986.464,990.176"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I suppose it would be questionable whether it was a contribution, at least in the eyes of the people who served OD duty it wasn't. But it was important.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=990.176,999.8"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e And we even had freezers at the bus stations and at the post office and things of that nature.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=999.8,1005.888"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right. They also——the OD would have to pick up dry ice, for example, and stock ice boxes. There were many onerous chores that didn't show up on the surface.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1005.888,1021.63"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e You mentioned the rodents, the wild rodents and so forth on the premises. I'm sure that the furnishing of safe and satisfactory environment for a virus lab was a real challenge, but I remember some of the efforts and some of the design things that you went through to try to get some working conditions satisfaction.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1021.63,1048.25"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e It was troublesome. Some people had developed, of course, the habit of being in their laboratory right next to experimental animals. Under other circumstances, this would have been satisfactory, but at least under the conditions that existed in the early stages, it wasn't. We had to control the wild rodents and the insects. Certainly, before you could really depend on the work that was going on in the laboratories.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1048.25,1085.77"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e You were also involved in the Louisiana studies. To what extent?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1085.77,1092.854"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I suppose that my training as an engineer influenced me to a certain extent, but I felt that it was important to assign some numbers to this investigation. We felt it was important, for example, to be able to rank mosquitoes in order their significance, because you'd find an array of mosquito species in a——in any geographic area where encephalitis was taking place. So that we needed to be able to say, these are important species, and these are not. And to rank them. At the same time, we needed to know which birds were good sources of virus, which were readily infected and which would infect mosquitoes, and to be able to rank those in some order, so that you could say, these birds are a relatively important group, and these group or this group does not become readily infected or doesn't produce large quantities of virus. And to do these things required not only a good bit of field work, but a lot of laboratory work. And I think that particularly Roy [William] Chamberlain, Danny [W. Daniel] Sudia, who were gadgeteers and who had to make just about everything that they worked with, did some excellent work there. They were able to, at the end of their studies, to say that these birds will produce viruses of this level, these particular mosquitoes will require a blood meal of such and such a level to become infected, they were able to quantitate these things. They were able to determine the frequency with which a mosquito would refeed, that is take a second blood meal, which would be necessary for it to transmit, so that by the time they were done, they could assign probability to any one of these series of steps that were involved in the transmission of the virus diseases. These were——this type of an approach, I think, very much simplified subsequent fieldwork. And I should say, fortunately, there haven't been any major outbreaks in recent years, but that if there were, I think these techniques could be applied to quite readily pinpoint control methods other than the use of vaccines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1092.854,1265.26"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e You were the team leader on the ecological studies of the arbovirus, right?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1265.26,1271.26"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, it wouldn't be appropriate to call me team leader. I think it was. We had a group of people, and each one had their own particular field, which at one time or another might be the dominant, determinant in deciding what you would do. We had a group of people who worked very well together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1271.26,1296.33642"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e And this was just part of the joint study with the Army and the Air Force.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1296.33642,1303.57"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, the Army at——excuse me the Air Force, at one time was interested in establishing a proving ground where they could test agents of biological significance. They had thought that they might find something like this in the Caribbean and had come to the Public Health Service to ask if we thought it was reasonable. They had come, really to the Montgomery Laboratory because where they thought that we would be the place to provide information on insect borne diseases, we carried on a study for a couple of years. And as a result of those studies, which were focused primarily on the arthropod borne viruses and on the arthropods of the area, we concluded that it would be entirely impractical to carry on a study of that sort. We also worked with the, with the Army in relationship to BW [biological warfare] agents. We did, at one time, quite a large amount of air sampling to try and determine baseline information so that any deviations from normal levels could be detected. This was a very, very difficult study, and I'm not sure that it was very successful.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1303.57,1388.36"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e And you all eventually got into the study of birds in the flyway?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1388.36,1395.2"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, we did. We felt that many of the arbor viruses were moving back and forth along the island chain and into South America, that it was important to study these flyways. We did recover viruses from incoming migrants, newly landed on these shores, and certainly hadn't had an opportunity to acquire infection in this country from birds that had either flown up the island chain, the windward and leeward islands and onto this continent, as well as those that flew completely across the gulf.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1395.2,1441.35"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Could you tell us a bit about the field situations that you encountered and about a little bit about your techniques used in these birds?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1441.35,1450.07"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, we worked really under field conditions. We slept out, with our sleeping bags, in the Everglades. We fared a little better on the windward and leeward islands, on the Gulf Coast, Louisiana. We spent our nights in an abandoned Coast Guard lighthouse, so that we lived under a variety of circumstances. We carried with us all of the equipment we needed. And of course, this, this required testing we had to carry with us. We had poor refrigeration, we depended on ice, we had to carry——","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1450.07,1496.648"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e You're saying you carried your own food and camping gear?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1496.648,1500.68"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Carried our own——all of our own gear and our syringes, everything that we needed to collect blood, to preserve the specimens, to refrigerate them and get them back to the laboratory. These——","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1500.68,1515.74"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e And the birds were actually trapped and bled?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1515.74,1518.82"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e The birds were——initially, we shot the birds, and Don [Donald] Stamm ultimately began to use what were called mist nets. And these are very fine nets, they're almost invisible, they trap birds on the wing. And he would erect these and trap and band. And then very frequently re-trap the same bird time and time again. I think there were, on more than one occasion he trapped a bird prior to infection, after it acquired viremia, and then after it developed antibodies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1518.82,1561.37"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e In connection with this scientific material, I understand that there was a formulation known as snipe stew. Would you care to comment on that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1561.37,1570.21"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. At that time, the Wilson's snipe was not a legal game bird, but we had permission to take Wilson's snipes as a part of our expedition. And this was during a stage when we were shooting birds. And we would shoot the birds and then extract blood from the heart of the bird. And we felt it was a shame to throw these birds away, since they were a very fine game bird, very flavorful, and so we did eat a number of them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1570.21,1607.352"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e You were the gourmet in charge, the team leader. You were also on the laboratory team that did a great deal of work for the design of these buildings that we're in now.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1607.352,1619.486"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right. I spent quite a bit of time, well, you did, Will Fisher did, Chris [A.] Hansen did. We spent some time visiting major laboratories in the country to glean what we could in the way of ideas. And then applied them to the design of this laboratory. Working with Roberts and company, I know one of the things that concerned me at the time was the inside space, the lack of windows. I——of course, having come from North Dakota, I felt that you should be able to look out and see things, and I guess that the windowless space hasn't been a problem at all.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1619.486,1664.1"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e You do mention windows as one of the specific problems, but can you think of any others that you particularly——","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1664.1,1670.724"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I can. Working with hazardous materials, with infectious materials, was a problem that had never been solved in any of the laboratories. NIH [National Institutes of Health] had spent a great deal of money and a great deal of effort on that, and I think they felt their solutions weren't entirely satisfactory. We gleaned everything that we could from facilities then in existence, did our best to improve on them in the design of this facility, which involved, you know, hood design, laboratory furniture design, air filtration, air incineration, a variety of things like this. I——and, of course, there were problems in the execution of design so that the shakedown period for the building was pretty extensive. And I'm, since I left after several years, well, after a very few years, actually, after we'd begun to occupy the building, I'm not entirely sure how it turned out.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1670.724,1745.94"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Of course, you actually spent a number of years working on laboratory design before we ever occupied the building?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1745.94,1754.488"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1754.488,1755.144"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e I believe there was a period when the building was more or less dormant.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1755.144,1758.96"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. There was, well there were a number of years between time of conception, of the building, and when we were working on the design, on the spatial requirements, before money actually became available to contract, to begin working with the architects. So, we laid a substantial amount of groundwork before then, space requirements and things like that. But our concern at the time was that once you construct a concrete building, you have to fit a growing organization into it, and while we felt that we'd provided adequately for that, by the time the building was built, we couldn't fit into it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1758.96,1808.63"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e You, in 1959 was it, came to CDC as assistant——came to Atlanta [Georgia] as assistant chief of the Division of Laboratories.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1808.63,1820.822"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Division of Laboratories with Ralph [B.] Hogan.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1820.822,1825.75914"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e With Ralph [B.] Hogan. And what were your specific duties at that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1825.75914,1831.19957"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, they were, were——","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1831.19957,1831.97678"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Let's see, that was still a year before we occupied, probably, or about.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1831.97678,1836.64"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, it was a little more than a year before we occupied. At that time, we were in [laboratory] space out at Chamblee [Campus], I was still working on laboratory problems, on laboratory equipment problems, and was participating in the administration of the laboratory. There were many headaches, of course, at the Chamblee [Campus] facilities and the traditional problems dealing with personnel, and with budgets, and things like that in Ralph's office.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1836.64,1875.73"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you remember?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1875.73,1876.87743"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e I——","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1876.87743,1877.09257"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Excuse me, I'm sorry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1877.09257,1877.738"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e I was going to say at that time, too, I was spending more and more time in Washington [DC]. The reorganization of the service had provided for a——what would be a Bureau of Environmental Health. So that I was. I spent increasing amounts of time in Washington [DC] working with Doctor Bob [Robert J.] Anderson and Harry Hanson on plans for that organization.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1877.738,1908.08"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e I'm sure you became involved in the actual problems that we faced when we moved the laboratories from Montgomery [Alabama] to Atlanta [Georgia]. Do you recall any of those specifically?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1908.08,1921.584"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I do. I think very few of our people in Montgomery [Alabama] were eager to come to Atlanta [Georgia]. I think they felt that their freedom of work would be somewhat inhibited in this environment and that their productivity would suffer as a result. So, they were apprehensive about this. I think that, that once they settled down here, they felt a little bit better about it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1921.584,1966.56"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e In addition to the personnel problems, I was referring, I guess, more to the equipment or movement of some of the animals under tests and so forth.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1966.56,1976.008"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, there were quite difficult problems there because essentially, experiments had to be either terminated and re-initiated here, or you had to transport animals that were under experimentation. It was complicated by the fact that, too, that Morris had gone to New York to his old stamping grounds. And Doctor Telford [H.] Work, who was here at that time, who replaced Morris, didn't——his interests weren't in exactly the same field. So that this was a complicating factor in the move. It was a trying time for the Montgomery group, and it was a difficult time for the people here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=1976.008,2035.98"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e After you arrived, after we started, got situated into the new buildings in 1960, I believe you were involved in a state health department evaluation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2035.98,2047.09"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e I was not involved——","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2047.09,2051.65754"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e In the study?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2051.65754,2053.36011"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e ——in that study so much, but there was an evaluation of the health department laboratories. I think this was stimulated by and large, when Doctor Schaeffer went to New York, as you probably remember, he felt that diagnostic laboratories in general were not performing well. And I think he single handedly took on quite a large group of the clinical pathologists in the country and was able to demonstrate that shoddy work was being done, and something needed to be done as a result of that. Well, he had felt that improving the diagnostic capabilities of the state laboratories in laboratory work generally, but in virus work particularly, was extremely important. And some of this work had been started prior to his departure. Our training programs had brought in many of the state laboratory people so that the genesis of this had been laid down. The Division of laboratories subsequently started a laboratory evaluation program that I think was useful in upgrading the performance of the state laboratory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2053.36011,2146.434"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e But that was almost as direct result of Morris's——Doctor Schaeffer's work?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2146.434,2150.93182"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e I think it was primarily because of his critical attitude of circumstances as he found them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2150.93182,2160.57"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e And in 1961, you left CDC. Is that correct?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2160.57,2165.634"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e That's correct. I was transferred to Washington [DC] and into the, the Bureau of Environmental Health. It was really a bifurcated Bureau of State Services: part of it the Bureau of State Services, part of it the Bureau of Environmental Health. And I was——I was there for the next almost ten years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2165.634,2196.26"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Were you involved in that study on the research triangle, feasibility of placing a station there?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2196.26,2202.738"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I was. One of the things that we felt particularly important in the environmental health field was that this is a program that is going to have great economic cost to the country. That there's no way in the world that you can clean up the streams and clean up the air and keep track of the way that many of the manufactured materials were moving into the, into the environment. Unless you had a sound health reason for doing it. So that we felt that one of the key ingredients of an environmental health program would be the creation of a facility that could really define what the biological significance of environmental pollutants were. We felt that that human health, of course, was a primary consideration, but that you couldn't affect much of the ecosystem without ultimately affecting humans. But we felt that economic issues would become abrasive at some time in the future, that there was no question about it, and that we needed a facility such as we'd contemplated. The research triangle was a——as much a political solution to this as anything else. We had felt that it should be in some proximate location to Washington [DC]. The survey that we, well, we set up certain criteria, really, for the establishment of a facility like that. It should be in an academic center for obvious reasons, it should be accessible transportation wise, and it shouldn't be so far from Washington [DC] that it was considered a remote location. And these were satisfied by the research triangle. Unfortunately, at about the time that the Environmental Health Sciences Center was an established fact, the Public Health Service underwent another reorganization, and the environmental programs were transferred into the Environmental Protection Agency [EPA]. A new agency that was created. And this separated, really, the health agency from the environmental programs. And, I think, removed one of the very, very important pieces of the program. It left an environmental agency with no overriding responsibility for health and a health agency with no responsibility for environmental problems. And they're so closely interrelated that it just doesn't make sense.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2202.738,2382.7"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e And through another reorganization, you ended up in the lunar quarantine work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2382.7,2388.14"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e I ended up in lunar quarantine related to the Apollo missions here. Somewhat belatedly, the biological community that was represented on the Space Science Board had felt that NASA [National Aeronautics and Space Administration] was proceeding full steam ahead with plans for exploring at least our planetary system without giving adequate consideration to bringing back to, to Mother Earth organisms that could run rampant here and be harmful. The problem was that all of the hardware was in existence. You know, the quarantine concept came along late in the game, so that you were forced to graft onto things that were then in existence, quarantine procedures, that it served two purposes. I think it convinced the public that NASA was thinking of quarantine, and it convinced NASA that they would have to think in these terms. And once we were able to convince the Space Science Board, and this was after the third mission and the study of the materials that came back, that there was nothing infectious there, nothing that could possibly be harmful to the Earth, we were able to discontinue the programs which were carried on at some inconvenience to the astronauts. There were a lot of interesting side effects of that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2388.14,2491.23"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e And you retired from the NASA Program?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2491.23,2495.83"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e I left the [Public Health] Service while I was with the NASA Program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2495.83,2499.63"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e And what year was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2499.63,2500.734"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e That was in 1970.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2500.734,2502.878"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e 1970. And since 1970?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2502.878,2506.934"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Since 1970, we've been living in North Georgia. I did, for a short time, do some consulting work for the Pan American Health Organization, but this was demanding of time, and I finally discontinued that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2506.934,2530.898"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Took you away from some of your woodworking that you enjoyed so much?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2530.898,2533.826"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Took me away from my hobbies.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2533.826,2537.05"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Are there any anecdotes that we've had an opportunity to and not quite touched that we should?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2537.05,2545.69"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e No. The only thing of all of my tours in the Public Health Service, the Montgomery [Laboratory] assignment was the outstanding one, as far as I was concerned. I thoroughly enjoyed the group down there. We had our differences and our arguments, but they were all out on the surface, and everyone was high spirited, everyone was full of enthusiasm. It was a laboratory that you could go to at midnight, and somebody would be working in a laboratory, and you could go back at seven o'clock in the morning, and someone would be working in a laboratory. There was someone there seven days a week and——with freedom to come and go. And I suspect that there were very few of us, and technicians included, that limited themselves to an eight-hour day.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2545.69,2609.15"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e It was certainly a charged atmosphere that produced some of the best work that I think the Public Health Service produced.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2609.15,2618.27"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e It was. It was a highly charged atmosphere, and Morris was a hard driving sort of a guy. Everybody else was, they were all, all interested in not so much in carving a niche, but in finding out things, doing things, generating information, it was, it was just an exciting place to be.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2618.27,2652.42"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e I'd like to thank you on behalf of CDC for giving your time and coming down and talking to us and for contributing this bit to the oral history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2652.42,2662.212"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I thank you for asking me. Sometimes you feel when you retire that you've left everything behind and that I guess it's not entirely the case.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2662.212,2676.38"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you, Earl. I appreciate it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2676.38,2677.898"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, thank you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2677.898,2712.06"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e We're talking this afternoon with Doctor Morris Schaeffer and Mister Earl [H.] Arnold of the, formerly of the Virus and Rickettsia Laboratories in Montgomery [Alabama]. This is sort of a follow up to a personal interview I've had with each of these gentlemen. Doctor Schaeffer, I wonder if you would care to tell us a bit about the early work in epidemiology that was done at the Virus [and Rickettsia] Lab.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2712.06,2736.07"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSCHAEFFER:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, yes. Although eventually Alex [Alexander D.] Langmuir came from [Johns] Hopkins [University] to develop a very mighty department of epidemiology, and a training ground for future epidemiologists with his Epidemic Intelligence Service [EIS], we did a fair bit of epidemiology there. Initially, I was almost the entire Epidemiology Department for CDC. I went out on many calls, and even after Langmuir and his group were there, we still fell into epidemiologic findings one way or another. I think the most outstanding one is a situation in Alabama, the peanut growing area in Alabama, where I was called by the VA [Veterans Affairs] Hospital of Montgomery to see first one, then another, then a third case of what we called aseptic meningitis, a kind of an irritation of the meninges without any bacterial cause. Well, each of these people had told me that they had been swimming on July fourth at a big picnic in an enlargement of a creek, a local creek called Millet's Wash Hole. So, I went back to that area, with the help of one of our technicians who lived there, could introduce me to the local folks. And we did some investigation and found there had been some seventy-five people or eighty people at this picnic, of whom fifty or so had an illness, mild illness of one type or another, some with headaches, upset stomachs, conjunctivitis, a variety of things, a little rash. And anyway, to make the long story short, it turned out that this was the result of a contamination of the waters of infected swine, nearby branches of the creek who had been watering there. Now, initially I thought it was a viral or rickettsial disease. Naturally, when you know what else it is, it has to be a virus. But as I——the water business sort of reminded me of some reading I had done, years back, about similar episodes of people falling into the canals in Holland and developing an aseptic meningitis or conjunctivitis from a rat-borne leptospiral infection. In this case, although I didn't know it at the time, immediately, it turned out to be a swine strain of leptospira called leptospira pomona. And that was the first report of an epidemic of waterborne leptospirosis in the United States. So, it was fun, a lot of fun finding this out. And subsequently, other outbreaks of this sort were reported elsewhere.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2736.07,2930.01"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you, Doctor Schaefer. Earl, I recall that one of the people that was there when I got there, and I don't know how long she had been there, was Rachel Garrie was a stalwart in the Virus Lab in Montgomery.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2930.01,2942.776"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Rachel was not only an excellent worker, she'd been with Beatrice Hollett for some time, but she was a real leavening influence I suppose you might say, on all of the technicians that worked in that area. She was a sweet, even-tempered sort of a girl who was willing to do anything that was asked of her. And I think she sat just an excellent example for many of the technicians that worked with her. Rachel, actually——you know, over years, you developed real empathy with her, she was just a real sweet person.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2942.776,2992.92"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Doctor Schaeffer, I'd like to ask you for a moment about a name you've mentioned in your interview, Doctor C.P. Li. And if you could give us a little bit about Doctor Li's background.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=2992.92,3003.544"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSCHAEFFER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Doctor Li was an interesting person. He had studied in China. He was at the, one of the surgeons, actually in the military with Mao———with Chiang Kai-shek initially, he was a classmate of Mao Zedong and also a friend of Zhou Enlai. And not so many years back, he visited China and actually had audiences with both of these famous gentlemen in China, Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai. However, even before that, he came to the United States, I think the first time in 1927. His oldest daughter, Lotta was born in the US because she was a natural born us citizen, which enabled Li to come back to this country after the revolution in China drove him out in 1947. However, back going——coming back to twenty-seven, he worked with Thomas [Milton] Rivers, the famous virologist, Mister Virus, who began the——really to develop virology initially in this country at the Rockefeller [Insitute for Medical Research]. He worked with him and did tissue culture with vaccinia virus in chick cells back in 1927. So, he, he was an early pioneer in virology and tissue culture. And then when he came back in forty-seven, he started with [Karl] Habel, where they were able to take this, say foreign individual, and hire him for one year and then renew it for one but, subsequently, he was not permitted to continue working there. And Habel asked me whether I could do anything about finding a job for C.P. Li. I said, why of course I can use them in my lab. Well, how are you going to hire him when we can [not]? I said, well, we have a very good administrative assistant who can always find us one rule that says yes, when there are six others that say no. And the reason we were able to hire him is because Jim G. Paine found that rule; that when you can have an expert that has something that a——","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=3003.544,3158.4"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e That no one else——","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=3158.4,3158.704"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSCHAEFFER:\u003c/strong\u003e ——a native does not have, you can bring him in to do that job. Well, C.P. [Li] had something which we needed that no native person had. We hired him, and he worked with us and, of course, made some interesting contributions, which we discussed earlier, and later went to NIH [National Institutes of Health], where he worked in the Division of Biologic Standards for a number of years. He retired, I think, sometime around 1970. He's still living in the Washington [DC] area, lives in Virginia with his daughter, Carla——Lotta, that is, and I see him once in a while still. He——Li, however, had never gotten over his disappointment that the strain of type one polio virus was never credited to him, or to CDC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=3158.704,3218.26"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Both of you have alluded to Don [Donald D.] Stamm. Doctor Stamm, in your comments. Earl, would you care to——you did a lot of fieldwork with Don, I believe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=3218.26,3228.87"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. I think I was probably the first person in the Public Health Service that is in CDC to interview Don. This was shortly after he'd finished veterinary school. Don was——an outdoorsman type of a veterinarian, he loved the out of doors, he was a keen observer. He was——I have spent a fair amount of time in the field myself, and done my share of hunting, but I've never seen anyone as skilled as he was in the out of doors. And this was very helpful to him in the——carrying on the field studies that he did in Montgomery [Alabama]. He brought to it something that very few other people, I think, would have been able to do. I think one of his contributions, unfortunately Don didn't live long enough to do all of the things that he wanted to do or was capable of doing, but I think he really provided a sound background for many of the ecologists who are now studying bird populations: bird movements, infections among bird populations, and things like that, with his work on bird nests and capturing and recapturing birds, for example, and spelling out their history with infectious agents as a result.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=3228.87,3332.83"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Doctor Schaeffer, one person we haven't, either one——neither of you, have mentioned is Alan [B.] Eschenbrenner. Doctor Eschenbrenner.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=3332.83,3341.758"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSCHAEFFER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, well we——one of the disciplines which needed some bolstering up in our laboratory was pathology. We did, although Bob [Robert Emmons] Kissling did a marvelous job as a sort of an amateur pathologist, we needed somebody with more, let's say more formal training and background. And Eschenbrenner provided that. Of course, he came in rather late in our history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=3341.758,3373.534"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e He had been at Enewetak [Atoll], hadn't he? At the atom test [Ivy Mike]. Atomic test there, I believe?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=3373.534,3379.35"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSCHAEFFER:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, he wasn't——he——I'm not sure exactly, what his problem was, but he did have some physical difficulties.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=3379.35,3386.80497"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=3386.80497,3387.24051"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSCHAEFFER:\u003c/strong\u003e  I tell you I would like to take a moment to go back with an interesting anecdote about C.P. Li. You asked specifically about him. One of C.P. Li's problems was English, the use of the language——speaking. People had trouble understanding him, and so I offered to help him polish up his English. And he would come to my office during lunch hour with a sandwich and tea, and I would have my sandwich, and we would have our lunch, and practice English. Well, this went on for some months. One day his wife came in as we were finishing our little session: \"Well, Doctor Schaeffer, how is C.P. doing with his English?\" Oh I said, \"I don't know. It's going very hard, I don't know whether I'll ever teach him.\" She said, \"Oh, now, don't fret, don't worry about it, he can't speak Chinese either.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=3387.24051,3450.83"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e One of his competencies was not driving either.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=3450.83,3453.878"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSCHAEFFER:\u003c/strong\u003e And driving. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=3453.878,3455.18267"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e No [laughs].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=3455.18267,3456.00274"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSCHAEFFER:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Actually, when we brought him down from——to Atlanta, from Washington [DC] to Montgomery [Alabama] from Washington [DC]. I had to go up to Washington [DC] and get his car and drive it down to Montgomery [Alabama].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=3456.00274,3468.84009"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e I think——","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=3468.84009,3469.524"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e You——","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=3469.524,3469.534"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Excuse me Earl.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=3469.534,3470.142"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e I was going to say, you remember how we used to hold our breaths when he'd go out onto the highway because he'd look to the right and then he'd look to the left, and then he'd start driving. Whether a car was coming or not. He had done what he should do. That was look to the right and look to the left.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=3470.142,3486.69"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e I'd like to——I hate to cut this out, it's been a real pleasure, the joint session as well as the individual sessions, but I think our time is up. And I'd like to say again, I very much appreciate you all coming and contributing to the oral history. Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=3486.69,3500.946"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eSCHAEFFER:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you, Jim.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=3500.946,3501.85"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eARNOLD:\u003c/strong\u003e It's been a pleasure being here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468#t=3501.85,3503.01"}]},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132651/file/247468/transcript/68940/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/068/940/original/transcript_1730158372.vtt20241028-70336-fez674.vtt20241028-70336-fez674?1730158372","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/068/940/original/transcript_1730158372.vtt20241028-70336-fez674.vtt20241028-70336-fez674?1730158372"}]}]}]}