{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/xs5j96247s/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Goodwin, Melvin H."]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]}},{"label":{"en":["Rights Statement"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights to the interviews, including but not restricted to legal title, copyrights, and literary property rights, have been transferred to the David J. Sencer CDC Museum. Interviews may only be reproduced with permission from the David J. Sencer CDC Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},{"label":{"en":["Agent"]},"value":{"en":["Melvin H. Goodwin (Interviewee)","James \"Jim\" G. Paine (Interviewer)","Marion Brooke (Interviewer)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Date"]},"value":{"en":["1983-06-15 (Created)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Language"]},"value":{"en":["English"]}},{"label":{"en":["Description"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eDr. Melvin H. Goodwin, an epidemiologist with the US Public Health Service [USPHS], describes the beginnings of CDC and Malaria Control in War Areas [MCWA] and his roles in each organization. Interviewed by James \"Jim\" G. Paine and Dr. Marion Brooke.\u003c/p\u003e (Summary)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Format"]},"value":{"en":["Video"]}},{"label":{"en":["Relation"]},"value":{"en":["CDC Museum Oral History Collection: Malaria (is part of)"]}},{"label":{"en":["Type"]},"value":{"en":["Oral History"]}}],"summary":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eDr. Melvin H. Goodwin, an epidemiologist with the US Public Health Service [USPHS], describes the beginnings of CDC and Malaria Control in War Areas [MCWA] and his roles in each organization. Interviewed by James \"Jim\" G. Paine and Dr. Marion Brooke.\u003c/p\u003e"]},"requiredStatement":{"label":{"en":["Attribution"]},"value":{"en":["\u003cp\u003eAll rights to the interviews, including but not restricted to legal title, copyrights, and literary property rights, have been transferred to the David J. Sencer CDC Museum. Interviews may only be reproduced with permission from the David J. Sencer CDC Museum.\u003c/p\u003e"]}},"provider":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/aboutus","type":"Agent","label":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]},"homepage":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/","type":"Text","label":{"en":["David J. Sencer CDC Museum"]},"format":"text/html"}],"logo":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","type":"Image"}]}],"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/247/441/small/1722773405_19830615_Goodwin_Melvin_H_faststart_1722773416.jpg?1722759017","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 1 of 6 - 19830615_Goodwin_Melvin_H_faststart.mp4"]},"duration":3451.252,"width":640,"height":360,"thumbnail":[{"id":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/collection_resource_files/thumbnails/000/247/441/small/1722773405_19830615_Goodwin_Melvin_H_faststart_1722773416.jpg?1722759017","type":"Image","format":"image/jpeg"}],"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/content/1","type":"AnnotationPage","items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/content/1/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"painting","body":{"id":"https://aviary-p-globalhealthchronicles.s3.wasabisys.com/collection_resource_files/resource_files/000/247/441/original/19830615_Goodwin_Melvin_H_faststart.mp4?1722773384","type":"Video","format":"video/mp4","duration":3451.252,"width":640,"height":360},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441","metadata":[]}]}],"annotations":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["[AssemblyAI Transcript] 19830615 Goodwin, Melvin H. [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/1","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, Jim [James G.] Paine and I [Marion M. Brooke] are very glad that you [Melvin Goodwin] could come by CDC [Centers for Disease Control and Prevention] and talk a little bit about the history of this organization. You and I go back to old college days at Emory [University], but I remember in 1939 when I was in graduate school, Doctor Justin Andrews, who later became one of the directors of CDC and I visited various places in Georgia. He was at that time the director, I guess, of malaria and hookworm control here in Georgia. But we went by the Emory Field Station down at Baker, I guess at Newton, and you were director of that. And later that became a very integral part of some of the activities of CDC. Could you tell us about the, that old Baker Field Station and its relationship to CDC?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=36.32,85.81"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/2","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, those were indeed memorable days. You might recall that you arrived about the time a new guestbook did, and you [were] on line number one of the guestbook of the Emory University Field Station. And I recall the visit of you and Justin Andrews very well. That activity, as you indicate, was sponsored by Emory University and was an outgrowth of work that had been done on malaria prophylaxis when atabrine [mepacrine, quinacrine] first became available and was being practiced on an experimental basis, as a possible substitute for drainage and other mosquito control activities. The unique thing about the Emory Field Station in those days was, of course, the broad approach to the epidemiology of malaria, including detailed studies of mosquito bionomics, which later became very significant in the later MCWA [Malaria Control in War Areas] CDC operations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=85.81,146.41"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/3","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, was the Emory Field Station actually a joint activity between Emory and CDC in the later days?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=146.41,158.034"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/4","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e It became so later at the time that it started, it was strictly an Emory operation, supported specifically by Mister Robert Woodruff, who, of course, has a long history of interest in Emory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=158.034,175.45"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/5","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e What dates on that field station, do you recall? Well, when it was organized and maybe when it became part of CDC, roughly?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=175.45,185.9"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, very roughly. It was organized in 1938, and CDC's participation began in 1944.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=185.9,199.06"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e I wonder if you could tell us a little bit about the organization of CDC in that forty-three, forty-four period.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=199.06,209.34"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, CDC had been in operation first as Mosquito Control in Defense Areas was the first name, and then the next label was Malaria Control in Defense Areas. And then after the United States became actively involved in conflict, it was changed to Malaria Control in War Areas [MCWA]. And this program was instigated and grew out of an agreement between the surgeons, surgeon generals of the Army and Navy in the Public Health Service, whereby the Public Health Service was responsible for all of the malaria activities in extra-cantonment areas to augment the work that the military was doing inside of the reservations. And the primary thrust of control was to protect the trainees that were from, of course, many parts of the country and not accustomed to indigenous malaria, against the possibilities of malaria transmission in endemic, malarious areas in the country.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=209.34,277.46"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e And you were in the entomology?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=277.46,279.58"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e When I came to CDC, to MCWA, I was first in the Entomology Division under Doctor George Bradley.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=279.58,289.7"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e What was the thrust of the Entomology Division, basically?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=289.7,294.26"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, the operations in those days were, of course, conducted [under] direct supervision of the states in collaboration with the various state health departments. Each state program had a state director for the Malaria Control and War Areas Program. And the internal structure, the logistics structure, was that each state had a state entomologist and a state engineer that were responsible for the direct operations. The entomologists were responsible for detecting the mosquito breeding places, the engineers responsible for the control in very simplistic terms. And, of course, the CDC——the MCWA headquarters were responsible for development of policies and general surveillance of the operational activities.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=294.26,347.33"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e And these were for the malaria mosquitoes, or the malaria and Aedes [mosquito genus] and Dengue [fever] or——","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=347.33,355.52"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, it got to be a rather broad program very quickly. At first, the primary target was the Anopheles mosquitoes that transmitted malaria. Then later on, the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes were involved because of their potential for transmitting yellow fever and Dengue [fever]. And actually, some work was done on other insects, too, of a pestiferous nature, like the Dog Fly Control Program in Florida.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=355.52,384.64"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e And what were the methods of control actually employed in that era?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=384.64,389.168"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, in terms of our modern techniques, they seem very primitive.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=389.168,394.512"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e Fly swatter for one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=394.512,395.536"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Fly swatter for one [laughs]. And the principal methods that were employed on a large scale were drainage of mosquito breeding places or larviciding to kill the mosquito larvae. The points of intervention at that time were rather limited. The thrust was to destroy the mosquitoes that transmitted malaria. And there was some augmentation in places with prophylactic drugs. But this was not really a prominent part in civilian operations in those days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=395.536,429.622"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Had we gotten into airplane dusting at that time?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=429.622,432.7"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, there was some, and had been for some time, against primarily salt marsh mosquitoes, mainly the pestiferous varieties. But in the rice fields of Arkansas, for example, and in certain of the TVA [Tennessee Valley Authority] developments, the airplane was used to a considerable extent in larvicing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=432.7,452.66"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Was this the Paris green, pyrethum era?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=452.66,455.654"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Primarily, the Paris green was distributed by aircraft.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=455.654,462.18"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e I believe that in that area, there was also some work done with the spraying, actually, perhaps manual spraying inside airplanes in areas going from mosquito areas to non-infected areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=462.18,477.244"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e That's true. This was part of the international quarantine, the theory being that infected mosquitoes could be on board aircraft when they landed in areas where malaria was prevalent. And the idea was to dis-insecticize the aircraft during flight so that if there were any mosquitoes on board, they would be destroyed. Bear in mind that many things were developing at this time. At first, there was just the hand spray gun that was used. So, as Marion [Brooke] says, the fly swatter. But as aerosols became developed that would propel insecticides, then we had these weird little canisters that we used to spray the insecticide in aircraft. And of course, they later became very sophisticated with different types of propellant systems. They were effective in a limited area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=477.244,531.68"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e This is when the stewardess used to walk down the aisle spraying the whole aircraft.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=531.68,536.792"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Exactly.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=536.792,538.8"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e I can't recall whether that was coming into the United States or was it within the United States did they do it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=538.8,546.44"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, it was used both, but to a greater extent on intercontinental flights. But of course, the flights from Key West and from coastal areas where it was generally sprayed in flight, even though they were domestic flights.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=546.44,564.53"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e The makeup of the workforce from the MCWA to the present time at CDC has considerably changed, and I wonder if you would care to comment about the makeup of the workforce in that forty-two, forty-three era here.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=564.53,581.058"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, in summary, it was a labor-intensive force. There was no question about that, because the destruction of mosquito breeding habitats was the main thrust of that program. And of course, this involved ditching drainage, filling, concrete lining of drainageways, of course, the application of the insecticides. So, a lot of the work was hand labor. And some work was done, of course, by the machinery that was developed for earth moving at that time.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=581.058,613.44"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e Actually, those people were not employees of MCWA. Weren't they employees of the state?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=613.44,618.91"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e They were employees of the state, but they did have civil service appointments and they were paid by——from federal funds through MCWA.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=618.91,627.918"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e And that was also a period of a good many engineers, I believe.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=627.918,632.526"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, the engineers like to drain things, and of course, this was one of their——the big objectives in those areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=632.526,640.35"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e But as far as the staff here at, in Atlanta, in headquarters, which was down in volunteer building, wasn't it, in those early days?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=640.35,648.862"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, and of course, this was a very small operation at the time that I joined the staff. All of the activities were in a part of one floor of the volunteer building. You couldn't, you could have gotten the whole staff in one corner of the cafeteria down here and still had room to rattle around in. Generally, it was organized in, I think, four major divisions, an Engineering Division, Entomology Division, Medical Division and Training Division. And those things did exactly what the names imply.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=648.862,683.04"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e But actually, the headquarters staff of MCWA was made up primarily of professional and secretarial and staff like that, rather than the——","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=683.04,694.49"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right, yes. And a rather sophisticated staff, too. As you recall, this was really the first, if one of the first, at least, of the large operational programs that the Public Health Service ever did undertake in terms of domestic operations, not related to foreign quarantine or some of the other activities, the marine hospital works, so forth. And it was organized as an operational program working through the states, as we said. But there simply wasn't the personnel in the Public Health Service at that time to man an operation like this. And while the principal leadership did come from regular Public Health Service employees, it was a tremendous effort to recruit people from academe and from other programs, in the states and other places, that did provide the central staff of the MCWA operations. Men like Stan Freeborn, for example, and Bob [Robert Leslie] Usinger, Jack Henderson and others came from academe to the program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=694.49,767.12"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e I guess as we progress along chronologically, we're getting to the DDT [dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane] era. Could you tell us a little bit about that, and point to some sort of a date here?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=767.12,779.72"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, the dating might be a little bit difficult. It was sometime in 1944, perhaps a little bit earlier, as I recall, that DDT first became available. It's interesting how the concept of malaria control certainly suddenly changed as the potential of this new insecticide became available and became apparent. As we indicated a moment ago, when the attack is directed against malaria vectors in the larval stages, we are concerned with draining all of outdoors, at least all of the places that——where malaria carrying mosquitoes can breed or by poisoning the waters to destroy the larvae. But with DDT, it had residual properties, as you know, that when walls were sprayed with this insecticide, an insect that would light on those surfaces would be killed over a period of several months, so that now the effort could be directed towards a very small segment of the mosquito population, the only segment that was capable of transmitting malaria. And these would be the mosquitoes that had fed on people who did harbor the malaria parasites. Then, after the mosquito fed, was engorged with blood and of course, heavy, the insects would go to a surface to rest and digest the blood. And this required a matter of several hours. If this surface was covered with a residual insecticide, obviously the insect would be destroyed, so that now, instead of dealing with the total population, you were dealing with a very infinitesimal segment of the population, and one that involved relatively little contribution on the part of the population being protected. In other words, there were no behavioral changes necessary, so that it was extremely exciting and effective tool and, of course, began to open up vistas of possibilities of malaria eradication throughout the world. Of course, we ran into problems with that, as you know. But that's another part of the story.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=779.72,916.47"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=916.47,916.48"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e I believe from your initial job with MCWA, you then went to the library and report section, and that was——","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=916.48,927.16"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, that. I don't know that I can date that to——too sharply for you. It must have been in 1946 or so. This was beginning of the transition period. The war was over by this time. And there were several concerns. One was what was going to happen to malaria in the United States that had been suppressed to a very low level at that time. What would happen when the returning servicemen came back carrying malaria parasites? How much potential was there for malaria transmission if these——this group of infected people, a large number of infected people returned to this country who had been not treated or inadequately treated while they were overseas? And the thrust of the MCWA Program as part of the transition to the Communicable Disease Center [CDC] was to expand services that had been needed in connection with the, with the Malaria Control in War Areas Program, primarily in the area of laboratory services and parasitology. Doing——examining blood films and in certain immunologic studies like precipitant tests that would identify the source of blood meal for mosquitoes. And also, in the technical development area in improving equipment for distributing insecticides, particularly as DDT came along, of the specialized equipment that was necessary then for more precise dispersal insecticide because it was necessary to put a measured quantity of material on these surfaces that was sprayed with residual materials. And concurrently with those changes, of course, was the increase in the training activities. As more communicable diseases were involved and as needs developed for a larger cadre of trained personnel and particularly people that were trained in the specific concepts that were emerging during the early CDC days.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=927.16,1064.72"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e I guess this was the start of the editorial business and also the start of the CDC Library. Would you comment on both of those?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1064.72,1075.38"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. The Library and Reports Division. It had different names at the beginning, of course, had the responsibility of clearing and preparing reports. There was a tremendous amount of operational data that were developed during these programs. And obviously there was interest in just how the project was going in terms of operational techniques, how much insecticide has been developed, how many lines——miles of ditches have been dug, all of the dust raising activities we like to talk about in terms of operational details. And then we got sophisticated somewhere along the line and said, well, we ought to be measuring the end point of this. How much are we reducing malaria? How much malaria is being prevented? And, of course, that's where the evaluative techniques came into, came into play. Then, of course, this being the type of staff that it was, they recorded their observations, they published scientific papers, they were contributing to the literature, and all of these had to be processed, course, through the usual government channel. So, the Library and Reports Division was essentially one of the conduits that information reached the public. Also had the responsibility, of course, for developing training materials that were used internally to train personnel. And we had some pretty sophisticated people on board back in those days. You remember Doctor [Robert Leslie] Usinger from the University of California, very accomplished entomologist that worked there for a number of years, and Doctor Richard Dagger, who later became dean of the School of Public Health at Harvard. So, there were quite an established, well recognized staff.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1075.38,1191.564"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Now, when was the CDC Library really established, and who was the first librarian? Maybe I should——","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1191.564,1199.012"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I guess the CDC Library was first established when we began to round up all the books that had been purchased by the MCWA and CDC operations and put them in a bookcase.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1199.012,1213.93816"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e [Laughs]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1213.93816,1213.94816"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e And the first librarian was a fellow named William Hayford that had the responsibility of maintaining custody of these things. And as the bookcase was outgrown, they put shelves against the wall, and pretty soon this became inadequate. So, at that time that we really have a need for highly qualified librarian, and at that time, Nell Barmore was employed as the first CDC librarian.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1213.94816,1241.26"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e Seemed like that library was set up one time at the Baptist building in a great big room that had been used as some sort of a vault. I can't remember the reason why the Baptist building had a vault, but it was a real strong place. Do you remember that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1241.26,1260.468"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I do. Well, I don't know why it acquired that room unless it was because nobody else wanted it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1260.468,1267.79477"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e Yeah, no air.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1267.79477,1268.49627"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e It may be that it had no windows, so you could have a lot of wall space. But at that time, of course, that one floor, part of one floor of the Baptist building housed the Library and Reports Division and also the entire laboratory.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1268.49627,1284.28"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e Staff, which at that time was parasitology.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1284.28,1288.68"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1288.68,1289.528"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e You know that well, I guess sometime in forty-seven also you became chief of the malaria investigation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1289.528,1300.97"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. That had to do with, again with the transition of the fact that the future of malaria in this country was uncertain. As we indicated a moment ago, it had been suppressed to a relatively low level. But while we be [unintelligible] confident for a lot of these things, probably malaria was on the decline long before the impact of MCWA or CDC was felt to the fullest. Although certainly the decline of malaria in this country was accelerated by the activities of both of those programs. The question arose as what was going to happen when these servicemen came back that we mentioned a moment ago carrying malaria parasites. So, it was decided that surveillance program should be developed in areas where malaria had been highly endemic. And the ones that were selected were the rice growing areas of Arkansas. The station was located at Helena, the Santee Cooper reservoir in South Carolina, which was probably the place where the last endemic malaria was transmitted in the United States. Another state, another surveillance station, was located in Newton, Georgia, before and then we also had a station in Puerto Rico, where there were special problems with an entirely different type of malaria vector there. So, these four stations did collect blood films. They maintained some notions of how mosquitoes, how many——what the density of mosquitoes was and whether or not the mosquitoes were infected with malaria by periodic dissections of the mosquitoes they caught that were engorged with blood. And, of course, this is one of the places where the precipitant test was extremely useful. You determine what proportion of the population was feeding on mosquitoes, on man, and what was feeding on horses and pigs and chickens and other things. Incidentally, it's interesting that there were outbreaks of malaria attributing to return servicemen, but for the most part, these occurred outside of the malarious areas, in places like California. I remember with one outbreak and there were others, none very large. And of course, so far as we know, most of them were quickly detected and the association with returning servicemen established early. But there was no resurgence of endemic malaria in the country as a result of the servicemen coming back.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1300.97,1463.6"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Were your offices in the field or at headquarters during this period? Peachtree-Baker Building?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1463.6,1469.32"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Well, I was here from forty-four until forty-seven. And then when the Malaria Investigations Program was activated, I went back to the Baker County Station. I had been working at the Baker County Station and in Atlanta [Georgia] during a period of about a year and a half there, after CDC, MCWA, rather, reopened the station with, in collaboration, with Emory because the data on the habits of adult mosquitoes were needed in connection with our work on DDT that was being then put on an operational basis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1469.32,1512.27"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e I think this perhaps gets almost to the time when you got your doctorate, and I was always impressed with the fact that you were able to do that. Early in CDC, there was really a feeling among the people in charge of the big sections that they could go out and employ people with certain talents, and there's no need to develop competence of the staff. But I remember May Melvin when she went off for her doctorate she had to resign and she was gone for two years. You were one of the successful ones. So how did you do it? During what period was that?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1512.27,1554.984"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, obviously other people did it for me because they gave me permission to do these things. When I came back to Atlanta in 1953 having, well, there were reorganizations that took place then. It was apparent then that we no longer needed to maintain the malaria stations for the purpose of surveillance of malaria, because at that time it was fairly obvious that the transmission of indigenous malaria in this country was very unlikely. So, I came back at the time of the reorganizations to go into the Technology Branch where I headed the research portion of that program. And that did give me an opportunity, with the permission and the encouragement of Doctor [Samuel \"Sib\"] Simmons and Doctor [Theodore \"Ted\" J.] Bauer at that time, to continue my work at Emory. So that for the next two years I did part time work on my doctoral program there. And then I had an academic assignment for one quarter to finish up my thesis and my dissertation and complete my work there. But I'd say the attitude was one of great encouragement as far as I was concerned. But I completely understand what you're saying that the training efforts that, for a while there, seemed to center on simply in-service training. That was actually before the training opportunities opened up to the state health departments and to others concerned with disease control. But from a standpoint of efficiency, of course, it seems to me it's far, far better to provide outside academic training to people who have the conceptual philosophy of the organization than it is to get you people who are more set in the ways with their, with their professional didactic training and then bring them in to indoctrinate them into these conceptual——","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1554.984,1681.7"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e It took a few years to develop that sort of attitude here at CDC, I think.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1681.7,1686.844"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e But it came about eventually, and some outstanding people have been trained——","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1686.844,1692.82343"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1692.82343,1693.15562"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e ——through CDC.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1693.15562,1693.82"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e The issue was still with malaria investigation when the Korean War caused the resurgence of malaria.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1693.82,1702.99"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes. Now, the resurgence was primarily due to, this time, to the importation of persons with malaria. And there were a few instances and that in, after that police action that resulted in some indigenous transmission of malaria where there were secondary cases following——I think one of the outstanding ones was a group of campfire girls that were camping around a lake in California. And fifteen or sixteen of these girls developed malaria when they returned. And after a great deal of epidemiologic work, it was found out that two weeks prior to the girls camping in the area, a returned veteran from Korea had been camping in the area. He was proven to have had malaria. And presumably these people acquired their malaria as a result of infected mosquitoes that became infected as a result of feeding on the returned service person.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1702.99,1766.96"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e You mentioned the Technology Branch a moment ago, and you came back, or went with the Technology Branch as deputy chief or——","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1766.96,1779.72977"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Assistant chief.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1779.72977,1781.18149"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e ———assistant chief. And now the laboratory in Savannah [Georgia] which was called technical something laboratory predates actually technology, doesn't it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1781.18149,1788.924"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Right, it does. That was the Technical Development Laboratories, and that was a separate organizational entity. Doctor Sib, Samuel Simmons, who was director of the Technical Development Laboratory, became director of the Technology Branch, chief of the Technology Branch, and that combined several previous activities of the Epidemiology——the Entomology Branch. For example, the malaria investigation section was the personnel from that program came into the Technology Branch, as well as all of the representatives from CDC and the regional office.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1788.924,1828.8"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e Mel, it might be well to point out you mentioned the Technology Branch in those days, a branch was a very large segment of CDC, wasn't it?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1828.8,1839.776"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. I really can't give you any parallel in existing organization structure, but that was the organizational level immediately under the office of the chief.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1839.776,1852.592"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e See, actually, in those days, the CDC was a division, wasn't it? And the bureau was in Washington. It was the——","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1852.592,1863.826"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, it vacillated around there, as we mentioned a while ago. There was a Library and Reports Division at that time. And what the hierarchy was for the division and branches, as they probably switched positions there, can't really deal with. But the Technical Development Laboratories was on the level of the Epidemiology Branch, and those were the two of the elements that were combined into the new Technology Branch, the Technical Development Laboratories and Epidemiology Branch. And then the sections, the malaria investigation section was one of those brought into the branch. This has been a long time ago. My memory might be, might fail me on several points here, but nevertheless, there were some programmatic changes as well as organizational changes that occurred at that time. So that the Technical Development Lab became part of the Technology Branch. And there were a number of other functions that were brought in at the same time. There were generally two main program activities: one was the Operations Division, in which Don Schlichman headed, and the other the research division, which not a division in an organizational sense, but research activities that I headed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1863.826,1948.37"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e You mentioned the Epidemiology [Branch] becoming a part of Technology [Branch], and you also mentioned the Equipment [Technical] Development [Lab] is being now part of Technology [Branch].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1948.37,1959.29"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e I misspoke there. It was the Entomology [Branch]——","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1959.29,1961.674"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, the Entomology [Branch], I'm sorry.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1961.674,1962.954"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e ———became part of the Technology Branch.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1962.954,1965.85928"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Oh, I see.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1965.85928,1968.57591"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e At that time of course, the Epidemiology Division under Alex [Alexander Duncan] Langmuir was just beginning its ascendancy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1968.57591,1973.33"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e And so, you did get involved in not only equipment development, but investigation and control measures?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1973.33,1982.482"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. And, of course, at this time, the scope of work had been expanded considerably. For example, CDC had acquired the plague laboratory in San Francisco [California]. There was considerable work being done on arthropod borne encephalitides at several locations in the country. The enteric disease programs were developing, one at Thomasville, Georgia, and one at the activities in Louisiana, and also in New Mexico, and later in Prestonsburg, Kentucky, so that the scope of work had been greatly expanded at this time and did embrace many other communicable diseases, in addition to malaria, of course.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=1982.482,2027.74"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e I believe you left technology in 1957 to go to the Phoenix Field station. Were you the first chief? Did you originate that field [station]?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2027.74,2041.944"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Actually, the Phoenix Field Station operated under the Technology Branch. It was a station of the Technology Branch, and it was actually a consolidation of several programs in the Communicable Disease Center. And I was just trying to think of whether there were any activities involved outside of the Technology Branch. But the Public Health Service had been engaged in work on enteric diseases, primarily the infectious diarrheal diseases of entrance, for many years. Work that was started by Albert [V.] Hardy and Jim [James] Watt many years ago under the National Institutes of Health [NIH], and then the work in Thomasville [Georgia] concerned primarily with fly control, as they were significant as victus of enteric pathogens. Then the work at Prestonsburg, Kentucky, was also related to diarrheal diseases. At that point, diarrheal diseases were the second leading cause of infant deaths among the infectious diseases in this country. The infant death rate was extremely high, and amongst certain populations, principally the American Indians, in 1955, the infant mortality rate was like seventy per thousand live births, compared to a national average of around twenty. So, it was extremely important disease locally. The idea of the Phoenix Station was that for the first time, we would bring together all of the competence that was necessary to address this entire problem. We would have virologists, bacteriologists, nutritionists, and epidemiologists working in the same lab with the same population. And the reason Phoenix [Arizonia] was selected was because of the discrete populations that were available there, that things just didn't seem to coalesce you had pretty good chance of looking at a population, developing control measures, field testing them, evaluating them, without interference with what going on in adjacent geographic areas or among populations that are inhabiting the same area. So a great deal of the work there did involve working with American Indians, as well as with the migrant laborers and other Indigenous populations, too.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2041.944,2187.44"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e There was one time, at one time, a concept of a Western CDC was that part of the——parts and parcel of the, of the Phoenix Station?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2187.44,2200.14"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I'm sure it was. There were many, many rumors that circulated at those times as we looked at the expanse of the country and the necessity of regrouping in some sort of different administrative structure. But it really, it didn't come to pass in quite that form that the Phoenix Station operated——what you would call it, the lead station, or my responsibilities was extended to work in other parts of places, too. The Plague Lab was one.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2200.14,2233.24"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e This was in San Francisco [California].","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2233.24,2234.632"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. And the Encephalitis Lab at Taunton, Massachusetts, and also the residual work that was going on in Puerto Rico. I don't know why Puerto Rico was more convenient to Phoenix [Arizonia] than Atlanta [Georgia], but nevertheless, that was part of the administrative arrangement.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2234.632,2250.808"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Was Fort Collins [Colorado] in this arena, too?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2250.808,2254.512"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Fort Collins, no, the encephalitis———the western encephalitis work was set up a little bit differently. It had several operations of its own, and the work in Logan, Utah, was transferred to Fort Collins, Colorado, somewhere along the line because of the———well, there were many factors, but the association of the School of Veterinary Medicine there and other opportunities that need to be in the Colorado area.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2254.512,2286.34"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Now, the Phoenix Field Station started off as a small, in a small way and I believe uptown, and eventually had its own lab, new building and lab.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2286.34,2295.036"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. Prior to the consolidation of the enteric disease work in one location, the Phoenix Lab had been concerned principally with various types of fly control activities. And one of the things that were done at the Phoenix Station, prior to the development of the Phoenix Laboratories, was the various methods of fly control on several of the towns where they had very severe sanitational problems. And this, of course, was another thing that was generated with the advent of DDT, where it became more effective to control domestic flies with DDT than other insecticides. That's where we began to get in trouble with insecticide resistance and with DDT in the food chain and all those other things that came to pass later on that finally resulted in banning DDT for domestic use. Had we used it only as a residual insecticide, we would never have been in that trouble.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2295.036,2362.13"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e The new station, or the station that's now in existence for Phoenix, was built——was open to when?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2362.13,2371.40924"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e 1963.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2371.40924,2371.73483"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e 1963.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2371.73483,2372.386"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e And this was principally because they enlarged a main thoroughfare in Phoenix [Arizonia] and were going to demolish the building the laboratory was, had to move out ahead of the bulldozers. But of course, the program changed considerably in that time, too. We might——mentioned a moment ago the infant death rate, about seventy among the Indian population that eventually was reduced. It was below the average for the country as a whole.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2372.386,2407.52"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e Goodness.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2407.52,2409.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Not because of the work that was done at the field station, necessarily many other things which taking place at the same time, but we were able to pretty well articulate the epidemiology of enteric diseases so that more effective measures could be applied for control. Including many things, environmental sanitation, the provision of water supplies, and adequate sewage disposal systems, more knowledge of the significance of preventing serious dehydration. So, it was a combination of factors, as they usually are in any effective disease control program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2409.0,2450.36"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e Could you maybe just give us some impressions of some of the people back in the early days? How about Trevig Stubbs? Did you know him?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2450.36,2462.624"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I knew Trevik very well. He was assistant dean at the Emory Medical School——","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2462.624,2468.87"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e That was later.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2468.87,2473.47"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't recall the dates, but he was involved at that time with the Emory Field Station. In fact, one of his administrative responsibilities was to direct the activities down there after he left the Public Health Service and when he came to Emory. But during his association with MCWA, he was, at one time, chief of the Medical Division. And the Medical Division at that time was, I guess, represented the principal epidemiologic competence that the program had. And of course, he was deeply involved in identifying these places where malaria persisted. He was responsible for investigating any unusual outbreaks of malaria. But my recollection is that before the transition to CDC, he was———he had left the Public Health Service, had he not?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2473.47,2539.606"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e Yes, I think he left in about, I don't know, maybe thirty——forty-eight, forty-nine, something like that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2539.606,2546.64"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e That sounds reasonable.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2546.64,2548.464"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e Right. How about Jim [James] Terrell?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2548.464,2551.2"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I worked with Jim very closely. Actually, Jim and I shared quarters down at the——what was the building on Lucky Street?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2551.2,2562.68"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Ginn Building.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2562.68,2563.904"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e The Ginn Building, yes. Jim was in the Training Division. He worked with Ellis [S.] Tisdale for a while, and he was responsible for development of quite a bit of the material on logistics of engineering operations related to malaria control.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2563.904,2582.85"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e Was he essentially the administrative officer of the Training Branch or——","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2582.85,2590.61"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e I believe so. I believe he was the exec in that role somewhere. Jim was a pretty ambitious fellow that was very competent in many areas. So he was deeply involved in many of the technical details of that training branch operation.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2590.61,2610.48"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e The thing I remember about him when he was in that role, I guess, of kind of executive officer, was the———if you wanted, things were so difficult to get in those, those days with the war just being over, that if you needed one refrigerator, he would tell you to order three.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2610.48,2634.77167"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Then you'd have a good chance at getting it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2634.77167,2637.27167"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e Because he recognized it would grow and also be difficult in getting them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2637.27167,2640.27167"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2640.27167,2641.18833"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, I know we've talked about a lot of different things that are particular interest from the standpoint of the chronology of the history here, are there any particular aspects or periods off time that were most exciting to you that you'd like to tell us about as far as your remembrance of CDC and MCWA?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2641.18833,2665.48"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, there were many exciting periods and times, of course when the Malaria Control in War Areas Program got underway, of course this was the pressure of the wartime activities, and we were working six days a week or as many days as it took to do things, but those were primarily organizational and logistic things. I think the key factor in retrospect that was responsible to a great extent for building the reputation and efficiency of MCWA was a fact that we mentioned earlier, the recruitment of people from outside of the Public Health Service. There just weren't enough people within the Public Health Service at that time, particularly to man an operational program like this. And in bringing these academicians and others in, they brought in not only people who were experiencing the technological aspects of the problems that needed to be dealt with in malaria control, but very inquisitive research people that were going to glean a lot from just the routine operations. Also, the fact that this was a new, very largely a group of new people, who were not accustomed to working together. They had no rigid lines of responsibility, no turf to maintain. They were cooperative to a remarkable degree. And if you think about malaria and all the disciplines that it takes to deal effectively with this problem, as we have indicated earlier, the engineers, the biologists, the physicians, and all of the rest of them, to say nothing of the administrative talent it takes to put an organization like that together and keep it operating. It was really a unique structure with people that were perfectly willing to take the challenge and approach this problem. And I think that if I had to identify one general contribution, one particularly exciting period, at least for me, to be in the Library and Reports Division, which was obviously the conduit for much of the reports and much of the dissemination of information in both directions, both to the staff and to the publications and to the Washington headquarters and our congressional leadership and whatnot. We handled an enormous amount of paper, as our judge is still being handled. But it did reflect, and it was obvious at the time that this was an unusual team, one that the Public Health Service had not really assembled before. And I'm sure that the awareness of the, the work that this team was capable of doing led to the desire to apply the same conceptual approach to the control of other diseases. And that, of course, led to thinking of the Communicable Disease Center, which embraced a whole variety of other activities. And as you remember well, there were a lot of collateral things that occurred here that, well, it's all right to talk about these things, but where are our diagnostic competence? It's what our state labs look like? If we're going to do a good job at the national level, we've got to be a national resource for training laboratory people. And the same was true of other disciplines. Of course. It was associated with the broad scope of disease control that was undertaken at that time. And to be able to see this transition taking place not in a smooth fashion, it was pretty lurchy at times, as you recall. There were a lot of bumps and a lot of concerns about survival. But it did finally evolve, as evidenced by where we are, that this was a tenable concept and it was a workable one. And, of course, before Justin Andrews left as director, he had proposed at that time that the name of the center be changed to the Center for Preventable Diseases instead of [Center for] Communicable Diseases. And then, of course, the concepts got even broader than that later on, and now we're the Centers for Disease Control. So, I think that this stepwise evolutionary process, like any other evolutionary process, was not planned, but it certainly did adapt to circumstances and ended up by being a very useful organism in the, the analysis.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2665.48,2947.27"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e I wonder, we touched on it briefly, but I wonder if you would sort of give us a feel for the change in the concept at the Phoenix Field Station. I guess that determines a little bit of the change in the concepts of CDC, too, from the time you came to the time you left.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2947.27,2963.67"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, yes. We——of course, it's just like a fire department. If you've got a house on fire, the thing you do is try to put it out, and then you retrospectively inquire into why did it start? How could it be prevented? And all these other things. That when we were looking at the infant death rate that we had when the Phoenix Field Station was first opened, the obvious thing to do was to find out the precipitating causes of those deaths and, if possible, to find out some points of intervention so that they could be reduced. And I think other activities progressed pretty much the same way throughout CDC. It was the same sort of thing. The most spectacular things that have happened at CDC that required national attention have been the much publicized outbreaks of disease, like the Legionnaires' disease and others, of course. And now it's the resource that is called upon to respond to all of those efforts. At one time, I recall, it was not even easy to get invited in to take a look at them. If something had occurred in a place where there was publicity that was not desirable. Here you bring in the feds and they're going to raise a lot of fuss, but that certainly doesn't happen to the extent that it used to. But I think that the whole process of attacking first the obvious problems and then the underlying causes and then the preventive techniques is very good preventive medicine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=2963.67,3063.59"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Now here's your last opportunity. Perhaps I wonder if you have any suggestions that you would like to give the chief of CDC as to the running of the railroad.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=3063.59,3075.75"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, Jim, as you well know that in the process of doing many things right, somebody is bound to think that you've done something wrong as well. But my general impression is that the good is far outweighed the bad. And I think that the support that we've gotten from Congress and elsewhere in the Public Health Service certainly indicates that. My advice to the chief of CDC was try to take the guff and keep on with the good work.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=3075.75,3106.67"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Doctor Brooke, do you have any?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=3106.67,3108.318"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e I don't think I have any other questions. I'm sure we're going to think of many good ones after we stop this.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=3108.318,3115.59"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Do you have any final words you'd like to add?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=3115.59,3117.894"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Not any words of wisdom, necessarily, but in retrospect, it's been a very [unintelligible] experience. And the work that I'm doing now as a professor of family and community medicine, I think is being done much more effectively than it ever been done otherwise. Had I not had the twenty-three years' experience I had in CDC and its various predecessors.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=3117.894,3139.25"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e Could you give us a thumbnail sketch of what you have done following your leaving CDC or the Public Health Service? You left in what year?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=3139.25,3150.178"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e December of [19]66.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=3150.178,3152.9748"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e Sixty-six. Okay. What's happened since then, briefly?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=3152.9748,3157.53"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e Well, let me be very brief. One of the things that impressed me in working on malaria and enteric diseases, finally, in malaria, as we indicated, we could control malaria without having to change the behavioral habits of people. To attempt to control enteric diseases, you have to have a profound effect on behavioral characteristics of people. So, my conception point was that we better understand as much about human behavior and we better understand as much about the epidemiology of health as we do about the epidemiology of disease producing pathogens. And we really haven't studied the epidemiology of health to that extent. Now, if we would study the attributes of behavior in the environment that have a positive influence on health rather than just the factors that are responsible for the occurrence of disease, we'd be well on the way to really practicing public health. And now what we're doing primarily is sweeping up the debris and taking care of the problems. But I think the whole concept of approaches to positive health, promotive health, wellness, whatever name it has these days, is really one of the prime epidemiological challenges that we have, one of the public health challenges we have.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=3157.53,3240.14"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e I think Mel is one of the living examples of a good demonstration of preventive medicine, I guess, because I've always been impressed with how you lost so much weight and then kept it down. How did you do this? What's your formula? Because a lot of people around here would like to do that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=3240.14,3260.26"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e If I knew what the formula was I'd bottle it and sell it.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=3260.26,3263.376"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eBROOKE:\u003c/strong\u003e But this would be before any Weight Watchers organizations.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=3263.376,3267.544"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e That's right, that's right.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=3267.544,3269.8"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Doctor Goodwin, on behalf of Doctor Brooke and I certainly appreciate your coming and appreciate very much your talking to us and it's been very helpful for the CDC history.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=3269.8,3280.432"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003eGOODWIN:\u003c/strong\u003e It's been my great pleasure.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=3280.432,3281.616"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\u003cstrong\u003ePAINE:\u003c/strong\u003e Thank you very much.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441#t=3281.616,3283.616"}]},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951","type":"AnnotationPage","label":{"en":["English [Transcript]"]},"items":[{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/247441/transcript/68951/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"subtitling","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/068/951/original/transcript_1765559632.vtt20251212-2593616-kd3ly.vtt20251212-2593616-kd3ly?1765559632","format":"text/vtt","language":"en"},"target":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/file_transcripts/associated_files/000/068/951/original/transcript_1765559632.vtt20251212-2593616-kd3ly.vtt20251212-2593616-kd3ly?1765559632"}]}]},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2843/collection_resources/132662/file/255022","type":"Canvas","label":{"en":["Media File 2 of 6 - 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