{"@context":"http://iiif.io/api/presentation/3/context.json","id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/iiif/zw18k76t3b/manifest","type":"Manifest","label":{"en":["Jafari, Hamid"]},"logo":"https://d9jk7wjtjpu5g.cloudfront.net/organizations/logo_images/000/000/289/original/CDCM_Mark_2.1.png?1728486742","metadata":[{"label":{"en":["Source Metadata URI"]},"value":{"en":["12461"]}},{"label":{"en":["Publisher"]},"value":{"en":["David J. 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So welcome, Dr. Jafari. Thank you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=21.0,26.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/6","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for agreeing to be interviewed today for the Global Health Chronicles. My name","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=26.0,31.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/7","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is Karen Torghele, and I'll be talking with Dr. Jafari about his polio-related","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=31.0,36.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/8","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work here and overseas. So to begin, Dr. Jafari, would you please tell us a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=36.0,42.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/9","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"little bit about your background? And how you came to be involved in polio work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=42.0,48.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/10","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and came to be at CDC in the first place?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=48.0,52.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/11","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"JAFARI: So I did most of my growing up in Karachi where I was born, Pakistan,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=52.0,58.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/12","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but in fact, I did my first three grades ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=58.0,61.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/13","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nin Tehran [Iran] where my father was in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=61.0,65.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/14","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the Pakistan embassy as the Press and Cultural Attaché. I come from a family of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=65.0,72.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/15","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mostly educators. My father started his career as an educator, but he then ended","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=72.0,79.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/16","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up being quite a celebrated poet, a satirist in Pakistan and India. And so I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=79.0,86.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/17","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also went to medical school in Karachi, Sindh Medical College and graduated in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=86.0,92.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/18","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"1983, did what in the British system is known as a house job which is sort of an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=92.0,101.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/19","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"internship and I came to the U.S. in 1984, and as they say, came off the boat in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=101.0,110.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/20","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Boston. And it was a time when it was very difficult for foreign medical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=110.0,117.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/21","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"graduates to be accepted into a residency training ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=117.0,121.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/22","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nprogram. I was interested in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=121.0,123.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/23","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"training in pediatrics, but it took some time. It actually took me two and a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=123.0,130.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/24","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"half years before I could get into a residency training program. But that sort","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=130.0,136.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/25","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of turned out to be good because for the first year I worked in a basic cell","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=136.0,144.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/26","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"biology lab at St. Elizabeth's Hospital in Boston, where I learned to do basic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=144.0,150.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/27","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"science wet bench research, something I'd never done before. And that was very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=150.0,156.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/28","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting, and I learned a number of new laboratory techniques, which enabled","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=156.0,161.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/29","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"me then to get a research fellowship at Harvard Medical School at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=161.0,166.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/30","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Massachusetts] Mass General Hospital.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=166.0,168.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/31","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I worked there for a year, and it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=168.0,173.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/32","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really, again, new techniques I was learning, like cell culture and protein","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=173.0,178.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/33","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"biochemistry, and was working on ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=178.0,180.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/34","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\na growth inhibiting factor from malignant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=180.0,183.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/35","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"effusions of patients with cancer. So after these two years doing basic science","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=183.0,189.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/36","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"research in Boston, I got accepted in a residency training program at Dartmouth","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=189.0,195.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/37","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[College] and there--also what is called the national resident matching program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=195.0,200.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/38","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Somehow, that year, Dartmouth had a vacant position they were not able to match","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=200.0,207.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/39","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for. So I ended up interviewing the program director --in, actually, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=207.0,213.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/40","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"librarian of Boston University --who was, I think, doing his MPH [Master of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=213.0,219.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/41","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Public Health] at the University of Boston. So that's where I was interviewed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=219.0,225.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/42","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I was offered the job, and I accepted that sight unseen. I hadn't even gone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=225.0,232.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/43","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to Hanover to look at the hospital and the medical school, because I was quite","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=232.0,239.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/44","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"desperate to get ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=239.0,240.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/45","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ninto residency training. So the lab that I was working at Mass","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=240.0,245.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/46","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"General, they immediately threw a party. They knew that I was interested in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=245.0,250.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/47","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really looking for a residency training program, so-- and there were all of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=250.0,255.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/48","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these fellows and medical students going to Harvard [University], and for them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=255.0,260.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/49","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was obviously unimaginable that someone would accept a residency training","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=260.0,264.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/50","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program without having even looked at the hospital or the training program. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=264.0,269.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/51","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they said, \"Look\"-- a couple of them really expressed surprise that you haven't","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=269.0,274.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/52","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"even gone up to Hanover and you've accepted the position. So my mentor at Mass","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=274.0,280.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/53","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"General, he said, \"Look, he comes from a culture where they get married without","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=280.0,285.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/54","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"having seeing the bride first. This is only a residency training program.\" So it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=285.0,290.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/55","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was kind of like an arranged marriage, and it really worked out well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=290.0,295.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/56","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I learned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=295.0,296.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/57","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lot in that training program, and as I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=296.0,300.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/58","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntraining, I realized that I have a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=300.0,303.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/59","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"real interest in infectious diseases and so I was accepted in a pediatric","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=303.0,309.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/60","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infectious disease fellowship program at University of Texas Southwestern","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=309.0,313.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/61","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Medical School, which was one of the best pediatric infectious disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=313.0,318.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/62","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fellowship programs in the country. Lucky that way. So did some good research,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=318.0,324.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/63","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learned a lot of good clinical pediatric infectious diseases. Then as I got into","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=324.0,330.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/64","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"my third year -- senior year of the fellowship-- I wasn't really sure where I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=330.0,336.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/65","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would go next. And [Dr. Gregory R.] Greg Istre, EIS [Epidemic Intelligence","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=336.0,341.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/66","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Service] 1980 was at that time the state epidemiologist for Oklahoma State. He","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=341.0,347.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/67","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was changing careers and wanted to leave the administrative work. He loved","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=347.0,352.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/68","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"public health, but he said, \"Look, I am doing less and less public health and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=352.0,358.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/69","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more administration.\" So he decided to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=358.0,361.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/70","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndo a clinical infectious disease","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=361.0,363.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/71","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fellowship for a year. So as a senior fellow, I took him around, showed him the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=363.0,369.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/72","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program. We had lunch at the faculty club, and he asked me what I was planning","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=369.0,375.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/73","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do. And of course my plans were vague, other than to say I like infectious","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=375.0,381.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/74","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diseases, I like international work. And he said to me that, \"You have an EIS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=381.0,386.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/75","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"officer written all over you, but you don't know it.\" So it was actually Greg","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=386.0,391.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/76","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who got the application forms for me from CDC, and I applied. And at that time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=391.0,397.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/77","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in sort of the confusion of the next move I was interviewing with the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=397.0,402.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/78","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pharmaceutical industry -- and clearly I was very clear that I didn't want to go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=402.0,407.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/79","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there, but the options were not very clear whether I wanted to stay in academia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=407.0,412.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/80","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or try this CDC thing, you know, this EIS training program. And Greg said to me","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=412.0,418.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/81","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that those two years were the best of his ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=418.0,421.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/82","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncareer, and he assured me that I would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=421.0,425.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/83","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"find those two years the best in my career as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=425.0,430.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/84","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I applied, was called for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=430.0,433.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/85","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"an interview. I interviewed in the immunization program and meningitis and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=433.0,438.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/86","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"special pathogens here at CDC, and at the end of the interview, everybody would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=438.0,445.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/87","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ask me, \"How do you know Greg?\" So clearly, Greg had talked to all of the people","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=445.0,453.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/88","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was going to interview. So anyway, I was very fortunate. I was offered a slot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=453.0,461.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/89","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the class of '92 EIS, and so I started my training in meningitis and special","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=461.0,469.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/90","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pathogens [Dr.] Anne Schuchat was my immediate supervisor and [Dr.] Jay [D.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=469.0,475.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/91","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Wenger was the branch chief. So we started off there. And after I finished my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=475.0,482.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/92","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"EIS, I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=482.0,483.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/93","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\njoined the National Immunization Program [NIP] and Dr. Walter [A.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=483.0,485.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/94","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Orenstein was the director of that national program. And I started working on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=485.0,487.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/95","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Haemophilus influenzae type b [Hib] surveillance. In fact, I had already started","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=487.0,489.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/96","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to work on that while I was in meningitis and special pathogens branch. But I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=489.0,491.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/97","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very closely watched the debate at that time between the use of the inactivated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=491.0,493.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/98","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio vaccine [IPV] and the oral polio vaccine [OPV] in the U.S. An issue that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=493.0,495.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/99","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had gone all the way up to the debate in ACIP [Advisory Committee on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=495.0,497.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Immunization Practices], but also discussions at the Institute of Medicine. And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=497.0,499.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finally, those discussions led to U.S. going to a full inactivated polio vaccine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=499.0,501.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"schedule from the oral polio vaccine, with a transition period of '96 to 2000","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=501.0,503.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where both vaccines were being used in the infant schedule in the U.S.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=503.0,505.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=505.0,505.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked in the NIP from '94 to '96, and I saw the small sort of activity begin to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=505.0,508.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"grow which was called the polio eradication activity led by Dr. Steve [Stephen","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=508.0,510.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"L.] Cochi and his deputy Bob [Robert A.] Keegan. And at that time, I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=510.0,512.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learning that these CDC epidemiologists and Public Health Advisors were helping","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=512.0,514.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with establishing polio eradication programs in partnership with WHO [World","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=514.0,516.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Health Organization] and Rotary International. And UNICEF [United Nations","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=516.0,517.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Children's Fund] was also gradually getting on board, but these epidemiologists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=517.0,519.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were really setting up the eradication effort in Africa, in the Southeast Asia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=519.0,521.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"region that included India. Many of them worked in key countries like China. And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=521.0,523.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those two regions were considered particularly challenging. The eastern","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=523.0,524.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mediterranean region of WHO that has all of the countries of the Middle East and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=524.0,526.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"northern Africa, but also Afghanistan and Pakistan and Iran. And in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=526.0,528.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Southeast Asia region that has India, Nepal, and Indonesia, some large","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=528.0,530.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries, Bangladesh, many of these densely polio-endemic countries.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=530.0,531.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/119","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I sort","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=531.0,531.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/120","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of became interested in this. And my wife and I we discussed that maybe it would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=531.0,534.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/121","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be good to go out overseas and see what international work is like overseas. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=534.0,536.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/122","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was doing domestic immunization work here, and she agreed, and we said, \"Let's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=536.0,538.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/123","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"try it for a couple of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=538.0,539.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/124","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nyears and see where that leads.\" So I applied and was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=539.0,544.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/125","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"selected. And both Bob and Steve advised me that I should be located to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=544.0,550.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/126","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"--seconded to the Eastern Mediterranean region of WHO, and that office was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=550.0,555.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/127","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"located in Alexandria, Egypt, and it covers twenty-three countries. As I said,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=555.0,560.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/128","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"all of the Middle East, North Africa and Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Iran. And so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=560.0,566.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/129","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was selected in summer, but I volunteered for the summer Olympics in 1996. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=566.0,573.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/130","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they were very gracious. They allowed me time to work as an envoy in the Atlanta","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=573.0,580.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/131","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Olympics. So it was in September that we moved to, September '96 -- to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=580.0,586.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/132","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Alexandria, Egypt. We didn't know anybody in that city. So my wife and I and our","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=586.0,593.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/133","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"two and a half-year-old son, we landed in Alexandria, Egypt. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=593.0,597.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/134","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nI worked with that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=597.0,598.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/135","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"regional office for six years, and four years later, we moved to Cairo, and then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=598.0,602.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/136","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a year later to Pakistan--Islamabad--for almost a year. And that was a very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=602.0,606.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/137","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immense learning experience. Got to work with the government and partners in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=606.0,609.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/138","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that region. Fascinating countries, very challenging countries, and got to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=609.0,612.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/139","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really play a role in establishing polio eradication programs in some very, very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=612.0,616.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/140","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"difficult and challenging environments-- countries at war, countries with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=616.0,619.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/141","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prolonged, complex emergencies, culturally challenging countries. But then we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=619.0,622.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/142","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learned a lot about those countries and learned a lot about how to set up public","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=622.0,627.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/143","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"health programs, surveillance programs, vaccine delivery programs in such","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=627.0,630.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/144","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"settings. So that was a very good experience in that region. And we can talk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=630.0,634.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/145","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about that more when we come to specifics of polio eradication and lessons we've","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=634.0,638.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/146","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" learned.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=638.0,638.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/147","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then I came back-- in fact, we were evacuated from Pakistan. We were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=638.0,642.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/148","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"posted to Islamabad three weeks before 9/11 happened. So our household goods had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=642.0,646.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/149","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not even arrived in Islamabad, and 9/11 happened so we were evacuated. Then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=646.0,650.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/150","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're allowed back in December of 2001. And kids started going back to school,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=650.0,654.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/151","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and we were starting to settle down in our house in Islamabad. There was a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=654.0,658.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/152","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nsuicide bombing in a church in the diplomatic enclave in Islamabad, and we lost","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=658.0,661.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/153","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a staff from the U.S. Embassy and her child in that, and then Pakistan became a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=661.0,665.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/154","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"non-family duty station, so we were evacuated, and we came back to Atlanta in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=665.0,668.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/155","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mid-2002. And I came back as polio eradication branch chief. And by that time,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=668.0,671.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/156","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that small polio eradication activity had become the Global Immunization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=671.0,673.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/157","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Division [GID]. And so within that, there were two branches, and I came back as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=673.0,677.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/158","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the chief of the polio eradication branch. And then after two years, I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=677.0,680.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/159","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"selected to be the director of the division of global immunization, and so did","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=680.0,683.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/160","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that for two years, and then another itch. My wife and I--we discussed, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=683.0,686.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/161","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then we said okay, let's go out again on an overseas assignment.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=686.0,689.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/162","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And a position","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=689.0,690.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/163","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was available in the Southeast Asia regional office of WHO, to support polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=690.0,693.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/164","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eradication in the region in New Delhi. So I stepped down as division director,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=693.0,696.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/165","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and this is the interesting part. This is what I really like about CDC that you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=696.0,700.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/166","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have these options that you could be on a leadership track or you can choose to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=700.0,704.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/167","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"switch that track and go into program work. And so that's what we sort of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=704.0,708.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/168","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"decided that I step down as director of Global Immunization Division to go and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=708.0,711.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/169","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work closer to polio eradication in the Southeast Asia region. And so we arrived","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=711.0,714.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/170","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there in, again, August of 2006.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=714.0,715.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/171","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And by March of 2007, the regional director ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=715.0,717.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/172","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthen asked me to basically go and lead the polio eradication program in India.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=717.0,724.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/173","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there were some significant uncertainties about that decision. While it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=724.0,730.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/174","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"thought quite feasible that I could be posted to the regional office of WHO in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=730.0,738.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/175","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"New Delhi, India, there were some concerns that my origins being from Pakistan,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=738.0,745.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/176","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how would I be accepted in India? But the regional office, since it covers about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=745.0,753.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/177","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eleven countries, that was okay. But when I was asked to go and take up the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=753.0,761.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/178","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio eradication program in India, which was at a very intense phase-- there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=761.0,768.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/179","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a polio outbreak going on in Northern India--very visible, very public. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=768.0,775.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/180","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"government was making funding ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=775.0,777.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/181","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndecisions to put more and more of its own domestic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=777.0,782.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/182","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"resources into the eradication program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=782.0,784.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/183","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was concerned at how I will be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=784.0,788.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/184","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accepted by the Indian government, by the large project-- more than 2,000 staff,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=788.0,794.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/185","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more than 250 medical doctors from India, you know, what would that be like? And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=794.0,801.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/186","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think a couple of things were very interesting in that regard-- that I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=801.0,808.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/187","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"first seen as an expert from CDC, and it didn't matter where I came from. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=808.0,816.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/188","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think it speaks to the credibility of the agency the scientific excellence, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=816.0,822.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/189","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's what I think the government and the other technical experts in India. I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=822.0,829.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/190","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"suppose, looking at is that they knew that I was assigned to WHO ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=829.0,835.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/191","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfrom the CDC,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=835.0,837.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/192","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and that's what I think brought a great deal of credibility to my assignment","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=837.0,845.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/193","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being there in the first place. And secondly, I think it really speaks to the I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=845.0,854.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/194","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"think the sense of diversity, plurality, in India, that we had all kinds of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=854.0,862.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/195","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"challenges during the eradication program, and some very tough periods of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=862.0,868.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/196","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"negotiation and discussion with the government-- both the central government and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=868.0,874.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/197","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at the state level-- but never where I came from was an issue. It was always","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=874.0,883.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/198","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"focused on the program issues, the challenges, and such.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=883.0,888.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/199","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that turned out to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=888.0,891.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/200","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be an absolutely fantastic assignment. One that I was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=891.0,896.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/201","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nextremely anxious and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=896.0,898.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/202","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"nervous about, and just had a fantastic team, fantastic partners, very strong","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=898.0,905.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/203","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"collaboration with the government, and an outstanding public health workforce in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=905.0,912.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/204","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the National Polio Surveillance Project that I led for five years in India. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=912.0,920.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/205","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then India was, as you know, successful in stopping transmission of wild","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=920.0,927.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/206","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"poliovirus and the last case occurring in January of 2011. So in February of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=927.0,935.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/207","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"2012, we had confidence that we might have stopped transmission, because all of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=935.0,943.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/208","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the surveillance data, all the laboratory tests from cases of acute flaccid","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=943.0,950.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/209","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paralysis and environmental surveillance-- which is the sort of sewage ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=950.0,956.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/210","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n surface","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=956.0,957.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/211","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"water testing--had tested negative for a period of twelve months. So India was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=957.0,964.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/212","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"officially removed from the list of polio-endemic countries. And so one day, it","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=964.0,971.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/213","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was a Saturday evening, and I was at a dinner party with my wife, and there's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=971.0,979.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/214","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some music playing, and my cell phone rang, and I saw it was a Geneva number.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=979.0,987.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/215","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I picked up, and, of course, I had over the years had many friends working","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=987.0,995.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/216","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the polio program in WHO Geneva headquarters. So there was this lady on the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=995.0,1003.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/217","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"line, and she said, \"Hamid, this is DG calling.\" And I thought that one of my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1003.0,1011.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/218","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"colleagues was playing a prank on me, that it's unimaginable, 10:30 Saturday","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1011.0,1017.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/219","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1017.0,1018.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/220","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndirectly my phone rings. So I started saying, \"Yes, yes, all my friends","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1018.0,1023.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/221","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say that when they call me.\" So it actually did take Dr. Margaret Chan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1023.0,1028.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/222","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[Director-general of the World Health Organization] a couple of sentences to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1028.0,1032.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/223","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"convince me that it was in fact her. So I said, \"Okay, let me step out, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1032.0,1039.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/224","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"music is loud here.\" And basically, she said, \"Look, I want you to come to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1039.0,1045.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/225","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Geneva as director of polio eradication next month,\" basically. And I tried to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1045.0,1050.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/226","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"persuade her that, look, India is not out of the woods, we still have to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1050.0,1056.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/227","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"consolidate on the gains we've made. And she said, \"Look, others can do this--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1056.0,1061.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/228","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you need to come to Geneva.\"","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1061.0,1063.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/229","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So that's how I moved to Geneva in March of 2012","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1063.0,1067.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/230","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and led that program there until end of January this year. So I hope that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1067.0,1073.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/231","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"summary gives you a sense of how this has evolved.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1073.0,1077.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/232","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: It ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1077.0,1078.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/233","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndoes. That's very thorough and interesting how you got from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1078.0,1083.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/234","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"starting out in Pakistan and ended up in Geneva at the World Health","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1083.0,1090.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/235","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Organization. And in between, you were at CDC in different positions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1090.0,1096.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/236","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"JAFARI: That's right I've been with CDC for now exactly twenty-four years, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1096.0,1103.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/237","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of those twenty-four years, sixteen have been spent overseas on assignment to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1103.0,1110.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/238","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"WHO. Seconded to WHO, which has been a totally fascinating experience--to have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1110.0,1117.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/239","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the benefit of the best of the two agencies and also manage the challenges of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1117.0,1125.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/240","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the two agencies, because I think all public health agencies have their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1125.0,1132.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/241","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strengths. So it's been a very, very good experience in this regard ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1132.0,1139.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/242","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nand to have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1139.0,1141.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/243","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"worked in two regions that have two very different sets of concerns.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1141.0,1148.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/244","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The Eastern","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1148.0,1149.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/245","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Mediterranean region, in terms of population, is medium-sized, one would say 400","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1149.0,1156.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/246","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"million population, but countries like Somalia and Sudan and South Sudan used to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1156.0,1163.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/247","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"be part of that region until very recently. Afghanistan, Pakistan, Iran, Syria","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1163.0,1170.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/248","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Iraq and being able to help establish eradication programs in that region,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1170.0,1177.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/249","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the lessons learned there, and innovations in that region were very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1177.0,1184.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/250","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interesting. On the other hand, Southeast Asia region only eleven countries but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1184.0,1191.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/251","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you have the diversity of Thailand, which is a middle income, good","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1191.0,1198.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/252","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infrastructure, well-developed country and you have of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1198.0,1202.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/253","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncourse more than 25","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1202.0,1204.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/254","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"percent of the population live in these eleven countries. India 1.2 billion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1204.0,1211.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/255","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"people, Indonesia more than 250 million, then you have Nepal--and then some of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1211.0,1218.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/256","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these small countries are tiny in terms of population size, like Bhutan and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1218.0,1225.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/257","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Timor-Leste and Maldives. And there again, unique challenges particularly in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1225.0,1231.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/258","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"places like India, in particular, the population size and the density and the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1231.0,1238.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/259","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"birthrates and the conditions, very favorable for poliovirus. The virus has been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1238.0,1245.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/260","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"entrenched there for thousands of years, and the conditions were rife for its","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1245.0,1252.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/261","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survival and propagation. So important experiences and learnings.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1252.0,1256.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/262","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So when you had your training, you had your cellular ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1256.0,1262.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/263","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbiology training,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1262.0,1263.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/264","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you also had your residency, and you had your EIS training, all those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1263.0,1270.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/265","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"things. Can you talk about how the training led to what you later did, and how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1270.0,1278.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/266","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"different parts of your training led you to do the jobs you did?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1278.0,1284.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/267","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"JAFARI: I often wondered in the beginning, that this basic science work that I'm","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1284.0,1291.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/268","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doing, how is that going to work later on? I was thinking of having a career in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1291.0,1299.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/269","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clinical infectious diseases, but that evolved, as I mentioned, into really more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1299.0,1305.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/270","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"public health work and less and less clinical work. But in the end, it's all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1305.0,1312.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/271","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"connected and interrelated. And so a very important part of the eradication","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1312.0,1318.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/272","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program, of course, is laboratory surveillance and understanding laboratory ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1318.0,1322.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/273","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmethodologies and techniques. And as they evolve over time, you get a much","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1322.0,1328.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/274","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"better and clearer understanding of how the lab diagnostic methods and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1328.0,1333.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/275","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"techniques, how do they work, how to interpret the data? And as the technology","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1333.0,1340.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/276","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"evolved, you are in a better position to keep up, because you have some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1340.0,1347.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/277","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"laboratory background. So it really doesn't go to waste. In fact, it really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1347.0,1353.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/278","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"helps you understand, even understand the problems labs are having because of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1353.0,1359.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/279","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that background.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1359.0,1360.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/280","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Similarly, the clinical training for surveillance, and talking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1360.0,1364.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/281","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to your peers, pediatric associations, or convincing physicians or senior","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1364.0,1369.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/282","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"faculty to make sure that cases are reported from the institutions. It all comes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1369.0,1376.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/283","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in very, very handy to be able to have a ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1376.0,1381.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/284","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nconversation with clinicians, with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1381.0,1383.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/285","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"experts in the field because you can speak their language and you can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1383.0,1390.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/286","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"understand, and also to interpret the clinical data that comes out of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1390.0,1396.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/287","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surveillance and classification of cases. And being able to explain the merits","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1396.0,1402.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/288","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of a vaccine--the adverse events of a vaccine-- to not only your peers,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1402.0,1409.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/289","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"physicians, and doctors, but also to the community and to the public at large,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1409.0,1417.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/290","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to politicians, to policymakers. So all of this comes into great use actually.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1417.0,1424.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/291","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: You had a unique set of qualifications and skills from all of your training.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1424.0,1432.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/292","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"JAFARI: Yeah, I mean, I think what I've learned is that it's so important to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1432.0,1440.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/293","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhave--in public health. I think it's one of those in some ways almost like a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1440.0,1449.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/294","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unique career where you certainly need technical credibility of what you're","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1449.0,1455.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/295","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"doing--to have credibility to the training and the support of an agency like CDC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1455.0,1463.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/296","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where scientists are supporting your programmatic work. We've had fantastic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1463.0,1469.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/297","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"support from scientists at CDC. Particularly we've had two giants here in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1469.0,1476.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/298","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enterovirus laboratories, [Dr.] Olen Kew and [Dr.] Mark Pallansch. I learned so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1476.0,1483.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/299","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"much of polio virology from them and having their support which is directly on a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1483.0,1492.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/300","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"critical pathway to setting up laboratory surveillance network, laboratories","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1492.0,1497.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/301","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interpreting surveillance data, molecular epidemiology, sequencing of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1497.0,1501.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/302","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n poliovirus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1501.0,1502.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/303","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"genome. Tremendous work. So you need to establish that scientific credibility of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1502.0,1510.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/304","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"yourself as a leader but also the credibility that's given to you by the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1510.0,1519.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/305","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"institutions that support you in that work. So that's very important in public","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1519.0,1528.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/306","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" health.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1528.0,1529.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/307","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The other, I think which is very important, is to have the cultural and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1529.0,1538.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/308","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"diplomatic credibility. And that really comes from being able to understand","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1538.0,1545.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/309","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cultures and have the ability to understand other people's perspectives, because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1545.0,1552.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/310","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's the sort of art and diplomacy of public health, is to getting people ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1552.0,1561.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/311","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nonboard making political commitments, making financial commitments, putting in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1561.0,1565.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/312","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their technical resources into a program. And one has to have that credibility","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1565.0,1571.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/313","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"as well, where people can trust you, and you are accessible to them, and you can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1571.0,1579.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/314","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"access them. And, you know, in many parts of the world, the real business gets","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1579.0,1586.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/315","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"done over a cup of tea or on the margins of a formal meeting. So I think for our","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1586.0,1595.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/316","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"emerging public health leaders, it's not all about technical leadership. I think","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1595.0,1601.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/317","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's also about the credibility that you establish in terms of understanding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1601.0,1607.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/318","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"cultures, understanding people, being empathic, being able to see things from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1607.0,1612.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/319","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their eyes, understanding partnerships, and in the end having your personal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1612.0,1617.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/320","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"integrity, that people can trust you, people from other ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1617.0,1621.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/321","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ncultures can trust you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1621.0,1623.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/322","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So those are some of the important insights I've sort of gained in this journey.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1623.0,1631.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/323","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: You got the technical training, and we know some about that. But how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1631.0,1639.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/324","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did you learn the diplomatic skills that you had to have had?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1639.0,1646.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/325","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"JAFARI: See, partly, I mean, as I said, I grew up mostly in Pakistan, but also","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1646.0,1655.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/326","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"part of my childhood in Tehran in the early '60s. And part of it, I think, comes","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1655.0,1664.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/327","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from some of the watching your family first, but also some of the colleagues","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1664.0,1672.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/328","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"here at CDC, and understanding how they navigated some difficult meetings where","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1672.0,1679.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/329","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you also can't sugarcoat ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1679.0,1681.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/330","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthings but also having the cultural sensitivity of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1681.0,1686.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/331","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"communicating and conveying and thinking always win/win. Clearly I learned a lot","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1686.0,1693.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/332","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from Bob Keegan, who recruited me, and also he was my deputy director when I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1693.0,1703.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/333","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"director of global immunization division, but I kept learning from him during","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1703.0,1710.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/334","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that period. Certainly from Steve Cochi, who was the division director","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1710.0,1717.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/335","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"initially, in the initial period when I was in global immunization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1717.0,1724.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/336","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"division--from him.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1724.0,1725.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/337","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But also, I think having sort of a broad cultural background","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1725.0,1732.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/338","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"like the family I come from, and what was important in our family. I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1732.0,1741.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/339","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmean, in my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1741.0,1742.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/340","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"extended family a person's worth is not measured by how much they make or what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1742.0,1746.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/341","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they own or what they have. It's always seen as, how many people can you help.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1746.0,1750.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/342","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That's the metric that's always used. So that kind of aligns with the public","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1750.0,1754.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/343","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"health training you get at CDC. How many lives are you saving? How many diseases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1754.0,1758.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/344","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are you preventing? It's a very bottom-line metric, and it sort of aligns well,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1758.0,1762.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/345","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that it's all about results, it's all about impact. So I think those things,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1762.0,1766.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/346","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of, I feel were important in my career development.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1766.0,1769.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/347","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: When you came to CDC, smallpox had already been eradicated. Were there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1769.0,1772.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/348","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lessons learned from that effort that you took with you in your efforts with polio?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1772.0,1776.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/349","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"JAFARI: Absolutely. I think there were these eight points by Dr. [William H.]","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1776.0,1779.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/350","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Foege that we were all given before we were put on that flight to overseas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1779.0,1783.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/351","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"assignments, and those were absolutely jewels. The importance of expecting that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1783.0,1786.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/352","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it would be more difficult than you think, but can be done. Always maintaining","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1786.0,1790.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/353","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the faith, not giving up in the face of adversity. The importance of local","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1790.0,1794.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/354","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"commitment, the government's commitment, and making sure how you get to that and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1794.0,1797.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/355","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deserving that. Some very important lessons were conveyed. Of course, Dr. Foege","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1797.0,1800.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/356","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is not ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1800.0,1801.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/357","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nonly a sort of mentor and hero for all of us in polio eradication, but","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1801.0,1808.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/358","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also he was a hero for many of the people who were my mentors. So those were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1808.0,1816.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/359","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important lessons and, of course, no shortcut for hard work. It's just tough out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1816.0,1822.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/360","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there, and it's just not going to be easy, but just not giving up and just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1822.0,1829.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/361","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"keeping at it. And polio eradication has lasted much longer than it was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1829.0,1835.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/362","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"predicted to, and the program has had almost every possible difficulty that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1835.0,1841.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/363","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could have been imagined, either at the technical level or the programmatic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1841.0,1847.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/364","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"level or political level. But its perseverance and the faith that it can be done","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1847.0,1854.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/365","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that has kept this program going. And I think it was many of those important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1854.0,1861.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/366","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lessons ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1861.0,1861.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/367","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthat we learned from our predecessors who had worked in smallpox","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1861.0,1868.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/368","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eradication that have motivated us to keep going.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1868.0,1873.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/369","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Just stepping back a little bit to clarify a little bit about what you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1873.0,1882.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/370","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did and when. During your EIS years, can you talk about some of the work you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1882.0,1892.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/371","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did? Those two years from '92 to '94?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1892.0,1897.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/372","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"JAFARI: So I would highlight in three or four specific areas that my EIS","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1897.0,1905.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/373","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"training was focused on. One area was, this was a period when the U.S. was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1905.0,1914.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/374","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"having a number of outbreaks in various pockets, some based in college campuses","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1914.0,1922.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/375","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1922.0,1923.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/376","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nserogroup C meningococcal meningitis, and so I was involved with the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1923.0,1930.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/377","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"investigation of one of those outbreaks right here in western Georgia, in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1930.0,1938.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/378","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Carroll County. But also I helped draft the guidelines for prevention and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1938.0,1946.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/379","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"control of meningococcal disease-- that were finalized, of course, based on the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1946.0,1954.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/380","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"recommendations of the ACIP, but I drafted those during my EIS training.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1954.0,1962.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/381","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I also","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1962.0,1963.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/382","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was very much involved with the surveillance and the disappearing of Haemophilus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1963.0,1971.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/383","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"influenzae type b invasive disease because it was really sort of around 1990","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1971.0,1979.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/384","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the new Hib vaccine, the conjugate vaccine was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1979.0,1985.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/385","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nintroduced in the infant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1985.0,1988.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/386","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunization program and that led to precipitous decline in invasive Haemophilus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1988.0,1995.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/387","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"influenzae type b disease. So I was involved in looking at that surveillance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=1995.0,2003.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/388","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"data and documenting that decline, and looking at the populations where the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2003.0,2011.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/389","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease was still surviving, the sort of disadvantaged low socioeconomic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2011.0,2017.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/390","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"populations where the visible disease was still persisting. So I was looking at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2017.0,2025.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/391","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"analysis and publication of surveillance data for invasive Hib disease.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2025.0,2031.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/392","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2031.0,2032.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/393","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I was also involved in the development of guidelines for prophylaxis against","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2032.0,2040.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/394","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neonatal group B streptococcal disease, group B ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2040.0,2044.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/395","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nstrep. And so, Dr. Anne Schuchat","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2044.0,2048.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/396","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was leading that work at the national level and she was my supervisor, so I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2048.0,2057.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/397","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learned a lot from her including--we did a survey of obstetricians about what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2057.0,2065.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/398","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of screening practices they use for screening for group B strep. So that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2065.0,2073.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/399","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survey helped with the final guidelines that were adopted across the country for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2073.0,2081.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/400","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"screening of pregnant women for group B strep.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2081.0,2086.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/401","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Then I also did a project in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2086.0,2090.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/402","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Kenya for three months in Western Kenya, based out of CDC's malaria's research","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2090.0,2098.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/403","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"station in Kisumu, where we were looking at the sick ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2098.0,2104.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/404","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nchild assessment algorithms","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2104.0,2105.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/405","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that could be used by clinical officers in the absence of a fully trained","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2105.0,2109.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/406","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pediatrician. So we were comparing the performance of that evaluation algorithm","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2109.0,2112.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/407","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with that of an expert pediatrician. And that work informed WHO's guidelines in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2112.0,2115.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/408","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what is called Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses, IMCI. So I did some","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2115.0,2118.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/409","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of that work there, and also shot some videos that were used for training of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2118.0,2122.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/410","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"clinical officers in recognizing severe anemia, respiratory distress in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2122.0,2124.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/411","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children, signs of pneumonia, and such.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2124.0,2126.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/412","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: You had an interesting two years.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2126.0,2128.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/413","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"JAFARI: Oh, very interesting, yes.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2128.0,2129.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/414","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: And then tell us again where you went next.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2129.0,2132.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/415","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"JAFARI: So next I went to the national immunization program, and there I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2132.0,2135.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/416","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"continued with the--because since Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2135.0,2137.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/417","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conjugate vaccine, had become part of the infant schedule, then I continued to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2137.0,2140.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/418","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"analyze and publish surveillance data on invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2140.0,2143.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/419","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease, and worked with state and county health departments as to how they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2143.0,2146.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/420","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"could further improve detection of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b-- Hib","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2146.0,2149.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/421","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease basically. So I worked on that. I then also got involved with pertussis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2149.0,2153.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/422","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"control in the U.S., and in fact investigated a pertussis outbreak in Yuma,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2153.0,2156.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/423","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Arizona, and also then ended up analyzing a lot of the data that was coming out","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2156.0,2160.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/424","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these several trials that were being ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2160.0,2162.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/425","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nconducted for acellular pertussis","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2162.0,2163.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/426","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccines, because at that time the schedule around the world included whole-cell","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2163.0,2166.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/427","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pertussis vaccines. So there were a number of studies done in Europe of various","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2166.0,2169.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/428","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"types of acellular pertussis vaccines, so I helped analyze those studies and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2169.0,2172.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/429","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"data. That eventually then ended up informing the ACIP deliberations on making","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2172.0,2175.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/430","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"national recommendations on the introduction of acellular vaccines in the U.S.,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2175.0,2178.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/431","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I was one of the co-authors on the first set of ACIP recommendations on the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2178.0,2182.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/432","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"acellular pertussis vaccines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2182.0,2183.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/433","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And it was at that time was my first brush with polio, because as I said, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2183.0,2187.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/434","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio debate had started at that time--of inactivated polio vaccine and the oral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2187.0,2190.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/435","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio vaccine used in the U.S. And then I was invited for a couple of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2190.0,2194.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/436","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio-related training activities for surveillance in Pakistan, and was --in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2194.0,2196.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/437","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fact in 1995 went and investigated a polio outbreak in Punjab Province of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2196.0,2199.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/438","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pakistan. In fact, that was my entry into polio eradication really, while I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2199.0,2202.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/439","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still with the domestic program. Then, having done this from '94 to mid-'96,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2202.0,2205.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/440","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's when I moved to the polio eradication activity.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2205.0,2207.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/441","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I wondered how your past had gone, exactly, that led you to polio. But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2207.0,2211.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/442","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there must've been something, too, that really piqued your interest specifically","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2211.0,2214.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/443","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about polio. Can you remember when that happened, or how?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2214.0,2216.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/444","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"JAFARI: I knew of this eradication effort ongoing, and I was hearing about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2216.0,2219.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/445","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"challenges in setting up the program in India at the time but also ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2219.0,2222.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/446","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nchallenges in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2222.0,2223.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/447","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pakistan and Afghanistan. Egypt still had a lot of polio then, and Sudan, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2223.0,2227.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/448","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many of these countries--Somalia--were sort of the tough challenges. So I was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2227.0,2230.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/449","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"hearing about those. But I think what might have sort of at an emotional level","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2230.0,2234.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/450","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pushed it was when I investigated the polio outbreak in Punjab. And this is in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2234.0,2238.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/451","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" 1995.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2238.0,2238.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/452","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So I was invited by WHO to go, and it was a pretty nasty outbreak. And as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2238.0,2242.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/453","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I started to go and see patients--you know, you hear about diseases and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2242.0,2245.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/454","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"illnesses and you see them in clinical medicine, in a clinical setting--but as I","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2245.0,2249.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/455","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went to the homes of these patients to talk to the families to understand the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2249.0,2253.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/456","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"conditions, the environment in which this was happening, it was quite--it really","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2253.0,2256.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/457","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"made an impression on me. The one or two instances that a three-month-old baby","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2256.0,2260.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/458","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"girl and the mother knows that this doctor has come from America, and she's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2260.0,2264.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/459","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"dressed her all up in her best clothes, and she feels that this doctor has come","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2264.0,2268.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/460","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from America and maybe he'll heal her and maybe she'll be able to move her legs","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2268.0,2272.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/461","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again. And there you are looking at a three-month-old girl and a lifetime of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2272.0,2276.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/462","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"paralysis. And in many of these countries, and particularly for a young girl,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2276.0,2279.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/463","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's a death sentence, right? I mean, how do you talk to a mother and explain ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2279.0,2283.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/464","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthis in a way that does not take away all hope, but it's realistic that there is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2283.0,2290.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/465","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"no cure for this? And to think that this can be prevented by just a few drops of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2290.0,2298.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/466","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine. Right? A few doses of vaccine, this could have been prevented. And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2298.0,2303.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/467","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we've had this vaccine for decades. So that's pretty powerful. And you go to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2303.0,2309.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/468","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some of the poorest areas, people in Shanties, they can hardly make their ends","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2309.0,2315.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/469","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"meet, and they offer you best hospitality. They'll offer you a bottle of Pepsi","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2315.0,2321.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/470","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or Coke, saying that you've come from America and that you won't be able to cure","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2321.0,2328.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/471","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their child, but they're still giving you their best hospitality. Part of their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2328.0,2333.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/472","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"day's wage is going into that hospitality.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2333.0,2336.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/473","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it's sort of--you have to connect","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2336.0,2339.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/474","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the dots that all of this training in medical ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2339.0,2343.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/475","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nschool, all of this training in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2343.0,2344.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/476","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infectious diseases, all of this training in CDC, what does it translate to?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2344.0,2346.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/477","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"What can you do with that? That it actually translates into making a difference","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2346.0,2348.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/478","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to people. It's something that is not rocket science. It's making sure that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2348.0,2350.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/479","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children get vaccinated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2350.0,2350.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/480","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So it sounds like you maximized all the parts of your training and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2350.0,2352.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/481","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"your education to come to this effort of eradicating polio.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2352.0,2354.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/482","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"JAFARI: Yeah, I suppose it must be that sometimes all your energies and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2354.0,2356.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/483","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everything sort of gets focused on--like a convex lens focusing on a tight, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2356.0,2358.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/484","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sort of it burns. And maybe that's probably what happened with polio, and that's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2358.0,2360.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/485","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"why--a very deep sense that you can't give this up. It has to get done no matter what.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2360.0,2363.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/486","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: I'm interested in, especially your time in India and how you got there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2363.0,2365.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/487","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in 2006. Five years later they were having their last of--wild poliovirus was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2365.0,2367.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/488","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gone you said. It was only five years. So what happened between 2006 and 2011 to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2367.0,2369.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/489","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"make that happen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2369.0,2369.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/490","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"JAFARI: You know, a number of things happened. I mean, I think first I should","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2369.0,2371.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/491","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"say that a lot of good work had already happened in India, because, you know,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2371.0,2373.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/492","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you stand on the shoulders of those before you. You don't start from a clean","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2373.0,2375.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/493","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"slate. So a lot of good work had already happened. My CDC colleagues and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2375.0,2377.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/494","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"predecessors had done a fantastic job of setting up and running the surveillance","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2377.0,2379.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/495","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program and what came to be known as the national polio surveillance project in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2379.0,2381.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/496","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"India. They set up great partnerships with Indian Rotarians, a good working","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2381.0,2383.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/497","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"relationship with the central government, but also with the key state","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2383.0,2385.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/498","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"governments. By the time I arrived there, most of the indigenous virus from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2385.0,2387.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/499","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"almost all the states of India had already gone.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2387.0,2388.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/500","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"There were only two states","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2388.0,2389.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/501","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where polio had remained endemic, and it used to break out of there to other","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2389.0,2391.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/502","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"parts of the country, and these were Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. Of course, these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2391.0,2393.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/503","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were the two most challenging states in terms of development, their population","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2393.0,2395.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/504","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"size, and these were the most densely polio-endemic states. And Uttar Pradesh","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2395.0,2397.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/505","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the size of 200 million population, and Bihar 100 million population. Just the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2397.0,2399.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/506","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"birth rate of Uttar Pradesh was nearly 500,000 per month. So you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2399.0,2401.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/507","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhave 500,000","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2401.0,2402.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/508","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"newborns every month, and in a condition where virus travels very fast, because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2402.0,2408.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/509","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's fecal-oral transmission. The hygiene and sanitation conditions are very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2408.0,2413.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/510","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"poor in these states, and the newborns are being born at that pace. And so it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2413.0,2421.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/511","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a race with the wild virus, which is fitter, faster, and much better adjusted to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2421.0,2428.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/512","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that environment than the vaccine we were using. And we had to get to these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2428.0,2435.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/513","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children before the wild virus could get to them, and get to them with vaccines.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2435.0,2442.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/514","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it required a number of elements to be in place for us to succeed.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2442.0,2449.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/515","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"In immunization, you generally have one or the other issue, which is either","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2449.0,2455.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/516","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine failure--the vaccine is not working, so you ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2455.0,2459.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/517","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhave to change your tool--or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2459.0,2461.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/518","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's a failure to vaccinate, and you have to improve your program so that you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2461.0,2467.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/519","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get everybody. In India, we had both of those challenges in these states. The","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2467.0,2473.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/520","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccine we were using was not performing as well, because it was under","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2473.0,2478.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/521","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tremendous pressure-- and I'll explain that momentarily--but we were also","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2478.0,2482.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/522","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"missing critical populations, and we had to reach these children as well. So we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2482.0,2488.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/523","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had to optimize the tool as well, and also find ways to identify who we were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2488.0,2495.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/524","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"missing, and then to find ways and innovations to reach them. So one important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2495.0,2501.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/525","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lesson we learned in India is that you have to really go back to the drawing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2501.0,2508.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/526","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"board and establish a full research program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2508.0,2511.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/527","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Okay, so one important insight is that even you may think you know everything,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2511.0,2517.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/528","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and you're in advanced stages of ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2517.0,2520.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/529","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nan eradication program--never think that you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2520.0,2521.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/530","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't need to do research again. So we had to actually establish a research","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2521.0,2524.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/531","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"platform in India, and in some of the most difficult areas, some of the most","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2524.0,2527.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/532","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"mistrustful populations to do research in those communities. And we were able to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2527.0,2530.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/533","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do that research to identify how different vaccines would work, how does polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2530.0,2533.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/534","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"immunity work in those communities, so that we could optimize our vaccination","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2533.0,2535.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/535","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tool and strategy. On the other hand, we had to establish a very robust","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2535.0,2538.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/536","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surveillance system to understand the epidemiology in detail at the micro level,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2538.0,2540.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/537","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but also a very intense program monitoring mechanism real-time data and capacity","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2540.0,2542.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/538","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to analyze those data to know who we are missing, why we are missing them, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2542.0,2545.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/539","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what's the solution that allows the front line to actually innovate and come up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2545.0,2548.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/540","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with solutions that are specific to the reasons we are missing children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2548.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/541","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2550.0,2550.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/542","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were a variety of reasons. For example, we went through a phase where","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2550.0,2553.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/543","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was a great deal of vaccine hesitancy, resistance, refusal to vaccinate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2553.0,2555.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/544","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because there was lack of trust, particularly in minority communities in India.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2555.0,2557.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/545","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And we had to establish--and UNICEF took the lead in that--but we had to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2557.0,2560.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/546","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"establish a program of communications, community engagement, to build trust. And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2560.0,2562.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/547","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again at the micro level. Thousands of workers deployed in some of the key","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2562.0,2565.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/548","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"pockets of refusal and resistance. Then we learned through our data that we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2565.0,2568.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/549","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"missed newborns because there is a custom that you don't bring out a newborn for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2568.0,2571.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/550","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the first forty days. When the vaccination team goes to the house and knocks on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2571.0,2574.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/551","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the door, they don't walk up to the door because they're too tiny to do that. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2574.0,2577.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/552","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a whole newborn-tracking strategy was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2577.0,2578.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/553","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ndeveloped where they would register each","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2578.0,2581.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/554","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"time every house was visited in these states. So the scale of operation was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2581.0,2587.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/555","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enormous. More than 60, 70 million houses were visited several times in a year,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2587.0,2593.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/556","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and each time you visit you have to register a newborn and then make sure that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2593.0,2600.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/557","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the next eight rounds that particular newborn gets vaccinated. So a specific","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2600.0,2606.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/558","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"tracking strategy for that.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2606.0,2608.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/559","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We also learned that at any given time, a proportion","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2608.0,2612.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/560","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of children are on the move. So a very elaborate mobile and transit strategy was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2612.0,2619.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/561","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"set up in place. At bus stations, train stations, in moving trains. In Uttar","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2619.0,2625.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/562","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pradesh and Bihar five million children were vaccinated during a vaccination","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2625.0,2630.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/563","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"campaign in moving trains and buses and children on the move, just five million,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2630.0,2636.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/564","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because the total target combined together was ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2636.0,2639.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/565","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nover 60 million children under","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2639.0,2641.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/566","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"five years of age that were vaccinated repeatedly in these mass vaccination","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2641.0,2646.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/567","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"campaigns. About 5 million of those were vaccinated when they were on the move,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2646.0,2651.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/568","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"through this transit strategy.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2651.0,2653.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/569","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"We would also have periodic outbreaks of polio in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2653.0,2656.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/570","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"other parts of the country, and what we found out towards these later stages,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2656.0,2661.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/571","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there are certain types of migrant population--economic migrants--that were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2661.0,2665.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/572","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"particularly at high risk of being missed during vaccination campaigns, who were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2665.0,2670.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/573","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vulnerable to getting polio. And then as they moved around, polio spread with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2670.0,2675.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/574","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them. So they became a very high priority population for us to cover. These are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2675.0,2681.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/575","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very underserved populations. They were construction site workers. India was in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2681.0,2685.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/576","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a construction boom in the Mumbai area, Delhi area, other parts of the country","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2685.0,2690.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/577","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there was industrial construction, and many of these workers came from","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2690.0,2694.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/578","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio-endemic states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar. So tracking them and then ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2694.0,2699.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/579","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmapping them where they go, mapping their communities where they settle and then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2699.0,2704.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/580","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"having special vaccination programs to reach them were very important. There was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2704.0,2709.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/581","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a certain parts of the year bricks are produced in parts of countries, and these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2709.0,2715.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/582","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"workers move. Their children were being missed because they live in these very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2715.0,2720.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/583","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"--sort of outside settled areas, where they make bricks so that we had a special","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2720.0,2726.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/584","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"strategy for brick kiln and agricultural workers. And so towards the late","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2726.0,2731.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/585","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"stages, before we interrupted transmission, we had mapped more than 400 migrant","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2731.0,2736.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/586","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sites across India, so that each time we did a campaign in Uttar Pradesh and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2736.0,2742.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/587","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bihar, those settlements were also vaccinated, those areas were also vaccinated.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2742.0,2746.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/588","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And there was special timing for them because they had different work hours, so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2746.0,2751.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/589","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the vaccination teams, the monitoring, and even the hours of vaccination","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2751.0,2756.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/590","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were tailored to this population.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2756.0,2758.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/591","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So it was really identifying, again, through ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2758.0,2761.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/592","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nrigorous evaluation of data, assessment of data, why we were missing, who we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2761.0,2766.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/593","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were missing, what other characteristics of that population, and then what's the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2766.0,2771.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/594","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"innovative solution to put in place to do this? So to summarize this, we had a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2771.0,2777.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/595","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"system whereby what I call is a critical triad for success in an eradication","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2777.0,2783.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/596","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program. We had motivated government officials right from the central","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2783.0,2787.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/597","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"government, to state government, and particularly at the district level, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2787.0,2791.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/598","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these were district magistrates and chief medical officers. District magistrate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2791.0,2795.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/599","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the Indian civil service is the chief executive officer for district. All","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2795.0,2800.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/600","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"line ministries, departments report to the district magistrate. So in these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2800.0,2804.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/601","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"endemic states, the district magistrate was in charge of the quality of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2804.0,2809.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/602","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio program, so they were very motivated to take corrective action.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2809.0,2813.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/603","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2813.0,2813.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/604","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"corrective action cannot be taken in a vacuum. That corrective action was based ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2813.0,2818.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/605","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\non good-quality surveillance data--where the poliovirus is, how it's moving,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2818.0,2822.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/606","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who's affected, which is the vulnerable population and who we are missing--the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2822.0,2827.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/607","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program immunization monitoring data. So good monitoring evidence, right, that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2827.0,2831.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/608","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then linked to accountability. Who is not performing, who is not doing their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2831.0,2836.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/609","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"bit. Roles and responsibilities are defined across the partnership. What WHO is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2836.0,2841.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/610","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to do, what UNICEF is to do, what government workers have to do, what are the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2841.0,2848.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/611","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"responsibilities of Rotarians, local partners. And then making sure why children","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2848.0,2853.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/612","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are missed, so they were tracked from round to round. Who is missed, why missed,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2853.0,2859.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/613","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what did not happen here, what needs to happen?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2859.0,2863.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/614","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this started to work really,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2863.0,2865.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/615","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really well. Accountability based on good objective evidence, so there is no","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2865.0,2870.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/616","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"argument. It's not a war in opinions, right, it's evidence-based, and committed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2870.0,2875.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/617","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"officials who are empowered to take corrective ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2875.0,2878.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/618","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\naction. And this circle of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2878.0,2880.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/619","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"continuous optimization, and a pursuit for who's being missed, and then","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2880.0,2884.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/620","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"continuous optimization of vaccination. There was no magic bullet. It's about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2884.0,2888.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/621","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting it right and making sure that you cover and you vaccinate everybody.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2888.0,2893.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/622","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2893.0,2893.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/623","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there were times when it was really tough because polio is an epidemic-prone","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2893.0,2898.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/624","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease. As long as you have virus circulating, it will find vulnerable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2898.0,2903.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/625","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children, and over time susceptibles accumulate-- those that are missed or those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2903.0,2908.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/626","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who do not respond to the vaccine--and you will get an outbreak. And convincing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2908.0,2913.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/627","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the government who-- in the later years, the government of India was putting in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2913.0,2918.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/628","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more than $250 million a year into the immunization program, and it was a very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2918.0,2924.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/629","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"visible program constantly in the media, constantly in the press. The cases were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2924.0,2929.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/630","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being reported in the press in the later years, and you would have these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2929.0,2934.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/631","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outbreaks, and the press would write about that, and there was always ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2934.0,2939.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/632","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\na risk","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2939.0,2940.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/633","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that the state and the union would sort of argue about this. But we always had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2940.0,2946.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/634","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to explain why the outbreak is happening and what's the way forward. So that the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2946.0,2952.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/635","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"political commitment and the financial commitment does not go away. Because it's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2952.0,2957.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/636","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not a straight road line down to eradication. It sort of goes like this, you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2957.0,2963.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/637","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have outbreaks, you have to explain those outbreaks, why they're happening, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2963.0,2968.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/638","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"still have a clear path as to what is the path to success here, still, so that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2968.0,2975.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/639","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"everybody can see that and come along with you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2975.0,2979.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/640","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So you were essentially trying to hit a moving target with multiple,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2979.0,2984.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/641","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"multiple factors, but what you did it sounds like it went to where they were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2984.0,2990.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/642","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"instead of having them come to you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2990.0,2993.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/643","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"JAFARI: Well, that's exactly right. I mean this workforce, this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2993.0,2997.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/644","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"project--national polio surveillance project--complemented by ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2997.0,2999.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/645","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthese district","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=2999.0,3000.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/646","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"magistrates, the government commitment, and the work of Rotarians and the work","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3000.0,3005.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/647","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of UNICEF in social mobilization and engagement of communities for us--I mean,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3005.0,3010.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/648","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it was constant optimization. And having the field workforce empowered to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3010.0,3015.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/649","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"innovate is very important. You can't micromanage them. In fact, a lot of my","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3015.0,3021.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/650","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"effort was for them to focus strategically, collect less data, the more","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3021.0,3026.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/651","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important data, take time to analyze the data, rather than-- what I used to say","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3026.0,3033.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/652","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to them, \"Don't work like robots. You're medical officers. Look at the data.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3033.0,3039.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/653","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Take one day of the week--just look at the situation you're in. Prioritize and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3039.0,3045.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/654","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"put 80 percent of your time in 20 percent of the places which pose the greatest","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3045.0,3052.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/655","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"risk.\" They felt they were responsible for their entire district or entire","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3052.0,3057.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/656","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"state, and would lose ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3057.0,3059.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/657","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfocus. And I said, \"I will take responsibility for what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3059.0,3063.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/658","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"goes wrong in 80 percent of the low-risk areas. You're responsible for putting","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3063.0,3068.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/659","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"80 percent of your time in the 20 percent of the areas that pose most of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3068.0,3074.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/660","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"risk.\" It's easy to say that, but it's very hard for managers on the ground to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3074.0,3080.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/661","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"give up these other areas, where they feel, what if a case happens there? What","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3080.0,3086.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/662","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"will happen? And to sort of get them focused on that this is the source of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3086.0,3092.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/663","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"problem, the key blocks in your district that you know are under-performing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3092.0,3097.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/664","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where repeatedly polio circulates. That's where you have to stop it, and that's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3097.0,3102.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/665","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where your efforts have to be concentrated. Give them the tools. They have such","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3102.0,3107.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/666","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rich data but teaching them how to analyze and how to apply it in prioritization","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3107.0,3113.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/667","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the innovation they did.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3113.0,3115.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/668","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean, most of the innovations--the ones that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3115.0,3118.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/669","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"survive and are meaningful--are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3118.0,3120.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/670","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nall the ones that come from the ground. You","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3120.0,3122.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/671","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"can't innovate from outside. One of my early learnings were that when we first","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3122.0,3125.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/672","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"did trainings to set up acute flaccid paralysis surveillance so that all cases","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3125.0,3128.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/673","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of acute flaccid paralysis are identified and reported, and stool specimens","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3128.0,3130.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/674","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"collected within two weeks of paralysis onset--for laboratory confirmation if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3130.0,3132.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/675","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the cause of paralysis is polio or not poliovirus. Setting that up in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3132.0,3135.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/676","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Afghanistan--and this is during the time when the Taliban were controlling one","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3135.0,3137.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/677","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"half of Afghanistan and the Northern Alliance, and we did trainings on both","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3137.0,3140.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/678","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"sides. In the areas controlled by Taliban in Jalalabad, we did trainings, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3140.0,3143.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/679","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also in Mazar-e-Sharif, we trained the areas that were under control of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3143.0,3146.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/680","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Northern Alliance at the time, in '97. And what we did was that we engaged our","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3146.0,3149.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/681","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Afghan colleagues in designing the system. Our job was to give them the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3149.0,3152.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/682","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"technical rationale, what we are trying to do, and then the programmatic","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3152.0,3154.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/683","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"objective. This is how we want cases to be-- these kinds of cases need to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3154.0,3157.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/684","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"detected and identified. Our objective is to collect stool specimens from them,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3157.0,3159.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/685","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and then the specimens have to be transported and then shipped through these UN","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3159.0,3162.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/686","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[United Nations] flights from different parts of Afghanistan to the reference","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3162.0,3164.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/687","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"laboratory in Islamabad in Pakistan. So we had to give them the outlines of what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3164.0,3167.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/688","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"our objectives were.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3167.0,3168.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/689","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"It was the Afghans who actually designed the operational","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3168.0,3170.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/690","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"part of the system, and it was beautiful. It's still working, and it continued","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3170.0,3173.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/691","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"to work through all wars in Afghanistan because it was designed locally. And in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3173.0,3176.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/692","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"fact, that was such a strong surveillance operational design that we actually","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3176.0,3178.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/693","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"took it and then had a similar discussion ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3178.0,3180.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/694","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nwith local health workers in Somalia","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3180.0,3182.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/695","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and in South Sudan, and in other war-affected areas and other parts of Africa","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3182.0,3187.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/696","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that were war affected and those principles were applied there. But again, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3187.0,3192.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/697","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"design work is done by the local health workers. They understand the conditions.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3192.0,3197.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/698","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They know what works. They know what the information systems are, both formal","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3197.0,3202.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/699","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and informal. So that was very rewarding, to have that partnership. And once the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3202.0,3207.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/700","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"innovation is at the local level, when the system is managed and handled at the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3207.0,3213.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/701","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"local level, that's where a program is at peak performance.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3213.0,3217.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/702","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So you didn't ever go in and tell them how to do things and what to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3217.0,3224.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/703","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"do. You listened to them and got their ideas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3224.0,3228.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/704","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"JAFARI: Absolutely. And really it's really mentoring. Take the time to analyze,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3228.0,3233.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/705","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"take the time to think. Thinking saves time. Don't react to everything. And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3233.0,3238.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/706","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"again, highlighting what are ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3238.0,3240.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/707","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nthe important parts of their job, but let them do","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3240.0,3244.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/708","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the problem solving locally. I couldn't have solved problems from Delhi. My job","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3244.0,3249.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/709","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was to mentor them and then ask the questions. That helped all of us to find the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3249.0,3256.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/710","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"answers together.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3256.0,3257.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/711","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Can you think of some examples of some solutions that people came up","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3257.0,3262.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/712","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with that maybe surprised you, or that you wouldn't have thought of yourself,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3262.0,3267.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/713","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that worked?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3267.0,3268.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/714","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"JAFARI: Two or three things really stand out. One of the other areas--we thought","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3268.0,3273.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/715","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we were getting very high coverage in Bihar in the later stages, and still wild","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3273.0,3279.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/716","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"poliovirus type 1 kept sort of occurring and surviving in a part of Central","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3279.0,3284.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/717","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Bihar. What we learned was that this is an area that gets annual flooding, And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3284.0,3290.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/718","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we had figured out how to vaccinate children during flooding, but what we had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3290.0,3295.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/719","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"not realized that what happens after the floods are gone? These are the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3295.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/720","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n snows","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3300.0,3300.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/721","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that melt in the Himalayas in Nepal. The rivers surge, and there is flooding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3300.0,3305.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/722","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of-- large parts of Central Bihar gets inundated. It's an annual phenomenon.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3305.0,3309.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/723","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"People move to higher grounds--you vaccinate them there. But once the floods go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3309.0,3314.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/724","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"away, this is very fertile land. And there's a land grab, and then there is very","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3314.0,3320.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/725","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"active cultivation in this basin. And what happens is that parents take their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3320.0,3325.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/726","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small babies and set up these small shanties called Basas. So when teams would","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3325.0,3330.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/727","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go to vaccinate in villages, they would only find some of the children--but not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3330.0,3335.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/728","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the children that were living in these basas where their parents had found this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3335.0,3340.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/729","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"temporary shelter while they were cultivating the land.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3340.0,3343.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/730","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And this is a very difficult place to move. No roads, motorbikes could only go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3343.0,3349.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/731","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some distance, places--it took you like eight hours to walk to some of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3349.0,3354.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/732","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"villages in thick mud and such because it's all like a flood basin really. Very ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3354.0,3360.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/733","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nfertile land. So we actually had to completely change the planning paradigm for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3360.0,3365.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/734","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this area. And, again, it was the local staff that came up with a grid planning,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3365.0,3372.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/735","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rather than using administrative boundaries for planning vaccination. They came","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3372.0,3376.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/736","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up with a grid planning approach with satellite mapping, and then established","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3376.0,3381.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/737","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"night shelters with water and food, because there's no electricity there, and so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3381.0,3386.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/738","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that medical officers and supervisors could actually go and spend the night.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3386.0,3391.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/739","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Because once you go, you can't come back in the same day to the main towns. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3391.0,3398.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/740","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"shelters were established, logistics were put in place in some villages so that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3398.0,3403.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/741","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work can continue without people having to come back to capitals or the major","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3403.0,3409.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/742","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"towns. So we found thousands of children that were being missed, and that's what","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3409.0,3415.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/743","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"explained the persistence of virus. A virus doesn't persist in ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3415.0,3419.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/744","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n vaccinated","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3419.0,3419.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/745","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children. No matter what kind of innovative ideas you come up with--but that's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3419.0,3425.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/746","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what reinforced that lesson. So a lot of this grid planning was done by officers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3425.0,3432.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/747","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and workers in central Bihar.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3432.0,3434.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/748","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Another innovation was the strategy in India--was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3434.0,3437.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/749","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"house-to-house vaccination. And so the vaccination was fixed to a child living","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3437.0,3442.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/750","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in the house. It was not how many children here? The focus was always, who's not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3442.0,3449.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/751","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there? So when you go to a house, the first job of the team was to establish how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3449.0,3457.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/752","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many children are in that house on that day. Whether those who live there, those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3457.0,3464.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/753","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"who are visiting, or a newborn, somebody who's coming spending the night. How","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3464.0,3470.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/754","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many children on that day? They have to write that, and then how many of those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3470.0,3477.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/755","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they actually were able to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3477.0,3479.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/756","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nvaccinate. And if they were not able to vaccinate all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3479.0,3482.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/757","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those--so that by itself was a process of learning, as to how you ascertain how","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3482.0,3487.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/758","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"many children are in the house. It's not a simple process.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3487.0,3491.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/759","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"First of all, you","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3491.0,3492.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/760","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"find out how many households in a compound. A household is defined by a separate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3492.0,3497.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/761","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"kitchen. You can have several kitchens in one large space. And then ascertaining","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3497.0,3501.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/762","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how many households, how many children, how many newborns. You ask different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3501.0,3505.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/763","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ways the question--any guests visiting? daughter visiting her parents with a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3505.0,3509.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/764","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"small child? All of those ways of asking questions. You do the micro-census and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3509.0,3514.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/765","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then see whether you were able to vaccinate all of them. If any child was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3514.0,3519.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/766","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"missed, then you have to record that, and the reason why missed. Not there, or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3519.0,3524.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/767","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where the parents refused vaccination or was the house locked? And was the house","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3524.0,3529.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/768","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"locked because they had just gone to the market and will be back, or have been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3529.0,3534.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/769","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gone for weeks and won't be back during the days of the campaign?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3534.0,3538.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/770","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3538.0,3539.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/771","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nteam started noting this for the reason why a child was missed and then would go","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3539.0,3542.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/772","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"back to that house with a strategy that would address the reason they were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3542.0,3545.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/773","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"missed. So if the reason was that the family was reluctant to vaccinate--was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3545.0,3547.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/774","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"refusing vaccination because they'd had enough or felt the vaccine was not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3547.0,3549.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/775","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"safe--then that team already had names of local influencers who had influence in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3549.0,3551.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/776","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that community, who would go back to the house with the influencer to engage","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3551.0,3554.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/777","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them in a discussion and persuade them to accept the vaccine. If the child, they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3554.0,3557.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/778","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"said is sick and we feel is not well enough, a local doctor would go and talk to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3557.0,3560.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/779","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the family, assess the child and see if the child could be then vaccinated. Or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3560.0,3563.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/780","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"go back and see if the child may be back at the house because they were just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3563.0,3566.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/781","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"gone to the market and the house was locked. So it was according to the reason,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3566.0,3569.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/782","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and the conversion from non-vaccinated to vaccination was tracked by--","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3569.0,3571.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/783","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"This is a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3571.0,3572.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/784","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"local innovation. It's the local field volunteers, and the medical officers came","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3572.0,3574.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/785","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"up with this tracking strategy. And so the district magistrates were tracking","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3574.0,3576.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/786","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this conversion from round to round. That's the level of detail that this was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3576.0,3579.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/787","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being done. As I mentioned for migrant workers, they figured out in Mumbai that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3579.0,3582.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/788","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we go--they leave very early for work, and they're gone all day, and they take","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3582.0,3585.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/789","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their children with them. So they started vaccinating, and there were night","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3585.0,3587.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/790","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccination teams. They would go at night to those neighborhoods and then find","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3587.0,3589.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/791","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children and vaccinate them. And only local people know these issues and can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3589.0,3591.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/792","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"solve them, as long as they know what you're monitoring. And they have to tell","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3591.0,3594.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/793","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you why they are missing and who they are missing.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3594.0,3596.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/794","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: How did you know which children had been vaccinated?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3596.0,3598.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/795","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"JAFARI: So this ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3598.0,3599.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/796","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nalso was an innovation early in the program--was that there was","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3599.0,3601.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/797","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finger marking done. So if a child was vaccinated, there was indelible ink that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3601.0,3604.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/798","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was put on the finger that was good for a few days. So it was through finger","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3604.0,3607.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/799","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"marking that it was checked. But even there was a check for that. That there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3607.0,3610.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/800","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would be monitors, who would go and check if there is false marking going on.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3610.0,3613.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/801","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"That parents had said no to the vaccine but convinced the vaccinator to mark the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3613.0,3616.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/802","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"finger. We had examples in countries, including in India and Nigeria. That was a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3616.0,3619.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/803","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"big issue, where in Nigeria, they had to implement what is called directly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3619.0,3621.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/804","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"observed OPV [oral polio vaccine] vaccination. So that they would be under the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3621.0,3623.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/805","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"observation of a supervisor--that children in those particular compounds and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3623.0,3625.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/806","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"communities would be vaccinated, where there was a history of where they had","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3625.0,3627.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/807","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"persuaded the vaccinator to just mark the finger but not give the vaccine. But","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3627.0,3630.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/808","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's how basically this was.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3630.0,3631.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/809","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And then, validation. I talked about house","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3631.0,3632.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/810","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"marking, to see whether the house was marked appropriately, whether the child","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3632.0,3634.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/811","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"has been missed in this house or not. A supervisor would come and do a sampling","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3634.0,3637.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/812","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these houses behind the teams, to validate, is the house marking appropriate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3637.0,3639.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/813","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or not? In India, they used to call it a false P. If a house had a marking of P","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3639.0,3643.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/814","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"means that all eligible children had been vaccinated in this house. But if a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3643.0,3646.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/815","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"supervisor found an unvaccinated child there, this would qualify as a false P,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3646.0,3648.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/816","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and false P's were tracked for the area by the supervisor, by the team. So this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3648.0,3651.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/817","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is the level of detail at which this program had to operate.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3651.0,3653.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/818","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I've talked mostly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3653.0,3654.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/819","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"about missed children. But we, in India had to go from trivalent vaccine oral","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3654.0,3657.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/820","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio vaccine, which wasn't working as well because the type 2 component in the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3657.0,3660.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/821","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nvaccine was competing with the type 1 and type 3 attenuated vaccine virus. And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3660.0,3666.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/822","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"type 2 had been eradicated and was last seen in India in 1999--last seen in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3666.0,3673.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/823","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world anywhere in India in 1999. So we were vaccinating against the virus which","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3673.0,3679.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/824","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had not been seen for several years. So then we shifted to the monovalent type 1","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3679.0,3686.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/825","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and monovalent type 3 vaccine. And there we ran into the problem where we were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3686.0,3693.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/826","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"prioritizing eradication of type 1 virus because that was causing more outbreaks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3693.0,3698.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/827","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"because that virus behaves differently from type 3 virus. Type 1 has a higher,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3698.0,3704.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/828","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"or lower, rather, infection-to-paralysis ratio. So an average of 200 children","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3704.0,3709.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/829","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"would get infected, and one of them developed paralysis with type 1 wild","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3709.0,3715.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/830","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"poliovirus whereas type 3 could be at 1,000 to 1 ratio. ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3715.0,3720.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/831","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nSo it was more dangerous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3720.0,3722.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/832","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that way and more virulent virus and it also had a tendency to spread further,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3722.0,3728.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/833","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so most of the outbreaks within India were spread from India to other countries","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3728.0,3734.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/834","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"was actually of type 1 wild poliovirus and not type 3. So we prioritized","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3734.0,3740.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/835","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eradication of type 1 virus, so we used type 1 vaccine preferentially,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3740.0,3745.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/836","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"monovalent vaccine. It was more effective than the traveling vaccine against","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3745.0,3749.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/837","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"type 1, which had all the three types of viruses that are presented in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3749.0,3755.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/838","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" vaccine.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3755.0,3755.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/839","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But then we started having resurgence of type 3 polio outbreaks. And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3755.0,3760.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/840","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then how do you explain that to parents, to the policymakers and decision","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3760.0,3765.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/841","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"makers, that this is a cost we are incurring? For a parent, it is polio. And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3765.0,3771.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/842","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then we had to optimize the type 3 vaccine campaigns and type 1 campaigns. And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3771.0,3777.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/843","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"then we moved to the use of the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3777.0,3780.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/844","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nbivalent vaccine, which we also first studied in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3780.0,3782.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/845","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"India, as I said when we established the research platform. And we studied the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3782.0,3785.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/846","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"performance of the bivalent vaccine compared with trivalent and compared it with","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3785.0,3788.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/847","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"monovalent 3 and monovalent type 1, and it was non-inferior to those. So then we","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3788.0,3791.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/848","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"went with bivalent vaccine that addressed both the type 1 and type 3 remaining","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3791.0,3794.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/849","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wild polioviruses in India. And then that was the optimization of the vaccine","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3794.0,3797.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/850","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" tool.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3797.0,3797.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/851","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this all came together, that vaccine alone would not have done it if","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3797.0,3800.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/852","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you were still missing children. You have to vaccinate children for the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3800.0,3803.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/853","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transmission to stop. But then we were able to optimize our vaccine delivery so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3803.0,3806.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/854","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that we're missing very, very few children. And then we were also in parallel","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3806.0,3809.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/855","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"optimized the vaccine itself.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3809.0,3810.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/856","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: It almost sounds impossible.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3810.0,3811.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/857","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"JAFARI: Many people actually said that the conditions on the population size, as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3811.0,3814.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/858","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I said--birth rate, the environmental and climatic conditions in India were such","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3814.0,3817.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/859","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that there is such efficient transmission of poliovirus in those conditions that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3817.0,3820.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/860","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this will overwhelm the capacity of polio vaccine to interrupt transmission, so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3820.0,3823.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/861","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it can't be done in India. And that's why the success in India was such an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3823.0,3826.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/862","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"important turning point in the global polio eradication because it removed sort","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3826.0,3829.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/863","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of this--a lot of experts questioned the biological and technical feasibility of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3829.0,3832.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/864","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio eradication because of what we were faced with in India. But once India","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3832.0,3835.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/865","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"interrupted transmission, I think these arguments of technical and biological","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3835.0,3837.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/866","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"feasibility was removed. And the strategies are solid-- that you have to have","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3837.0,3840.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/867","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"good surveillance, you have to vaccinate all children, and transmission will ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3840.0,3842.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/868","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nstop. So any place where transmission is persisting, it's because children are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3842.0,3847.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/869","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"being missed. And they're being missed either because there isn't enough","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3847.0,3851.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/870","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"political commitment, not enough financial commitment, not enough","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3851.0,3854.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/871","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"accountability, the quality of micro-plans for local planning is not good, they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3854.0,3859.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/872","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't understand fully who they are missing, and that's why they can't find","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3859.0,3864.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/873","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those children and such. And that's how this was a major push, then, in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3864.0,3870.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/874","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"remaining endemic countries of Nigeria, Pakistan, and Afghanistan to optimize","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3870.0,3874.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/875","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those programs.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3874.0,3875.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/876","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And so a lot of lessons learned from the India program were actually adapted by","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3875.0,3881.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/877","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the program in Nigeria, Pakistan, and Afghanistan. And in fact, waves of the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3881.0,3886.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/878","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"medical officers from the national polio surveillance project of India--the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3886.0,3890.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/879","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"project I was heading in India-- actually spent months in Nigeria, and sort of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3890.0,3895.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/880","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transferring those lessons learned and helping with the adaptation of those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3895.0,3899.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/881","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lessons by the local workers and local ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3899.0,3902.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/882","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nofficers in Nigeria itself. And so many","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3902.0,3904.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/883","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of these best practices around accountability and corrective action and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3904.0,3906.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/884","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"micro-planning and tracking of migrant and mobile groups were applied in these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3906.0,3909.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/885","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"countries based on the lessons we learned in India.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3909.0,3911.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/886","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So Nigeria succeeded. They","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3911.0,3912.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/887","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had their last case of wild poliovirus in July of 2014. So this is getting to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3912.0,3916.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/888","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"now two years with no wild polio in Nigeria. In fact, in the last wild polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3916.0,3920.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/889","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"case in North Africa, in fact, was in Somalia, which was following an","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3920.0,3923.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/890","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"importation from Nigeria for wild poliovirus type 1. So the last case in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3923.0,3926.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/891","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Somalia--all of Africa--was in August of 2014. So all of Africa, in a month or","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3926.0,3929.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/892","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so, would be without any case of wild poliovirus for two years. And now Pakistan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3929.0,3932.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/893","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Afghanistan are making very, very good progress, and there is likelihood","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3932.0,3935.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/894","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that they will succeed this year in stopping transmission of wild poliovirus.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3935.0,3938.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/895","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" Of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3938.0,3938.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/896","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"course, we had very unique challenges in both Nigeria and particularly in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3938.0,3941.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/897","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Pakistan, where in Nigeria many of the polio vaccinators died as a sort of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3941.0,3944.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/898","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"collateral damage to attacks on health centers and such as part of the armed","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3944.0,3947.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/899","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"activities of Boko Haram. And in Pakistan, this is sort of a truly unprecedented","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3947.0,3950.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/900","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"challenge in public health, where the polio vaccinators were killed and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3950.0,3953.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/901","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"assassinated in cold blood because they were, for political reasons, in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3953.0,3956.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/902","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"country. So tremendous lessons have been learned in Afghanistan, Pakistan,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3956.0,3958.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/903","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Nigeria and many countries, and Somalia also, when we faced these outbreaks","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3958.0,3961.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/904","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where there was some extremist ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3961.0,3962.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/905","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nelements in Somalia also that were not allowing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3962.0,3966.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/906","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and have not allowed vaccination of children in areas that they were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3966.0,3972.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/907","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"controlling--the al Shabaab in Somalia. But program has learned very important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3972.0,3978.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/908","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lessons as to how there could be, again, operational innovation to vaccinate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3978.0,3984.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/909","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children in areas of conflict or areas where the program has no physical access,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3984.0,3991.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/910","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"okay, and in some of the most insecure areas, how you can still maintain","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3991.0,3998.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/911","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"surveillance--as well as strategies with cooperation of appropriate security","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=3998.0,4003.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/912","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"planning, and vaccination of mobile populations that are moving in and out of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4003.0,4010.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/913","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"such areas, so that you get to them and provide vaccination as they're on the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4010.0,4018.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/914","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" move.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4018.0,4019.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/915","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Very important lessons for public ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4019.0,4022.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/916","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nhealth in general--how to reach","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4022.0,4024.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/917","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"populations that up to this point, I think, in public health were considered,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4024.0,4029.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/918","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\"Let's wait for the conflicts to get over.\" We were entering a global situation","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4029.0,4034.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/919","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"where there are so many active areas of conflict and extremism and insurgency","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4034.0,4039.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/920","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that you can't just wait and leave women and children non-combatants in areas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4039.0,4044.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/921","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that are affected by such conflict and say, \"Okay, we're not going to give them","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4044.0,4050.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/922","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"any services, because let's just wait for this to get over.\" Don't know when","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4050.0,4055.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/923","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that's going to happen.\" But we've learned enough that we can now think of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4055.0,4060.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/924","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"providing essential services to women and children, non-combatants in these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4060.0,4064.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/925","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"areas, largely through the lessons we've learned. Some very hard way-- by losing","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4064.0,4069.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/926","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"a lot of our workers on the ground--but important lessons have been learned on","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4069.0,4074.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/927","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"how to vaccinate children from such communities. TORGHELE: How do you get","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4074.0,4078.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/928","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"workers in when there's a war situation?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4078.0,4081.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/929","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"JAFARI: The first and foremost ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4081.0,4083.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/930","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nis building trust and engagement of communities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4083.0,4086.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/931","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the non-combatants in these communities because what often you find is that they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4086.0,4092.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/932","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"also are held hostage by the extremist elements in those areas. Okay, everybody","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4092.0,4098.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/933","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"wants to protect their children. So what if this is in areas controlled by a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4098.0,4104.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/934","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Taliban faction or some other militant faction. You know, those women and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4104.0,4109.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/935","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"children, you know those parents still want their children to be protected and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4109.0,4115.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/936","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"so one has to find the local leaders, religious leaders, community leaders,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4115.0,4120.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/937","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"engage them, build bridges with them. Get them to implement the program, empower","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4120.0,4126.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/938","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"them, empower communities, empower community leaders, give them the resources to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4126.0,4131.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/939","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"protect their own children. And once you build that bridge, then the communities","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4131.0,4137.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/940","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"become the biggest protectors of the program.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4137.0,4140.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/941","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And in parts of Pakistan, for","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4140.0,4143.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/942","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"example, we've had enough leverage to ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4143.0,4146.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/943","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntake young women from those communities,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4146.0,4147.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/944","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"get the endorsement of community leaders and religious leaders for them to be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4147.0,4149.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/945","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"trained so that they can go and vaccinate children in their communities and in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4149.0,4151.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/946","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their neighborhood and that obviates a lot elaborate security arrangements and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4151.0,4153.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/947","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"apparatus. In other areas, you create corridors or zones of security so areas","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4153.0,4155.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/948","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are cordoned off in a way that with careful security, planning and coordination","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4155.0,4157.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/949","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of security and vaccination campaign operational planning that you can create","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4157.0,4159.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/950","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"these safe zones where vaccination teams can move and these are vaccination","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4159.0,4161.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/951","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"teams largely made up of local people. So there's not outsiders coming in-- they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4161.0,4163.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/952","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have the language skills, they understand the community leaders so that there is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4163.0,4165.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/953","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"acceptance of these teams when they're moving in these areas.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4165.0,4166.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/954","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"The third area, as","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4166.0,4167.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/955","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mentioned, is to set up vaccination posts in critical transit points where","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4167.0,4169.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/956","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"--people move. So as they move, you can engage these communities and vaccinate","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4169.0,4171.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/957","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"their children as they're moving in and out of these areas. And then fourthly,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4171.0,4173.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/958","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"political situations change. Leaders change. Different leaders take different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4173.0,4174.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/959","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"positions. You can actually negotiate access to some of the leaders because","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4174.0,4176.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/960","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's not one opaque body. Afghan Taliban have always been supportive of polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4176.0,4178.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/961","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"vaccination when they were in government and even when they've been out of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4178.0,4180.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/962","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"government. So in areas that they're largely controlling Afghanistan, they still","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4180.0,4182.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/963","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"support the polio eradication program. The program has to engage intermediaries,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4182.0,4184.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/964","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"neutral parties to negotiate the program. But they identify workers in their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4184.0,4186.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/965","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"areas, and they get trained, and they provide vaccination to their children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4186.0,4188.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/966","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"They're not philosophically against vaccination of children.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4188.0,4189.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/967","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So this can't be","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4189.0,4190.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/968","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"painted with one brush. As I said, even in Afghanistan, there are different","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4190.0,4192.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/969","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"factions who deal with it differently. Different in the south, different in the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4192.0,4194.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/970","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eastern region next to Pakistan. So it all has to be tailored and customized to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4194.0,4196.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/971","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"what the local challenges are and who are the people on the ground. Where there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4196.0,4198.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/972","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"are problems, the solutions are always there.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4198.0,4199.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/973","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: If you empowered the people to help and promote their solutions along","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4199.0,4201.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/974","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"with you.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4201.0,4201.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/975","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"JAFARI: That's correct. That's exactly right. You can't parachute programs, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4201.0,4203.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/976","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you can't parachute ideas and such. I mean I think this is becoming an important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4203.0,4205.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/977","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"learning, right? I mean we would have an important lesson learned in the Ebola","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4205.0,4207.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/978","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"outbreak also is that we didn't have good bridges with communities. We were not","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4207.0,4209.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/979","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"talking to them well enough, ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4209.0,4210.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/980","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nright. And this was a surprise, but now I think in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4210.0,4213.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/981","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio we learned this lesson that when there's a polio outbreak, you don't just","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4213.0,4216.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/982","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"send an epidemiologist. You send in a logistician. You send people who can plan","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4216.0,4219.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/983","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"administrative and operational aspects, the logistics, movement, communication,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4219.0,4221.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/984","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"data, you know, the whole multidisciplinary team. That must include a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4221.0,4224.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/985","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"communications expert--how to engage the affected community, get people engaged","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4224.0,4226.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/986","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"from those communities. Are we listening to them? How are they processing this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4226.0,4229.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/987","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"polio outbreak? What does it mean for them, and how are they perceiving the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4229.0,4232.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/988","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"threat of this outbreak, and how do they perceive people who've sort of come to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4232.0,4235.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/989","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"help them? So that's now a part of the package of the outbreak response that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4235.0,4238.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/990","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"it's just not a uni-dimensional outbreak response.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4238.0,4240.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/991","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: So what's your prediction about polio eradication? When and --","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4240.0,4243.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/992","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"JAFARI: My first prediction is that it will happen because I think that maybe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4243.0,4246.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/993","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"some people who still think that maybe it can't be done but I think after India","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4246.0,4250.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/994","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and Nigeria we should--you know, there's just no way this can be given away at","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4250.0,4253.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/995","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"this time and so it will happen. It's really a matter of are we getting to these","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4253.0,4257.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/996","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"final pockets of under-vaccinated populations. Are we getting there or not? And","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4257.0,4260.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/997","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"if we are, it can go like this. An indication in Pakistan and Afghanistan we are","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4260.0,4264.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/998","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"getting there. All the data seem to suggest that but there are also complex","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4264.0,4267.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/999","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"places with complex security, you know, conflict situation and there could","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4267.0,4270.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1000","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"always be a setback. But these ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4270.0,4271.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1001","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nprograms, as I said, have learned very important","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4271.0,4274.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1002","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lessons. They've come a long way from where they were even two years ago, and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4274.0,4279.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1003","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"those learnings are not lost. So if there are any pockets left this year, I mean","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4279.0,4285.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1004","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I think that they are pretty close of getting done this year.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4285.0,4289.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1005","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But even if they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4289.0,4290.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1006","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"don't get done this year, I think they're on their way. They're on their way,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4290.0,4295.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1007","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and I don't think we should hold people's feet to a calendar year. Polio has its","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4295.0,4301.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1008","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"own seasonality, and if not this year maybe the next low transmission season","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4301.0,4306.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1009","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which will be the early part of 2017. But I'm hoping. I'm keeping my fingers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4306.0,4311.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1010","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"crossed and really rooting for the team to do this year, to interrupt","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4311.0,4316.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1011","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"transmission in Pakistan and Afghanistan. These are the only two countries left,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4316.0,4320.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1012","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and it's not even--in other words, these countries are tiny pockets in","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4320.0,4324.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1013","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Afghanistan and pockets in very well circumscribed pockets in Pakistan as well.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4324.0,4328.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1014","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4328.0,4328.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1015","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nmean more than 95 percent of the population lives and has lived in areas that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4328.0,4334.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1016","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have been without wild virus transmission for years. It's, again, who is it that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4334.0,4340.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1017","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"we're missing and how to get to them.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4340.0,4343.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1018","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: Before we go, can you just say a little bit more about how Rotary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4343.0,4349.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1019","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"International and UNICEF and CDC and WHO, World Health Organization, all worked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4349.0,4354.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1020","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"together and what that was like?","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4354.0,4357.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1021","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"JAFARI: Fantastic partnership. I think the Global Polio Eradication Initiative","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4357.0,4361.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1022","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"[GPEI] is one of the most enduring. We didn't plan it that way-- it's lasted","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4361.0,4367.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1023","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"longer than we thought, but in some ways, it's been a kind of exemplary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4367.0,4373.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1024","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"partnership that many other programs have tried to emulate. And it's worked","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4373.0,4378.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1025","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"really well, and it's not formal. There's no legal entity like GPEI, but it's a","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4378.0,4384.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1026","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very effective partnership. It works well ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4384.0,4387.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1027","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\ntogether. WHO, UNICEF, Rotary","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4387.0,4389.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1028","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"International, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and, of course, U.S. Centers","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4389.0,4394.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1029","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for Disease Control and Prevention. The roles and responsibilities are clearly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4394.0,4399.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1030","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"defined, which is very important in a partnership. Understanding each other's","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4399.0,4404.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1031","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"priorities and strengths and weaknesses is important, and everybody brings","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4404.0,4409.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1032","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"unique strengths to this partnership.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4409.0,4411.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1033","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And Rotarians, in particular, have been","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4411.0,4414.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1034","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"absolutely outstanding and I've had the privilege of working with the Rotarians","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4414.0,4420.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1035","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"both at the local level and National level particularly in India and Egypt and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4420.0,4427.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1036","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in Pakistan and other countries, and they are just tremendous partners. I mean","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4427.0,4433.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1037","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"you come to a block, whether it's a financial block or a political block, there","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4433.0,4440.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1038","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is lack of commitment or even outside health sector, if you need the help of","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4440.0,4447.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1039","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"another ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4447.0,4447.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1040","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nministry, Rotarians will engage, and they'll open the doors for you and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4447.0,4453.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1041","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"very effective. Clearly, Rotary volunteers bring a lot of passion to","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4453.0,4458.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1042","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eradication, and they are the voice of the people, the civil society in this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4458.0,4465.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1043","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":" partnership.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4465.0,4465.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1044","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"CDC is a scientific organization. The CDC experts work in this","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4465.0,4470.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1045","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"organization. We get paid to do this work. So is WHO, so is UNICEF, similarly","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4470.0,4477.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1046","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gates Foundation, although with some important differences. The leadership Mr.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4477.0,4482.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1047","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Gates brings to the partnership, giving away, and tremendously effective leader,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4482.0,4487.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1048","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"but Rotarians are the voice of civil society. They give their time, and they","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4487.0,4494.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1049","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"give their money to this all on a volunteer basis, and they bring tremendous","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4494.0,4501.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1050","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"leadership in their countries and at the global and international level. And ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4501.0,4507.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1051","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\n so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4507.0,4507.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1052","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they are in a unique position to hold all of us accountable because they're","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4507.0,4509.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1053","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"putting in their time, their money and they have the voice of civil society, so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4509.0,4512.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1054","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"they can hold the GPEI partners accountable, and they can hold their own","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4512.0,4514.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1055","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"governments accountable for what they're doing for polio eradication. Among all","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4514.0,4516.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1056","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of us partners, they are the most uniquely positioned to ask their governments","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4516.0,4518.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1057","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the questions. Whether they're a government that is polio-endemic or polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4518.0,4520.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1058","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"infected or if it's a donor government. So I've worked with Rotarians in Europe","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4520.0,4522.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1059","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and accompanied them, advocating with their parliamentarians, with their","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4522.0,4524.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1060","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ministers of development, going in with Rotarians who, German Rotarians and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4524.0,4526.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1061","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Swiss Rotarians, talking to their leadership and saying we need your funding","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4526.0,4528.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1062","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"support to finish global eradication. It's a global public good. So they're","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4528.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1063","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"enormously effective.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4530.0,4530.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1064","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"And I think clearly the scientific and technical","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4530.0,4531.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1065","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"credibility and excellence of CDC is enormous. The work of the CDC virologists,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4531.0,4533.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1066","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"I mean they're the ones that have set up more than 145 labs around the world","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4533.0,4536.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1067","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"which are the poliovirus laboratory network on which other vaccine-preventable","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4536.0,4538.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1068","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"disease laboratory networks have been set up. The measles labs and measles and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4538.0,4540.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1069","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"rubella labs and yellow fever labs in Africa have been built on this poliovirus","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4540.0,4542.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1070","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"network, and our scientists here have been instrumental in building those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4542.0,4544.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1071","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"networks and CDC leaders, of course, public health leaders and our scientists","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4544.0,4546.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1072","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"have been key. As I said, in four of the six WHO regions the CDC experts were","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4546.0,4549.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1073","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"instrumental in establishing polio eradication programs in those regions-- the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4549.0,4551.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1074","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Southeast Asia region, the European region, the Eastern Mediterranean region and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4551.0,4553.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1075","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"the African region. And then in other region also CDC has been very engaged, CDC","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4553.0,4556.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1076","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"had a very close working relationship with China when China was polio-endemic,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4556.0,4558.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1077","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and so we had a lot of Chinese scientists here. A lot of exchange programs. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4558.0,4561.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1078","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there's enormous scientific exchange between CDC China and CDC US.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4561.0,4563.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1079","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"So the role","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4563.0,4564.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1080","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of CDC in polio eradication evolved over time as WHO built more capacity and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4564.0,4566.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1081","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"more leadership in polio ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4566.0,4567.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1082","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\neradication. The sort of gap-filling work and the early","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4567.0,4571.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1083","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"program establishing work that CDC had to do was called on less and less as the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4571.0,4578.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1084","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"global program expanded and more and more staff were recruited by WHO and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4578.0,4584.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1085","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"deployed for this work. But without that bridging and the early foundational","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4584.0,4589.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1086","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"work and program establishment work of CDC, we would have never made that kind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4589.0,4595.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1087","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of progress. And where we go from here, CDC will have to stay engaged and","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4595.0,4602.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1088","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"provide that leadership of transition planning how global public health, the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4602.0,4607.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1089","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"world of immunization, the next set of eradication programs, global public","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4607.0,4612.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1090","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"health security--programs benefit from all we have learned and all we have built","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4612.0,4618.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1091","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"for polio eradication. So I think CDC is engaged in that and will remain engaged","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4618.0,4625.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1092","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in that sort ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4625.0,4626.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1093","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nof the next set of benefits because I think most donors and the","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4626.0,4632.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1094","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"public health world looks at the global public good of polio in two ways. One","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4632.0,4639.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1095","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"is, of course, the eradication of wild poliovirus and poliovirus altogether","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4639.0,4644.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1096","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"forever as a cause of paralysis of children. They'll be gone forever. So","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4644.0,4650.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1097","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"benefits accrue forever just like they do for smallpox.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4650.0,4654.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1098","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"But the other benefit is","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4654.0,4656.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1099","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"that what can we build on this tremendous workforce, this lessons we've learned","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4656.0,4662.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1100","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of reaching the unreached populations and putting populations on the map that","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4662.0,4668.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1101","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"were not on anybody's maps and being able to deliver services to those","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4668.0,4674.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1102","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"populations. Amazing surveillance system, field surveillance system that has","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4674.0,4678.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1103","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"ability to detect cases of acute flaccid paralysis is almost every district","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4678.0,4684.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1104","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"around the ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4684.0,4685.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1105","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nworld. And being able to collect stool specimens and have them tested","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4685.0,4690.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1106","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"in a WHO accredited laboratory. What more can we build on that? I mean a lot has","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4690.0,4697.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1107","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"already been built but what more can we build onto that? So the many donors look","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4697.0,4704.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1108","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"at that as a return on their investment as well in this eradication program so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4704.0,4711.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1109","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"there are direct benefits and then there are enormous indirect benefits of polio","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4711.0,4717.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1110","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"eradication. And CDC is also involved with and must stay involved with this kind","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4717.0,4723.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1111","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"of transition of work because it involves other parts of CDC as well. Global","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4723.0,4729.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1112","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"Health Security Agenda is an important U.S. government and an agency priority,","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4729.0,4734.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1113","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"and there are links between polio transition and how global health security can","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4734.0,4740.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1114","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"build on top of the assets built for polio eradication.","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4740.0,4744.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1115","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"TORGHELE: ","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4744.0,4744.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1116","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"\nWell, this has been an amazing discussion. And when you talk about","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4744.0,4752.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1117","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"lessons learned, you've communicated the lessons learned in polio eradication so","format":"text/plain"},"target":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751#t=4752.0,4759.0"},{"id":"https://globalhealthchronicles.aviaryplatform.com/collections/2846/collection_resources/133966/file/248751/transcript/69298/annotation/1118","type":"Annotation","motivation":"transcribing","body":{"type":"TextualBody","value":"well. I can't imagine them being communicated any better. 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